Wakambozvibvunza here kuti hupenyu hwePasi hungave hwakaita sei pasina nhovo iyoyo isingaoneki asi yakakosha inotidzivirira zuva rega rega kubva kunjodzi dzekunze? Pakutanga kuona denga rinoita segumbeze rebhuruu chete, asi chokwadi ndechekuti kumusoro kumusoro kune chipingamupinyi chakakosha: ozone layer. Iyi 'mudhuri wekemikari' yakakosha kuchengetedza hupenyu sezvatinohuziva, kunyangwe isingawanzo kucherechedzwa muhurukuro dzedu dzezuva nezuva. Kuziva kuti inoshanda sei uye kuti zvii zvayakanakira ndiko kunzwisisa kuti nei Hutano hwedu nehwezvinhu zvipenyu zvinoenderana nemamiriro azvo akanaka.
Nhasi tinotanga rwendo rwakakwana kuti tidzidze zvakawanda nezve ozone layer, basa rayo rekudzivirira, njodzi yayakatarisana nayo, uye zviito zvepasi rose izvo zvaita kuti kupora kwayo kuvepo, pamwe nekuti munhu wega wega anogona kupa chikamu chavo chidiki mukuchengetedza kwayo. Gadzirira kuwana zvese zvakavanzika zveiyi yakakosha nhoo yechisikigo uye kukanganisa kwayo pahupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.
Chii chinonzi ozone layer uye chiri kupi?
Iyo ozone layer inzvimbo yakapfuma muozone molecules (O3) mukati me stratosphere, iri pakati pemakiromita gumi nemashanu ne15 pamusoro pePasi. Kunyangwe isiri yakasimba kana kuti yakanyatso yunifomu 'layer', inotarisisa iyo yakawanda yemhepo ozone, ine kunyanya kuwanda pakati pe20 ne30 km altitude. Ozone iyi inogadzirwa zvakasununguka kana mamorekuru eokisijeni achibatana nemwaranzi yeultraviolet (UV) kubva kuzuva, ichigadzira kutenderera kunogara kuchiita nekuora.
Nzvimbo ye ozone layer haisi yetsaona; Inowanikwa mu stratosphere nekuti kune yakanyanya kudzvanywa uye nemwaranzi mamiriro ekuumbwa uye kuenzana kweozone. Muchokwadi, nzvimbo iyi ine 90% yeozone yese iripo mumhepo, iyo yakakosha pakusefa ultraviolet mwaranzi uye kubvumira hupenyu kuti hubudirire papasi redu.
Nei ozone layer ichikosha zvakadaro? Basa rekudzivirira uye zvinobatsira
Basa guru re ozone layer nderekuita seyakakosha sefa. Inotora pakati pe97% ne99% yeyakakwira uye yepakati frequency ultraviolet (UV) mwaranzi kubva kuZuva, kunyanya UVB neUVC mwaranzi, iyo inokuvadza zvakanyanya kune zvipenyu. Nekuda kwenhoo iyi, chikamu chidiki chete chemwaranzi ine simba shoma yeUVA inosvika paPasi.
Pasina ozone layer, mwaranzi yeultraviolet yaizova netapuro yakananga pane biosphere, ichiwedzera njodzi kuvanhu, mhuka, uye zvirimwa. Pakati pemigumisiro yakakomba zvikurusa ingava kuwedzera kusingaenzaniswi kwekenza yeganda, katarakiti, kupera simba kwegadziriro yomuviri yokurwisa hosha, uye kunyange kukuvadzwa kwemajini ezvipenyu. Uyezve, marudzi akawanda ezvinomera nemhuka angadai asina kushanduka-shanduka, uye zvipenyu zvomumvura, phytoplankton, zvingadai zvakakanganiswa zvikuru.
La Kudzivirirwa kweOzone layer hakusi chete kwakanangana nesu, asi zvakare inochengetedza mwero wezvakatipoteredza, inochengetedza kubereka kwevhu, kubereka kwekurima nemasango, uye inodzivirira kuparara kusati kwasvika kwezvinhu zvekugadzira uye zvimiro nekuda kwemwaranzi. Zvinogona kutaurwa, chaizvoizvo, kuti kupona kwedu kunotsamira pane iyi nhoo isingaoneki..
Nhoroondo uye kuwanikwa kwe ozone layer
Ozone segasi yakaonekwa muzana remakore rechi19, asi Zvakatora makumi emakore akati wandei kuti masayendisiti awane huwandu hwayo hwepamusoro mu stratosphere. Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzeFrance Charles Fabry naHenri Buisson ndivo avo, pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, vakasimbisa kuvapo kweozone layer. Gare gare, Gordon Dobson, nyanzvi yeChirungu yemamiriro ekunze uye fizikisi, akavandudza chidzidzo chake achishandisa zviridzwa zvichiri kushandiswa nhasi kuyera huwandu hwe ozone, somuenzaniso, anozivikanwa zvikuru 'Dobson units'.
Pakanga pari pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 pazvakatanga kuratidzwa kuti kusanganiswa kweozone hakuna kugadzikiswa uye kuti. mamwe mabasa evanhu uye maitiro echisikigo akanga achichinja kuenzana kwayo. Izvi zvakaisa hwaro hweitiro hanya yemhoteredzo yenyika yose yaizoguma pakupera kwezana ramakore rapfuura.
Chii chinonzi ozone gomba uye nei ichiitika?
Izwi rokuti 'ozone hole' rakava nemukurumbira mushure mekucherechedza kwakaitwa muAntarctica muma1970 nema1980. Muchokwadi, harisi gomba chairo, asi kudonha kwakanyanya muozone density, inokonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa uye kuita kwemakemikari akaitwa nevanhu.
Munguva yechando yekuchamhembe kwehemisphere, mhepo inotonhora zvikuru inoumbwa nepamusoro peAntarctica, ichigadzira makore akapoteredza denga. Makore aya anoita sedariro Makomisheni ane halojeni anoburitswa nekuita kwevanhu, senge chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) nemahaloni, anoburitsa yakanyanya reactive chlorine nemaatomu ebromine.. Apo chiedza chezuva chinodzoka muchirimo, aya maatomu anotanga kuita kunoparadza zviuru zvemamorekuru eozone sekondi yoga yoga.
Mhedzisiro yacho kurasikirwa kukuru kweozone, inozivikanwa se'gomba,' iyo inobvumira mamwe maUV maranzi kuti asvike paPasi, paine kukuvara kungangoitika uku kunosanganisira. Kunyangwe chiitiko ichi chakanyanya kuoma muAntarctica, kuderera kwekunetseka kwakaonekwawo muArctic nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi.
Ndeapi makomisheni anoparadza ozone layer uye anoita sei?
Chinhu chikuru chinotyisidzira ozone layer machlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), haloni, mabromide, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri. Mishonga iyi yaiwanikwa mumafiriji, maaerosols, zvekudzimisa moto, furo, nezvimwe zvakasiyana siyana zvemazuva ese. Ngozi yavo iri mukugadzikana kwemakemikari, izvo zvinovabvumira kusvika kune stratosphere yakasimba, kwavanoora pasi pekuita kwemwaranzi yeUV, vachiburitsa chlorine nemaatomu ebromine.
Imwe neimwe atomu yeklorini inogona kuparadza zviuru zvemamorekuru eozone asati aitwa neutralized, iyo inogadzira nzira inoparadza zvikuru cheni. Bromine compounds, kunyange zvazvo shoma shoma, inotonyanya kukuvadza ozone. Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kweaya maajenti anokuvadza kwakakonzera kukanganiswa kunotyisa kwenhovo inodzivirira mumakumi emakore ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechi20, nemhedzisiro inoramba ichititambudza nhasi.
Mhedzisiro yekuderera kwe ozone layer pahupenyu paPasi
Kuderera kweozone mu stratosphere kunoreva kuwedzera kuratidzwa kune ultraviolet mwaranzi uye, nekudaro, njodzi huru kune hutano hwevanhu uye hunhu. Dambudziko guru rinosanganisira:
- Kuwedzera kwegomarara reganda uye zvimwe zvirwere zveganda zvine chekuita nekuratidzwa kweUV.
- Kuwedzera mune zviitiko zvecataract uye mamwe mamiriro emeso, sezvo maziso achinyatsonzwawo nemwaranzi yezuva yakanyanya.
- Kupera simba kwesimba rekudzivirira zvirwere, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera zvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukira.
- Kukuvadzwa kwezvirimwa uye zvipenyu, kunyanya muzvirimwa zvekurima uye marine phytoplankton, kiyi kune cheni yezvokudya zvegungwa.
- Kuparara kwezvinhu zvekugadzira uye zvimiro kupiswa nezuva kwenguva refu.
Uyezve, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti kuparara kweozone layer kunokanganisa zvisina kunanga kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Semuyenzaniso, kuwanda kwemwaranzi yeUV inokuvadza zvinomera uye inoderedza kugona kwayo kutora mumhepo kabhoni, zvichitungamira kune yakakwira CO concentration.2 uye kuwedzera kwekudziya kwepasi. Kubatana pakati pehutano hweozone uye kutenderera kwekabhoni kunosimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirira iyi danda nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri: hutano uye mamiriro ekunze.
Chii chakaitwa kuchengetedza ozone layer? Iyo Montreal Protocol uye matanho epasi rose
Chinhu chakakosha mukudzoreredza kupera kweozone layer yaive kusaina kweMontreal Protocol muna 1987. Chibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda ichi, chakasimbiswa nedzinenge nyika dzose, chakakurudzira kubviswa zvishoma nezvishoma kwekugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kweCFC, mahaloni, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinopedza ozone. Kubudirira kwayo kwave kuine ruzha: kubva pakupinda kwayo musimba, mazinga eanoparadza mumhepo akadzikira uye ozone layer inoratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekupora.
Chibvumirano cheMontreal chakawedzerwa nekusimbiswa nekugadzirisa kwakatevedzana, seKigali Protocol muna 2016, iyo inorambidzawo mahydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), magasi ane simba egreenhouse asinganyanye kukuvadza ozone layer. Kutenda kune aya marongero uye kubatana kwenyika, Iyo ozonosphere inogona kupora kune yayo pre-80s mazinga pakati pe2050 ne2080., maererano nokufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana kwesayenzi.
Zvisinei, hazvisi zvose zvinogadziriswa. Kuvepo kwakasara kwemagasi anokuvadza, hupenyu hwavo hwakareba mumhepo, uye kubuda kwezvinhu zvitsva zvine njodzi zvinoda kuenderera mberi nekuchenjerera uye hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji kuitira kuti kufambira mberi kusarasikirwe.
Chii chatingaita kudzivirira ozone layer?
Zviito zvega ega uye zvakabatana zvinoramba zvichiita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza nhovo yechisikigo yePasi. Mamwe ekurudziro anogona kubatsira zvakanyanya ndeaya:
- Dzivisa zvigadzirwa uye aerosols ane CFCs kana mamwe magasi anokuvadza. Mazuvano, mazhinji anorambidzwa, asi ipfungwa yakanaka kutarisa manyorerwo, kunyanya pamidziyo yekare kana zvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
- Sarudza nzira dzakasimba dzekutakura uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemotokari, sezvo hutsi hwemaindasitiri nemotokari huchibatsira mukuderera kweozone uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
- Kusarudza eco-inoshamwaridzika yekuchenesa zvigadzirwa uye pasina mhepo ine chepfu inosanganiswa. Vhiniga nesoda yekubheka ndiyo nzira dzakanakisa dzemumba.
- Tenga zvigadzirwa zvemuno uye zvemwaka, kuderedza tsoka yekufambisa uye, naizvozvo, kubuda kwemhepo inosvibisa.
- Gadzirisa uye gadzirisa zvakanaka tsvina yemagetsi neyemagetsi, kudzivirira kubuda kwemafiriji nezvimwe zvinhu zvine ngozi.
- Tsigira mishandirapamwe yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza nemitemo, munyika nekunze kwenyika, uye gara uchiziva kuti unoda matanho anoshanda uye akajeka kubva kuvakuru.
Iyo ozone layer iri munzira yekupora here?
Nhau dzichangoburwa, kazhinji, dzinokurudzira zvikuru. Ongororo yazvino yesainzi neWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO) neUnited Nations Environment Programme inosimbisa kuti ozone layer iri kuvandudzwa. Kana zvisungo zvemazuva ano zvikachengetwa, pakati kana kupera kwezana rino remakore tichadzokera kumazinga eozone aivepo kusati kwanyanya kuparara.
Zvisinei, masayendisiti anonyevera kuti kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwemishonga inoparadza yakawanda kwakarambidzwa, magasi akabudiswa munguva yakapfuura anoramba ari muchadenga kwemakumi emakore. Kuongororwa kwemakomisheni matsva uye kugadzirisa tekinoroji kunoramba kuchidikanwa.
Zvose zvinoratidza kuti, nekuda kwekubatana kwenyika dzakawanda, kuchengetedzwa kwe ozone layer kwave kufambira mberi. Ufakazi hwesainzi hunoratidza kuti, kana mitemo yakafanira ikachengetwa, kunaya kunobvira mukati memakumi mashomanene amakore, kuva nechokwadi chenguva yemberi yakachengeteka nokuda kwepasi redu navagari varo.