Chii chinonzi atomu

Atomu ndicho chikamu chikuru che matter uye ndicho chikamu chidiki diki chinogona kuziva chinhu chemakemikari. Inosanganisira nucleus yeatomu ine manyuturoni nemapurotoni, uye maerekitironi akakomberedza nucleus. Izwi rokuti atomu rinobva muchiGiriki uye rinoreva zvisingaonekwi. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi zvakanaka Chii chinonzi atomu kana maitiro ayo.

Naizvozvo, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti atomu chii, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.

Chii chinonzi atomu

Maatomu ane chikamu chepakati chinonzi nucleus, umo maproton (positively charged particles) uye manyutroni (magetsi asina kwaakarerekera) anogara. Nharaunda yakapoteredza nucleus inogarwa nemagetsi (negatively charges particles); nzvimbo iyi inonzi tambo yemagetsi. Iyo goko remagetsi (negatively charged) uye core (positively charged) inobatwa pamwechete nekukwezva magetsi.

Avhareji yedhayamita yeatomu inenge 10-10 metres, uye avhareji yedhayamita yenucleus inenge 10-15 metres; saka, atomu ine dhayamita ye10.000 100.000 kusvika kuXNUMX XNUMX yakakura kupfuura nucleus yayo. Semuenzaniso, kana atomu iri saizi yenhandare yenhabvu, nucleus inenge yakaenzana nebhora riri pakati penhandare. Kana atomu iine dhayamita zana, nucleus yayo ine 100 centimeter mudhayamita. Iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti nyaya inoumbwa sei mune yedu chinyorwa organic uye inorganic matter.

Dzimwe nhoroondo

Muzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) akaedza kutsanangura maumbirwo ezvinyorwa zvese kubva muvhu, mhepo, moto nemvura. Democritus (546 BC - 460 BC) aive muGreek sainzi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu akapa zano rekuti paive nemuganho wehukuru hwezvimedu. Zvimedu izvi zvinova zvidiki zvekuti hazvichagona kupatsanurwa, akadaro. Akadana zvidimbu zvakadaro "maatomu."

Kwemakore akawanda ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, wakanga uri muenzaniso weatomu womusayendisiti wokuBritain Dalton uyo akapa zano rondedzero yeatomu, iyo yakanga ichipfuura zvikuru kufunga kwevekare panguva iyoyo.

Iyi dzidziso inodaro Matter ese anoumbwa netwunhu tudiki tusingagadzike anonzi maatomu. Ongororo ichangoburwa yakawana kuti maatomu anoumbwa nezvimwe zvidiki zvinonzi subatomic particles.

Kubva kare, dzidziso dzakasiyana dzeatomu dzemaumbirwo enyaya dzakagadzirwa pasati pawanikwa ruzivo rwazvino nezvechimiro cheatomu. Kubva pane atomic theory, Masayendisiti anga achiratidzira zvishoma nezvishoma modhi yemaatomu.

Muenzaniso wekutanga wakataurwa naJohn Dalton wakagadziridzwa kuva muenzaniso weatomu waNiels Bohr. Bohr akaronga modhi yakada kufanana neyazvino maerekitironi anotenderera musimboti. Uku kushanduka kwemaatomu modhi kunonakidza sekuumbwa kwezvimwe zviitiko, senge zviedza zvokumusoro.

chimiro cheatomu

Maatomu anoumbwa netudiki tudiki tunonzi subatomic particles: maerekitironi, mapurotoni, uye neutron. Huzhinji hwehuremu hweatomu hwakanangana mukati memukati. Uye vhoriyamu yaro huru iri mugoko remagetsi munowanikwa maerekitironi.

Ma electrons, protons uye neutron

Ma electrons anochajiwa zvisina kunaka uye anenge asina misa. Huremu hwayo hunoita ka1840 pane hwenyucleus yeatomu.. Zvimedu zvidiki zvinotenderera nechepakati peatomu. Pamusoro pezvo, dzinofamba nekukurumidza dzakatenderedza nucleus dzichigadzira munda wemagetsi.

Proton ine chaji yakanaka yakafanana nechaji paerekitironi muukoshi hwakakwana, saka mapurotoni nemaerekitironi zvinowanzokwezvana. Izvi zvinoumba chikamu chehuremu uye pamwe chete nemanyuturoni zvinoumba nucleus yeatomu.

Maneutron haana muripo, kureva kuti, ane mhosva isina kwayakarerekera. Pamwe chete nemaprotoni, inoumba nucleus uye inomiririra hunenge huremu hwese (99,9%) hweatomu. Neutrons inopa kugadzikana kune nucleus.

Maatomu ane mwero wesimba, magoko manomwe akatenderedza nucleus umo mune maerekitironi anotenderera nucleus. Magoko acho anonzi K, L, M, N, O, P, uye Q. Goko rega rega rinogona kubata nhamba inogumira yemaerekitironi: maerekitironi masere pagoko. Iyo yekunze yekunze ndiyo inogara yakanyanya kusimba. Atomu rehydrogen chete harina manyuturoni uye erekitironi rimwe chete rinotenderera purotoni. Izvi zvinopesana nekuoma kwezvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai seuranium, iyo inokosha inoratidzwa munyaya yedu mhepo yeUranus.

makemikari maitiro

Mumakemikari , maatomu ndiwo mayuniti akakosha anowanzo chengetedza maitiro awo ekutanga mune zvese zvinoitika. Izvo hazvina kuparadzwa kana kusikwa, zvinongorongwa nenzira dzakasiyana nekubatana kwakasiyana pakati pavo.

Maatomu anoungana pamwechete kugadzira mamorekuru uye mamwe marudzi ezvishandiso. Izvo zvisungo zvakagadzirwa mukugadzirisa kwemakemikari zvine chimwe chimiro chinosiyanisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari zvinhu. Zvinhu izvi ndezviya zvinoonekwa pa periodic table yezvinhu.

Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chine mapurotoni akawanda ari mugotsi. Nhamba iyi inodaidzwa kuti nhamba yeatomu uye inotaridzwa nevara Z. Maatomu ose ane nhamba yakafanana yemapurotoni ndeechinhu chimwe uye ane makemikari akafanana kunyange zvazvo akasiyana makemikari.

Kune rumwe rutivi, tinowana nhamba huru, inoratidzwa nebhii A. Nhamba iyi inoreva nhamba yemanyukoni ari muatomu. Imwe mhando yeatomu yatinogona kuwana, uye yatinoziva zvakanyanya, isotopu. Aya maatomu ane nhamba yakafanana yemaproton asi nhamba dzakasiyana dzemanyuturoni. Vane maitiro emakemikari akafanana kunyange zvazvo maitiro avo emuviri akasiyana kubva kune mumwe.

Sezvatakamboona, isotopes yakakosha zvikuru. Uye dzakakosha kusimba renyukireya nekuti kupfumisa uranium kunosanganisira kushandura isotopu imwe yeuranium kuita imwe ine chimiro chemakemikari chisina kugadzikana, zvichiita kuti tive neketani yekuita. Izvi zvine chekuita nemisimboti yefizikisi inopesvedzera zvisikwa, zvakaongororwa muchinyorwa chedu Magineti epasi.

Propiedades

Zvinhu zvinotsanangura atomu ndezvi:

• Atomic nhamba (Z) inoratidza huwandu hwemapurotoni ari mukati memwoyo. Maatomu ese ane nhamba yakafanana yemaproton ndeechinhu chimwe chete. Semuenzaniso, atomu yehydrogen ine proton imwe chete.
• Huwandu hwehuwandu hunoreva huwandu hwemapurotoni nemanyuturoni.. Zvinhu zvine nhamba dzakasiyana dzemanyutroni akasiyana isotopes echinhu chimwe chete.
• electronegativity Ndiwo maitiro emaatomu ekukwezva maerekitironi kana agadzira mabhondi emakemikari.
• atomic radius Inofanana nehafu yedaro pakati pemaviri akabatanidzwa nuclei echinhu chimwe chete.
• ionization inogona Ndiro simba rinodiwa kubvisa elekitironi kubva pane chimwe chinhu.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve atomu uye maitiro ayo.