Mugore ra1816, kukanganisa kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaitika, kwakadzama kwazvo zvokuti kwakachinja zvisingachinjiki mararamiro evanhu kana kuti, zvakaparira zviitiko zvakawanda zvingadai zvisina kuitika pasi pemamiriro etembiricha akasiyana.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvakaitika mukati 1816, gore risina zhizha.
Chii chakaitika mugore ra1816?
Kudyidzana kunocherechedzwa pakati pekudzikira kukuru kwechiitiko chezuva uye kuputika kukuru kwegomo rinoputika, seMayon Volcano muPhilippine neGomo reTembora muIndonesia (kuputika kukuru kwakanyorwa mumakore 1.300 apfuura), yakakonzera kudzikiswa kwekushisa kwepasirese kuri pakati pe0,4 ne -0,7 °C. Nokudaro, chiitiko ichi chakaita kuti zhizha ra1816 muEurope rive rinotonhora zvikuru rezhizha rakanyorwa pakati pa1766 na2000. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uku kwakakonzera kushomeka kukuru kwezvokudya muNorthern Hemisphere yose, pamwe chete nezvimwe zviitiko zvine chokuita nazvo zvichaongororwa pasi apa.
Kuonekwa kwekuputika kwemakomo maviri, pamwe chete kuderera kwekushanda kwezuva, zvakaguma nechirimo chinotonhora zvikurusa chati chambonyorwa, nemigumisiro yakaipa kwazvo. Zviitiko izvi zvakaitika mumakore gumi ekupedzisira enguva inozivikanwa seLittle Ice Age, nguva yakaratidzwa nezvikamu zvekutonhodza pasi rose izvo zvanga zvichionekwa kubva muzana ramakore rechi 1816. Muzhizha raXNUMX, Europe yakatambura nechando chose, nekudonha kwechando mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeUnited States.
Art mukusagadzikana
Hunhu hwakakosha hwemadota kubva mukuputika kwegomo hwakakonzera kuvira kwezuva kunoshamisa kwakakurudzira Turner kuti agadzire mifananidzo yake ine mukurumbira yekunyura kwezuva. Uyezve, Ishe Byron akatora mukana wenguva iyoyo kunyora nhetembo yake "Rima", iyo inosanganisira mavhesi: "Ndakanga ndine hope (...), zuva rakajeka rakanga raenda uye nyeredzi dzakadzungaira munzvimbo isingagumi". Uku kwaisangova kurota.
Nepo maartist angave akakwevera pane zvakadzika zvemukati masosi kuti abudise zvinozivikanwa zvisikwa, ruzhinji rwevanhu rwakanetseka kuwana rutivi rwakanaka rwematambudziko avo. Zana ramakore rechi 1813 rakaona kukundikana kwegoho kunotyisa, kuchiguma nenzara yakakomba. Nekudaro, kushomeka kweoti yekudyisa bhiza kungave kwakamutsa mweya wekugadzira weGerman Karl Drais, uyo akabata pamuviri wevelocipede, shanduro yekutanga yebhasikoro. Muna XNUMX, akagadzira motokari ine mavhiri mana ine pedal-powered uye akaita rombo rakanaka kuti oat prices, pamwe chete negoho risina kunaka mugore rinozivikanwa se "gore risina chirimo," Vakaita kuti zvive zvakakodzera kugadzira motokari dzisingatsamiri pakukweva mhuka.
Migumisiro pazvirimwa nenzara
Zana remakore rechi70.000 rakavamba kwenzara yakaipisisa, yaikonzerwa nokukohwa kusina kunaka. Panguva imwe cheteyo, nyika dzakadai seIreland neItaly dzakabatwa zvakanyanya nehosha dzakadai setyphus, iyo, pamwe chete nenzara nenzufu (inonzi ichiuraya vanhu vanosvika 1816), yakatungamirira kukutama kwevanhu vakawanda kuRussia neUnited States. Kutama uku kwakatungamira mukuitwa kwemitemo yekudzivirira. Muna June XNUMX, Vanhu vemuNew York vakatarisana nedutu rechando, nepo mapurazi eNew England akakundwa nechando. London yakatambura nechimvuramabwe muzhizha rose, uye kunyange nyika yedu yakaona mamiriro ekunze asingafungidzirwe. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko pamusoro penyaya iyi ari kushomeka, Baron de Maldà anorondedzera kunaya kwechando kwakaitika munharaunda yepakati penyika pakati paChikunguru, chiitiko chisingasati chamboitika.
Lord Byron nevamwe vake vanopinda muchiito chekugadzira
Munguva iyi, Ishe Byron, pamwe atove achifungidzira nhetembo Rima, Akapotera muimba yake yeDonati iri muCologny, pedyo neLake Geneva muSwitzerland. Achipomerwa sodomy uye kunzwa kusagutsikana, akagamuchira denderedzwa reshamwari kuti rimuperekedze kwevhiki dzinoverengeka mukati mezhizha risinganzwisisike uye rinodzvinyirirwa rairatidzirwa nemvura isingayereki, izvo zvakavamanikidza kuramba vari mudzimba. Kufanana nenhamba dzeDecameron dzaive dzega panguva yedenda, Byron nevamwe vake vakaswera vachigovana nyaya dzezvipoko, ukuwo mamiriro ekunze echiGothic aienderana nemamiriro ekunze echando akakonzerwa negomo rinoputika.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, Bengal yakatambura nemvura isingaperi iyo yakakonzera kubuda kwekorera, iyo yakapararira pasi rose uye yakauraya mamiriyoni ehupenyu. Chii pakutanga Zvaiita sokunge kutandarawo zvako zvakaguma zvaita kuti pave nemamwe emabasa ekunyora anokosha zvikuru munhoroondo.
Munguva iyi yekuzorora, imba iyi yaigara Dr. John Polidori, uyo akazogadzira ngano yevampire yakazadzwa neruvengo rwake kuna Byron (uyo aizotora hupenyu hwake makore mashanu gare gare asina kuwana mukurumbira), uye Mary Shelley, uyo Aizogadzira vhezheni yake chaiyo yePrometheus naDr. Frankenstein, achifemerwa nenhaurirano dzehusiku uye hope dzakazotevera.
Migumisiro yegore risina zhizha
Chaizvoizvo, apo nyika yakanga yatarisana noruparadziko, denderedzwa reshamwari dzaitsvaka utiziro mune rimwe taundi rakanga richinyora nhau panguva imwe cheteyo. Mhedzisiro yekuputika kwegomo rakapararira kupfuura Europe. MuBengal (India), Kunaya kwemvura zhinji muna 1817 kwakakonzera chirwere chekorera chakapararira pasi rose. Mugumisiro wacho waiva mamiriyoni ekufa. Monsoon yakavhiringidzwa kwemakore matatu akatevedzana, zvichikonzera dambudziko rehupfumi muSoutheast Asia, iro rakaona huranda huchitanga zvakare.
Zvinotonyanya kukosha, nzara kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina yakamanikidza varimi kuchinja kurimwa kwemupunga wekugadzira opium, kugadzirira pasi nokuda kwedenda rinotevera reiyi analgesic substance. Gore guru rezvimedu rakaputira pasi rose, richivharira chiedza chezuva uye richigadzira mhute yakatsvuka yakaramba ichienderera, ichipa kunaka kunotyisa uye kweapocalyptic kunyura kwezuva.
Rudzi ruduku rwematombo anorovera pasi nemabota aiputika kubva pasi pegomo rinoputika zvakakonzera nguva yechando isingaperi, zvichiunza rufu nenzara panyika uye zvichiisa hwaro hwekuchinja kwapashure, kusanganisira mitemo nemagariro evanhu zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa matambudziko akamuka.
Uchapupu hwakaratidza kuti mamiriro ekunze anogona (uye anogona) kutonga vanhu. Zvirokwazvo, makore ekutanga ezana ramakore rechi 19 dzakaratidzwa nekutonhora kwakanyanya. Mamiriro ezvinhu eapocalyptic anosimbiswazve patinofunga nezvenhetembo yaByron: “Mangwanani akasvika uye akaenda, uye haana kuunza zuva nawo (...), vaifara avo vaigara mumaziso emakomo anoputika.” Kutya uye kusava netariro zvakazadza mwoyo yevanhu, manzwiro atinoita kunyange nhasi.
