Iyo ozone layer inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza hupenyu paPasi, ichiita sechidziviriro chemusikirwo kubva kune ultraviolet (UV) mwaranzi kubva kuZuva. Kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwayo, maitiro emakemikari akaoma anoitika mukati mayo, uye zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kugadzikana kwayo ndizvo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa zvese zvine chekuita nemhoteredzo uye njodzi dzine chekuita nekuparara kwayo.
Kubva pakawanikwa ozone layer uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi mumakemikari ayo ezvakatipoteredza, kushushikana kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika kuri kuwedzera., kukurudzira zvibvumirano zvepasi rose uye shanduko mukushandisa uye maitiro ekugadzira. Pazasi, tinopa gwara rakadzama uye rakazara, mumutauro-mushandisi-ushamwari uye wakanyatsogadziridzwa mutauro, pane zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve chemistry ye ozone layer, kuumbwa kwayo, nzira dzekugadzira uye kuparadza, uye matambudziko azvino uye emangwana aakatarisana nawo.
Chii chinonzi ozone uye inowanikwa kupi?
Ozone (O3) is allotropic form of oxygen, inoumbwa nemaatomu matatu echinhu ichi. Igasi risina ruvara kana kuti bluish zvishoma mukudzika kwepamusoro uye rinozivikanwa nekunhuhwirira kwaro kwakasimba, kunoonekwa kunyange muhuwandu hudiki kwazvo mushure mekutinhira kana pasi pemamwe mamiriro ekunze. Ozone inoita mabasa akasiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekuti iri papi mumhepo, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kusiyanisa pakati penzvimbo mbiri huru: stratosphere uye troposphere.
Mu stratosphere, pakati pe15 ne50 km altitude, kune inenge 90% ye ozone iripo mumhepo yose.. Iyi nzvimbo inowanzonzi ozone layer, yakakosha kuhupenyu hwePasi, sezvo ichisefa kunze kwemwaranzi yeultraviolet inokuvadza. Dai ose stratospheric ozone akatsikirirwa kuti gungwa-level pressure, ukobvu hwayo kwaizova 3 mm chete, asi iyi nhete runyoro rwakakosha kutidzivirira kubva kumatambudziko akadai sekenza yeganda uye cataract.
Mu troposphere, i.e. kubva kumusoro kusvika kunosvika 15-18 km kureba, Ozone inoonekwa sechipiri chinosvibisa. Pano, kure nekudzivirira isu, zvinogona kukonzera kushatirwa, matambudziko ekufema, uye kubatsira kune photochemical smog, imwe yematambudziko makuru ekusvibiswa kwemhepo mumaguta makuru nenzvimbo dzeindasitiri.
Kemikari uye zvemuviri zvimiro zveozone
Ozone ndeimwe yeakanyanya simba oxidants aripo mune zvakasikwa.. Imorekuru isina kugadzikana, sezvo maatomu ayo matatu eokisijeni anowanzo kupatsanurwa zviri nyore, achidzokera kune diatomic fomu (O.2). Density yayo i2,14 kg/m³ uye inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. -Kunyangwe kugadzikana kushoma pane mumhepo, nehafu yehupenyu hwemaminetsi angangoita makumi maviri kana ichienzaniswa neawa gumi nemaviri iyo inogona kugara seambient gasi.
Kunyungudika kwayo i -192 ºC uye nzvimbo yekuvira kwayo i -112 ºC, kushanduka kwebhuruu muhuwandu hwepamusoro. Kuva oxidant yakasimba kwazvo, ozone inobata nekukurumidza nemamwe mamorekuru nemakomponi, kunyanya ayo ane nitrogen, inoputika organic compounds kana halogens senge chlorine uye bromine..
Iyo ozone kutenderera mu stratosphere: kuumbwa kwechisikigo uye kuparadza
Zivo pamusoro pemagadzirirwo ekugadzira uye kuparadzwa kwe stratospheric ozone yakabatanidzwa nefizikisi Sydney Chapman muna 1930., kuburikidza neyakatevedzana yephotochemical reactions inozivikanwa seChapman cycle. Kutenderera uku kunotsanangura kuti, pasi pemamiriro echisikigo, huwandu hweozone hunoramba husingachinji nekuda kwechiyero pakati pekuumbwa kwayo nekuparadzwa.
Kuumbwa kwe stratospheric ozone: Zvese zvinotanga apo high-energy ultraviolet mwaranzi (wavelength isingasviki 240 nm, UV-C chikamu) inorova mamorekuru eokisijeni (O.2). Izvi zvakakwana zvine simba nemwaranzi inopwanya (inoparadzanisa) iyo O mamorekuru2 mumaatomu eokisijeni ega ega (O).
- O2 + UV mwaranzi → O + O
- O+O2 + M → O3 +M (apo M iri chero molecule isina kwayakarerekera, kazhinji N2 paO2, iyo inotora simba rakawandisa uye inodzikamisa ozone molecule).
Naizvozvo, nzvimbo ine kugadzirwa kukurusa kweozone ndiyo equatorial stratosphere, sezvo iri iyo mwaranzi yeultraviolet inorova zvakanyanya.. Nekudaro, mhepo dze stratospheric dzinogovera ozone yakananga ku polar latitudes.
Pakangogadzirwa, Ozone inobata UV-B mwaranzi, zvichiita kuti iparare kuita O2 uye atomu reokisijeni, mune reverse reaction:
- O3 + UV mwaranzi → O2 +O
Mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, Atomic oxygen inogonawo kuita neozone kuumba maviri diatomic oxygen mamorekuru:
- O3 + O → 2 O2
Iyi seti yemaitiro inochengeta iyo ozone concentration yakaenzana chero pasina zvinhu zvekunze zvinouya zvinoshandura chiyero ichi.. Nekudaro, iyi yakatetepa chiyero inoshandurwa zviri nyore nekuita kwemamwe mamorekuru uye radicals akaunzwa nekuita kwevanhu.
Iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti ozone layer inoumbwa sei munyaya ino..
Ecological kukosha kwe ozone layer
Iyo ozone layer yakakosha kune hupenyu sezvatinoiziva.. Inoshanda senhoo inosefa yakawanda yemwaranzi yeZuva yeultraviolet-B neC, ichidzivirira kuti isasvike pamusoro pePasi. Pasina iyi sefa yechisikigo, mwaranzi yeUV ingave inouraya kuzvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda uye yaizokanganisa zvese zviri zviviri zvepasi uye zvemumvura.
Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwemwaranzi yeUV-B nekuda kwekuparara kweozone layer inosanganisira:
- Kuwedzera kwezviitiko zvegomarara reganda uye cataracts muvanhu.
- Kuchinja kwe immune system, zvichiita kuti zvirwere zviwedzere.
- Kuderedzwa kwekurima nemasango nekuda kwekukuvara kwezvirimwa nemasango.
- Kukanganisa pazvipenyu zvemumvura, kunyanya zvipenyu zvinonzwa nemwaranzi inonzi planktonic.
- Kukanganisa muketani yezvokudya uye photosynthesis muzvinhu zvinomera.
Uyewo, Stratospheric ozone inokonzera kuwedzera kwekushisa mu stratosphere, nokutora mwaranzi yeUV uye kuishandura kuva kupisa, iyo inosarudza chimiro chekupisa kwemhepo yePasi uye kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze.
Tropospheric ozone: iyo yakakanganwa kusvibisa
Kusiyana ne stratospheric ozone, ozone iripo mutroposphere ndeyechipiri inosvibisa inogadzirwa nephotochemical reaction. pakati penitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) uye chiito chechiedza chezuva. Aya ma precursors anouya zvakanyanya kubva mumigwagwa yemigwagwa, maindasitiri maitiro uye biogenic emissions.
Tropospheric ozone:
- Inobatsira pakuumbwa kwe photochemical smog, kunyanya muzhizha uye munzvimbo dzeanticyclonic.
- Ine chepfu kuhutano hwevanhu, kukonzera kushatirwa kwemaziso nepahuro, matambudziko ekufema uye zvirwere zvinowedzera seasthma.
- Zvinokonzera kukanganisa kune zvinomera uye inoderedza goho.
- Zvinokonzera kudziya kwepasi rose kunge greenhouse gasi.
Nhamba dzayo dzinowedzera mukati memaawa epakati ezuva, kunyanya mumaruwa uye kunze kwemaguta makuru., sezvo ndiko uko kune zvishoma traffic uye, naizvozvo, kushoma kushandiswa kwe ozone inogadzirwa.
Kuparadzwa kwe ozone layer: zvikonzero nemigumisiro
Kwechikamu chikuru chezana remakore rechi20, mwero weozone cycle waifungidzirwa kuva usingachinji. Zvisinei, kutangwa kwemakemikari matsva, kunyanya ma<em>chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), ma<em>haloni nema<em>bromides, kwakachinja chiyero ichi zvikuru.
MaCFCs - macompounds ane chlorine nefluorine - anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mufiriji, air conditioning, aerosols uye foams, aratidza kuve akagadzikana zvakanyanya uye anokwanisa kusvika kune stratosphere pasina kushatisa.. Pane imwe nguva, ultraviolet mwaranzi inovaputsa, ichiburitsa yakanyanya reactive chlorine nemaatomu ebromine.
Atomu rechlorine rimwe chete rinogona kuparadza mamorekuru eozone anosvika 100.000 XNUMX risati rabviswa nemaitiro emuchadenga.. Aya maitiro anoitika mune catalytic cycles, apo iyo catalyst (iyo halogen) inobuda yakachena uye inogona kuramba ichiparadza ozone yakawanda:
- Cl + O3 → ClO + O2
- ClO + O → Cl + O2
Kutenderera kunotanga zvakare, kuunza kukuvadza kwakawedzera nekufamba kwenguva.
Iwe unogona kuziva kuti kuparadzwa kwe ozone layer kunosanganisira..
Gomba mu ozone layer
Kutanga muma80, masatellite uye zviteshi zvekuyeresa muAntarctica zvakaona kudzikira kunoshungurudza mukukora kweozone layer panguva yechirimo chekumaodzanyemba.. Ozone yakadzikira kuSouth Pole yakadzikira kusvika pa70% munaGunyana naGumiguru.
Izwi rekuti "ozone hole" rinoshandiswa kurondedzera nzvimbo idzo yakazara ozone yemukati inowira pasi pe220 Dobson Units. (IWE). Mifananidzo yemasatellite inoratidza kuti, chitubu chega chega, yakawanda yeAntarctica inofukidzwa neiyi "vacuum zone," ichitokanganisa matunhu ane vanhu vakawanda kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere.
Gomba re ozone rasvika panzvimbo inopfuura mamiriyoni makumi maviri neshanu km kwemavhiki akati wandei.2, inodokupeta kaviri ukuru hwekondinendi yeAntarctic. MunaGunyana 2006, iyo yakaderera kukosha yakamborekodhwa, iine 85 DU chete kumabvazuva kweAntarctica.
Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pekushanduka kwegomba re ozone.
Kukanganisa hutano uye ecosystems
Kupera kwe stratospheric ozone kune zvakakomba kuhutano hweveruzhinji uye nharaunda.. Unfiltered ultraviolet-B mwaranzi inogona kupinda kumusoro, ichiwedzera chiitiko che:
- Kenza yeganda (melanoma uye isiri melanoma)
- Cataract uye kukuvara kwemaziso
- Kudzvinyirirwa kwesimba rekudzivirira muviri
- Kudzikiswa kwegoho rezvirimwa zvine hunyoro uye shanduko mumatenderedzwa ezvipenyu zvemvura.
- Matambudziko muhupenyu hwemugungwa, kunyanya mumatanho emalarval e phytoplankton nehove
Mu troposphere, kuvapo kwe ozone kunobatanidzwa nezvinetso zvekufema uye zvemwoyo, kunyanya mumapoka anotambura akadai sevakuru, vana, vakadzi vane pamuviri, uye vanhu vane zvirwere zvisingaperi.
European Union neWorld Health Organisation yakamisa miganho yekuratidzwa kune ambient ozone, ichikurudzira isingadarike 100 µg/m.3 seavhareji yemazuva ese, sezvo kuwanda kwepamusoro kunogona kukonzera kukosora uye kushatirwa, pamwe nekudzikisira kushanda kwemapapu uye kuwedzera kufa kwevanhu muvanhu vane hanya.
Makiyi emakemikari anoita mukuparadza ozone
Iko kukurumidza kuparadzwa kweozone mu stratosphere kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekutenderera kunosanganisira reactive makemikari marudzi.. Aya maitiro akakosha kuti unzwisise kuti ozone depletion inoitika sei uye kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokurumidzira.
- Halogenated radicals (Cl, Br, ClO, BrO)
- Nitrogen radicals (NO NO2)
- Hydroxyl radicals (OH) uye peroxyl (H O2)
Izvo zvine chekuita zvakanyanya pakuparadza ozone maitiro ane chekuita neClO uye BrO. Catalytic cycles inobvumira imwe chlorine kana bromine molecule kuparadza zviuru kana kunyange kusvika 100.000 ozone mamorekuru asati abviswa kana kusarerekera.
Iwe unogona kubvunza pamusoro pezvikamu zvemhepo uye simba ravo pane ozone..
Kuyera uye kutarisa kwe ozone layer
Kuyera kwe ozone mumhepo kunoitwa zvakanyanya uchishandisa parameter "Dobson Unit" (DU), iyo inoratidza ukuru hungazogara ozone yose kana ikatsikirirwa pasi pemamiriro akajairika ekumanikidza uye tembiricha. Imwe UD yakaenzana ne2,69 × 1020 ozone mamorekuru pa square mita.
Vertical ozone profiles anowanikwa achishandisa ozonesondes uye satellite ane spectrophotometers, seGOMOS yakaiswa paEnvisat. Tsika dzakajairwa dzinosiyana pakati pe200 ne500 UD, ine avhareji yepasi rose padyo ne300 UD.
Zviito Zvepasi Pose: Iyo Montreal Protocol uye Kigali Amendment
Kukomba kwedambudziko rekuparara kweozone layer kwakaparira chiito chakanga chisati chamboitika munyika yose.. Muna 1985 Vienna Convention yekuchengetedzwa kwe ozone layer yakasainwa, ichigadzira nzira yekutorwa kweiyo ozone layer. Montreal Protocol muna 1987. Dzinenge nyika dzese pasi rose dzakatendera zvibvumirano zvinorambidza kana kunyatso gadzirisa kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kweozone-depleting substances (ODS).
Kubudirira kweMontreal Protocol kwave kuita ruzha.: Kubviswa kweCFCs, haloni uye mamwe makomisheni kwamisa kudzikira uye kwatanga kudzoreredzwa kwe ozone layer kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi21. Zvakadaro, zvinotsiva zvakaita seHCFC neHFCs zvinoramba zvichida mimwe mitemo, kunyanya nekuda kwekugona kwavo kubatsira mukudziya kwepasirese.
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzese kwave kwakakosha kuchengetedza ozone layer.
Ozone layer kupora uye tarisiro yeramangwana
Zviyero zvichangoburwa zvinoratidza maitiro akanaka ekudzoreredza ozone layer., kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ichanonoka nekuda kwehupenyu hurefu hwemakomisheni ekubudisa mumhepo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kana mitemo iripo ikaramba ichienderera, kudzoreredza kuzere kusvika pre-1980 mazinga anogona kuwanikwa kutenderera 2075.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokanganisawo kupora, sezvo kuwedzera kwemagasi egreenhouse kunogona kugadzirisa kutenderera kwe stratospheric uye tembiricha, zvichikanganisa kuparadzirwa kweozone. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzese nemitemo yakasimba yezvakatipoteredza zvakakosha kuchengetedza nekumhanyisa maitiro aya.
Zvatingaite sevagari kuchengetedza ozone layer
Tese tinogona kubatsira mukutarisira ozone layer kuburikidza nezviito zvidiki zvezuva nezuva uye kutorwa kwemaitiro ane mutoro:
- Sarudza zvigadzirwa zvakanyorwa "CFC-isina" kana "ozone-inoshamwaridzika."
- Kuda zvekudzimisa moto uye masisitimu ekutonhodza asina mahaloni, maCFC, kana maHCFC.
- Dzivisa kushandiswa kweaerosols ine zvinokuvadza zvinoputika; Kune mafomula mukrimu, tsvimbo kana mechanical spray.
- Chengetedza firiji yako nemidziyo yekufemesa zviri muchimiro chakanaka uye shandisa matekiniki ane zvitupa kugadzirisa.
- Usashandise methyl bromide yefumigation yemumba kana yekurima.
- Kuderedza kushandiswa kwemotokari, kushandisa zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, kufamba kana kuchovha bhasikoro.
- Govera kukosha kwechinyorwa mumhuri yako, mudzidzo, uye muboka rebasa.
- Tora chikamu mumishandirapamwe uye zviitiko zvekusimudzira ruzivo nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Basa redzidzo uye ruzivo rwemagariro evanhu
Dzidzo yezvakatipoteredza chinhu chakakosha pakuwana kuchengetedzwa kwe ozone layer.. Kuzivisa nekudzidzisa zvizvarwa zvitsva nezvekukosha kwenhoo iyi yepanyama, njodzi dzine chekuita nekuparara kwayo, uye zviito zvinodiwa kudzivirira izvi zvakakosha kuti tisadzokorora zvikanganiso zvekare.
Masangano edzidzo, vezvenhau, uye masangano ezvekugarisana anoita basa rakakosha mukuparadzira ruzivo nekupa ruzivo rwakakwana.
Munhu wose ane ruzivo anobatsira kudzivirira pasi redu.
Kemikari yeozone layer muenzaniso wekuoma uye kusasimba kwemaitiro makuru ezvakatipoteredza anochengetedza hupenyu. Kunyangwe zvimhingamipinyi zvange zvakakura, vanhu vakaratidza kuti kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika nekudyidzana kweveruzhinji kunogona kudzosera maitiro ane njodzi. Nekudaro, budiriro haina kuvimbiswa: zvinoenderana nekuenderera mberi nekuchenjerera, hunyanzvi, uye kugoverana mutoro mune yega sarudzo inobata nharaunda yedu.