Iyo asteroid Vesta inomira pachena seimwe yeakanyanya kunakidza uye enigmatic miviri muasteroid bhandi. iyo inoenda pakati penzira dzeMars neJupiter. Nehukuru uye hunhu hunofanirwa nepasi dikiVesta yanga iri nyaya yekuongorora kwakanyanya kwesainzi uye kuongorora nzvimbo, ichijekesa nguva dzekutanga dzeSolar System yedu uye kupikisa mazhinji epfungwa dzakafanofungwa nezvekugadzirwa kwepasi.
Kwemazana emakore, vazivi venyeredzi vakaitirana nharo nezvechokwadi cheVesta.: Ingori imwe asteroid here, kana kuti ingangove yakakundikana protoplanet, kana kunyange chidimbu chepasi rinokura? Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa uye data kubva kumisheni seDawn yakazunungusa nheyo dzezvikamu izvi, zvichiratidza kuti Vesta haingori dombo remuchadenga. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora zvakadzama zvose zvakakosha pamusoro penhoroondo yaro, chimiro, kuumbwa, zvakawanikwa, uye zvakavanzika, tichibatanidza zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti tikupe maonero akazara uye echisikigo eiyi hofori yebhandi re asteroid.
Vesta: Kuwanikwa uye Kutanga Kuona
Nyaya yaVesta yakatanga musi waMarch 29, 1807 muBremen, Germany., apo chiremba uye nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers, ane shungu dzokunzvera mitumbi miduku, akazviziva kwenguva yokutanga. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu Carl Friedrich Gauss akakurudzira kuitumidza kuti "Vesta," mushure memwarikadzi weRoma wemo. Panguva iyoyo, Vesta yaionekwa seimwe yezvakavanzika zvikuru zveSolar System., sezvo, pamwe chete naCeres, Pallas naJuno, yakanga iri pakati pezvinhu zvishomanene zvinozivikanwa munharaunda iri pakati peMars neJupiter. Kukura kwayo uye kupenya kwayo kwakaita kuti Vesta ive chinhu chakasiyana, ichitoonekwa sepasi panguva yekutanga ongororo yezvenyeredzi.
Kwemakumi emakore, hunhu hwayo hwepasi hwaive fungidziro inonzwisisika., uye imwe neimwe yemiviri iyi yaitova nechiratidzo chayo chepuraneti. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva uye nekufambira mberi kwekuongorora nyeredzi, kurongeka kwayo seasteroid hombe kwakavambwa, kunyangwe hazvo pasina kuenderera mberi nekuburitsa gakava pamusoro pechimiro chayo.
Zvenyama uye orbital maitiro eVesta
Vesta inomira kunze kwete nekuda kwehukuru hwayo chete, asiwo kune yayo orbital paramita uye yakasarudzika maitiro emuviri.. Kureba kwayo kunosvika makiromita mazana mashanu nemakumi matatu, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chechitatu chikuru mubhandi reasteroid, ichipfuudzwa chete naCeres naPallas. Vesta ine inosvika 530% yehuremu hwese hwebhandi reasteroid uye ndiyo yakanyanya kupenya kupfuura ese asteroids, ichionekwa nemeso asina kupfeka mumatenga akasviba zvakanyanya pasina kusvibiswa kwechiedza.
Yayo orbital parameters yakaenzana zvinoshamisa.. Vesta inotenderera Zuva mumakore angangoita 3,6 ePasi, iine semi-hombe axis inosvika 2,36 nyeredzi dzedenga (AU), orbital inclination inosvika 7,1 °, uye pakati nepakati eccentricity ye0,09. Sezvineiwo, kutenderera kwayo kuri kure zvakakwana kubva kuJupiter kudzivirira zvinouraya zvinokanganisa, asi padyo nenzvimbo dzinozivikanwa seKirkwood gaps, matunhu akapesvedzerwa negiravhiti resonances.
Nezve chimiro chayo chemukati uye kutendereraVesta ine huwandu hwakakosha hwe3,8 g/cm³ uye huremu hwakatenderedza 2,71 × 10.20 kg. Nguva yekutenderera kwayo ingori maawa 5,34, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yezvitunha zvidiki zvinotenderera, nekutenderera kweprograde. Izvi, pamwe chete nekupenya kwayo kwepamusoro (albedo ye0,42), inobatsira kune yayo inoshamisa maitiro ekutarisa.
Planet, protoplanet kana asteroid? Dambudziko resainzi
Kwenguva yakareba, Vesta yakaonekwa semuenzaniso weprotoplanet yakasiyaniswa., ndiko kuti, muviri uyo, panguva yehucheche hweSolar System, yakaunganidza huwandu hwakakwana kuti iite kusiyana kwemukati: kuumbwa kwesimbi yesimbi, mantle uye crust, seNyika uye mamwe mapuraneti ane matombo. Pfungwa iyi yakabata nekuti HED meteorite zvidzidzo (howardites, eucrites, uye diogenites), yakabatana neVesta, yakaratidza uchapupu hwemaitiro ekuputika kwemakomo uye kusiyanisa kwemukati kwakafanana neaya anowanikwa pamapuraneti makuru.
Nekudaro, tsvakiridzo ichangoburwa, uchishandisa data kubva kuNASA's Dawn mission, yakashandura manzwisisiro atinoita chimiro chayo.. Mushure mekudzokorora uye kuongorora dhata rinokwevera uye rekutenderera zvakadzama, timu inotungamirwa neNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) yakaburitsa mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti mukati meVesta unogona kunge wakafanana zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaimbofungwa. Muchokwadi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Vesta inogona kunge isina yakanyatsotsanangurwa musimboti, iyo inonongedza kune maviri anogona kuitika:
- Vesta akatanga nzira yekusiyanisa kwemukati, asi haana kuipedza, achipa mutsauko usina kukwana.
- Vesta ndiye chidimbu chepasi mukuumbwa iyo yakaparadzwa zvishoma panguva yekudhumhana kukuru mukutanga kweSolar System era, ichisiya yekunze core isina yakanyatsotsanangurwa yemukati zvinhu.
Mafungiro ese ari maviri ari kuramba achiunza gakava. pakati vatsvakurudzi, kunyanya sezvo meteorites inounganidzwa Panyika, izvo zvinobatanidzwa neVesta, zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekusiyanisa, kunyange zvazvo data ye orbital uye inotenderera inoita seinoramba kuvapo kwepakati poruminous. Naizvozvo, Vesta inoramba iri pamuganho pakati pezvatinonzwisisa seasteroid uye zvatinoona sepuraneti kana protoplanet..
Kukosha kweHED meteorites uye Vestian geology
Chimwe chechokwadi chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti chikamu chakakosha che meteorite inowira kuNyika inobva kuVesta.. Kunyanya, meteorites anozivikanwa seHEDs - howardites, eucrites, uye diogenites - akabvumira zvimedu zveVestian crust uye pamusoro pejasi kuti zviongororwe mumarabhoritari epasi. Zvidzidzo zvakatsigira kuti vakaumba kuburikidza nekunyunguduka uye crystallization maitiro akafanana neaya anowanikwa nemapuraneti ane matombo, kusimbisa mufananidzo weVesta semuviri wakashanduka uye wakaoma.
Aya mameteorite anoratidza kuti, pane imwe nguva, pakanga paine basa rakasimba rekuputika kwemakomo uye maitiro egneous pamusoro peVesta.. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti nekuda kwekupisa kunokonzerwa nekuora kweradioactive isotopes yakadai sealuminium-26, mukati meVesta inogona kunge yakanyunguduka, zvichibvumira kusikwa kwe basaltic crust uye zvinogona kusiyanisa mukati. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yeVesta yakave yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye "yakagadziriswa" nemigumisiro isingaverengeki, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuona mafungu ekare emvura uye mamwe maumbirwo akafanana nekutanga kwekuputika kwemakomo.
Nzvimbo yeVesta inozivikanwa nekuvapo kweakakura macraters uye akasiyana geological zvimiro.. Chinonyanya kushamisa iRheasilvia crater, iri kuzasi danda, ine dhayamita inosvika mazana mashanu emakiromita (yakakura seasteroid pachayo) uye gomo repakati rinenge makiromita makumi maviri kuenda mudenga, richiita iro gomo rechipiri pakakwirira rinozivikanwa muSolar System, rinopfuura chete neOlympus Mons paMars. Imwe gomba rakakosha iVeneneia, iri munzvimbo imwechete uye yakakura. Izvi zvakagadzirisa nhoroondo yeVesta geological uye yakaparadzira zvinhu zvakawanda munzvimbo.
Iyo Dawn Mission: A Pamberi uye Mushure muRuzivo rweVesta
Iko kusvetuka chaiko kumberi mukutsvaga kweVesta kwakauya neNASA's Dawn probe.. Yakatangwa muna 2007 uye ichitevera rwendo rurefu rwemagetsi einjini, Dawn yakasvika kutenderera yeVesta muna Chikunguru 2011 uye yakapedza rinopfuura gore ichiidzidza isati yasimuka kuenda kuCeres, iyo nyika diki iri mubhandi.
Kwayedza yakatora anopfuura 31.000 mifananidzo uye 20 miriyoni spectra zviri zviviri muinooneka uye infrared, izvo zvaibvumira kumepu yepasi rose uye kunyatsodzidza nezvenzvimbo yayo, kuumbwa uye giravhiti. Rimwe rematambudziko makuru raive rekuona huremu chaihwo hweVesta uye kunatsa nzira yekuongorora, sezvo kuderera kwayo kwaida kuverenga chaiko.
Zvinangwa zvikuru zvesainzi zvaisanganisira:
- Sarudza kuumbwa uye chimiro chemukati cheVesta (uye Ceres, gare gare).
- Dzidza iwo geological trace ye primordial process uye pesvedzero yegigantic collisions.
- Kumepu macraters, grooves, uye pamusoro anomalies uchishandisa yakakwirira-resolution makamera uye spectrometers.
- Ongorora tembiricha uye kupisa zvinhu pamusoro pepamusoro.
Dawn data yakasimbisa kuvepo kwegiant Rheasilvia crater uye network ye equatorial grooves inonzi Divalia Fossa., zvichida yakaumbwa nemafungu ekudengenyeka kubva kune zvinokanganisa. Misiyano pakati penyika yokuchamhembe neyokumaodzanyemba yakava pachena, maodzanyemba ari madiki uye aitongwa nezvinhu zvakacherwa kubva muzvikamu zvakadzika mumitsipa mikuru, nepo kuchamhembe kwaichengeta makreta ekare muSolar System.
Kana iri chimiro chemukati, Dawn yakapa data inopokana.: The classical modhi yeakasiyaniswa protoplanet yakaramba iine musoro, asi zviyero zvichangobva kuitika zvinorerekera kufungidziro yeimwe yemukati ine homogeneous. Dambudziko iri rinoramba rakavhurika uye rinokurudzira mitsva yekutsvaga.
Pamusoro, tembiricha uye mineralological kuumbwa
Vesta's surface is a dynamic mosaic yemamineral uye geological musiyano. Ongororo yeSpectroscopic yakaratidza kuvepo kwematombo anoputika ebasaltic uye misiyano yakakura mukuratidzira (albedo). Kune nzvimbo dzakakura dze regolith (guruva uye zvidimbu zvematombo akanaka) uye zvinhu zvakasviba uye zvinopenya. Zvinhu zvakasviba zvinoratidzika kunge zvine hukama nekabhoni-rich asteroid kukanganisa, iyo yakasiya mucherechedzo wayo pamusoro, nepo madhipoziti akareruka anowanzo kubatanidzwa nezvinhu zvichangobva kucherwa kubva kumakoronga achangoburwa.
Iko hakuna mhepo yakakosha paVesta, saka tembiricha yepamusoro inochinja zvakanyanya: inogona kusvika -20 ° C masikati uye inodonha kusvika -190 ° C pamatanda panguva yechando usiku. Kuchinja kwekushisa kwezuva nezuva nemwaka kunotangira -60°C kusvika -130°C zvichienderana nenguva nenzvimbo yeasteroid.
Ukobvu hweVestian crust hunofungidzirwa kunge makiromita gumi., kunyange zvazvo mibairo mikuru yakambosvika pamatanho akadzika, ichibvumira zvinhu zvemantle kubuda. Pazasi pane akasiyana plutonic akaturikidzana uye, kana kusiyanisa kwemukati kwaive kwapera, iron-nickel core. Nekudaro, zvinoramba zvichisimbiswa kana musimboti uyu uripo kana kuti mukati meVesta ine homogeneous kupfuura zvaimbofungwa.
Kukanganisa, zvimedu uye mhuri yeVesta
Imwe yemigumisiro inoshamisa munhoroondo yeVesta kwave iri kubonderana kwayo kukuru. Mhedzisiro yakagadzira gomba reRheasilvia, makore angangosvika bhiriyoni imwe yapfuura, yakadzimwa ingangoita 1% yehuremu hweasteroid. Zvizhinji zvezvimedu izvi zvinoumba izvo zvinonzi vestoids kana V-mhando asteroids, maronda ayo akaonekwa zvese muasteroid belt uye pakati pepedyo-Earth asteroids. Vamwe vakatosvika pakuyambuka denderedzwa rePasi vozoguma vave ma<em>meteorite ari panyika yedu.
Mhuri yeVesta ndeimwe yeakanyanya kudzidza muSolar System. Kubva pakuzivikanwa kwayo, zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakanyorwa zvakavharirwa kwenguva pfupi muorbital resonances neVesta (inosvika mitumbi makumi mana yakaonekwa), kunyangwe aya kazhinji ari mamiriro echinguvana nekuda kwehukuru hwavo hudiki.
Meteorites yakabatana neVesta yave yakakosha mukuvakazve iyo asteroid nguva uye geological maitiro.. Vanobvumira kuongororwa, mumarabhoritari epasi, yezvinhu zvekare seSolar System pachayo, uye kunyangwe kuenzanisa neanowanikwa paMwedzi neMars.
Asteroid "inooneka": kupenya uye yekucherechedza curiosities
Vesta ndiyo inopenya asteroid mudenga usiku, dzimwe nguva kusvika pahupamhi hunooneka hwe +5,4, yakakwana kuti ionekwe neziso rakashama kubva munzvimbo dzine rima. Kupenya uku kunokonzerwa nechikamu chehukuru hwayo, yakakwira albedo uye maitiro echiso chayo. Kunyangwe mukubatana, inogona kusiyaniswa zviri nyore nemabinoculars pahurefu hwakaderera maererano neZuva.
Munguva yekupikisa kwakanyanya, Vesta inogona kuonekwa mumapoka enyeredzi akadai seOphiuchus kana Scorpio.. Kusiyana kwekupenya kwayo kunoenderana nemamiriro ekutenderera kwayo uye inogona kushanduka pakati pe +5,4 uye +8,5, zvichienderana nekugadziriswa kwezuva.
Vesta uye kuumbwa kweSolar System
Kudzidza kweVesta kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kwakabva Solar System. Asteroids, kunyanya iyo yakakura uye yakanyanya kushanduka seVesta neCeres, inochengetedza zvisaririra zvemaitiro akaumba mapuraneti nemasatellite. Kusiyana nemapuraneti akanyatsogadzirwa, Vesta i "nguva capsule" inotibvumira kudzokera kumashure anopfuura 4.500 bhiriyoni makore.
Vesta inofungidzirwa kuti yakagadzira mamirioni mashoma makore mushure mekuzvarwa kweSolar System., apo miviri yakawanda yeprotoplanetary ichiripo. Simba rinokwevera pasi reJupiter rakatadzisa mazai aya emuchadenga kuti asabatana kuva pasi guru, zvichisiya Vesta semumwe wevakapukunyuka munguva iyoyo yemhirizhonga.
Zvichangobva kuwanikwa uye nharo dzakavhurika
Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa yakapidigura chimiro chechinyakare cheVesta.. Ongororo yakadzama neyeDawn mission uye zvakaburitswa mumapepanhau esainzi anotungamira zvinoratidza kuti musiyano wemukati weVesta unogona kunge wakakwana. Kushaikwa kweyakatsanangurwa musimboti, zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yezvikwata zvakaita seMichigan State University neJPL, zvinomutsa mukana wekuti. Vesta chidimbu chepasi rinokura, pane "kushungurudzika" protoplanet..
Iyi fungidziro inoratidza kuti mameteorite ane hukama neVesta anoratidza maitiro ekusiyanisa, asi kuti muviri pachawo hauna kusvika padanho rakasiyana.. Vezvesainzi vanoramba vachiferefeta kuti vasimbise kuti ndeipi yedzidziso idzi ine chokwadi.
Vesta inoramba iri chidimbu chakakosha mukunzwisisa yakapfuura yeSolar System uye ichine zvakavanzika kuti zviwanikwe., iyo mishoni uye zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvingajekesa. Kuoma kwenhoroondo yaro kunoratidza kusimba kwekuumbwa kwemitumbi ine matombo munharaunda yedu yepasi.
Kudzidza kwavo kunotiyeuchidza nezvekukosha kwema asteroids semahwindo munguva yakapfuura, zvichiratidza kuti nhoroondo yeSolar System yakanyanyisa uye yakasiyana-siyana pane yaimbofungidzirwa.
