Mumakore achangopfuura, izwi rekuti "exoplanet" rave kuwedzera mukurumbira munharaunda yesainzi uye nhepfenyuro uye tsika yakakurumbira. Kunakidzwa nepasirese idzi kunze kwesolar system yedu kwakurudzira kuferefeta kusingaverengeki, mishoni dzemuchadenga, uye nhau dzinoshamisa nezve mukana wekuwana hupenyu kune imwe nzvimbo muchadenga. Asi chii chinonzi exoplanets chaizvo? Vanogona sei kuonekwa uye kugoverwa? Uye nei dzichinyandura fariro huru kwazvo pakati pevazivi vemitumbi yomudenga naasingadzidzisi?
Ichi chinyorwa igwara rakadzama uye rakadzama kune exoplanets, umo iwe uchawana zvese kubva kunhoroondo dzekutsvaga kwavo kusvika kune nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuona, kusanganisira kupatsanurwa kwavo, maitiro, inocherekedza mienzaniso, uye yakakosha basa ravanoita mukutsvaga hupenyu hwekunze.. Kana iwe wakambozvibvunza kuti tinoziva sei mapuraneti aripo kunze kweZuva, ndeapi marudzi eexoplanets aripo, kana kuti ndeapi mikana yekuwana Nyika "mapatya," iwe unowana mhinduro dzese pano, dzakaratidzwa zvakajeka uye zvizere.
Chii chinonzi exoplanet? Tsanangudzo uye tsananguro huru
An exoplanet, inozivikanwawo seimwe extrasolar planet, ipuraneti isiri yesolar system yedu, kureva kuti, inotenderera nyeredzi isiri Zuva. Kunyangwe kwemazana emakore pfungwa yekuvepo kwenyika dziri kunze kwenharaunda yedu yezuva yaive zvinhu zvekufungidzira uye ngano dzesainzi, nhasi kuwanikwa kweexoplanets ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonakidza dzenyeredzi dzemazuva ano.
Izwi rekuti exoplanet rinobva pachirevo chekutanga "exo-," zvinoreva "kunze," uye izwi rekuti "nyika." Naizvozvo, exoplanet inoreva "pasi kunze" kana, kunyanya, kunze kwesolar system. Mapuraneti ose atinoziva—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, neNeptune—chikamu chegadziriro yedu yezuva uye anotenderera zuva. Zvisinei, nyeredzi dzatinoona mudenga—mabhiriyoni adzo dziri muGwara Renzou redu bedzi—dzinogona uye dzine mapuraneti anodzipoteredza.
Naizvozvo, tinodaidza exoplanets kuti mapuraneti anotenderera nyeredzi kunze kweZuva. Dzinogona kunge dzakanyanya kufanana nemapuraneti ari muzuva redu (ane matombo sePasi kana gasi seJupiter), kana kuti akasiyana zvachose nechero chatinoziva. Zvese izvi zvinovaita chimwe chezvakavanzika zvikuru uye zvinokwezva zvechisiko chanhasi.
Nhoroondo pfupi yekutsvaga uye kuwanikwa kwe exoplanets
Pfungwa yekuvapo kwenyika dzinopfuura dzedu haisi itsva. Kare muzana remakore rechi16, vanhu vanofunga vakadai saGiordano Bruno vaipikisa kuti nyeredzi dzinogona kunge dziri zuva riri kure rinoperekedzwa nemapuraneti adzo. Nekudaro, kwenguva yakareba kutsvaga kwe exoplanets kwaingove dzidziso, sezvo isu takashaya nzira uye tekinoroji yekuzviona.
Kufungira kwekutanga uye kufungidzirwa kuwonekwa kwemapuraneti eextrasolar zvakadzokera ku19th uye kutanga kwe20th century, kunyangwe mazhinji ezviziviso izvi akave akakanganisa kana chigadzirwa chekududzira zvisizvo.. Makanga muri muma1990 umo kufambira mberi mune zviridzwa zvemuchadenga nekutarisa kwakasimbisa kuvepo kwekutanga exoplanets.
Kuwanikwa kwekutanga kunoonekwa sekwakasimba kwaive muna 1992, apo akati wandei epasi-mapuraneti akaonekwa achitenderera pulsar PSR B1257+12. Nekudaro, zuva rakakosha ndi1995, apo nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzeSwitzerland Michel Mayor naDidier Queloz vakazivisa kuwanikwa kwe 51 Pegasi b, yekutanga exoplanet yakawanikwa yakatenderedza nyeredzi yakaita seZuva. Izvi zvakavawanira Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 2019 uye zvakabatanidza kutanga kwekuongororwa kwakarongeka kwemapuraneti eextrasolar.
Kubva ipapo, nhamba ye exoplanets yakawanikwa yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Zvinoenderana neazvino data yeNASA, anopfuura zviuru zvishanu nemazana mashanu exoplanets ikozvino akasimbiswa, uye gore rega rega rondedzero inokura sezvo matekiniki anonatswa uye mitsva yenzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kutsvaga kwavo inotangwa, seKepler, TESS, uye James Webb Space Telescope.
Sei zvakaoma kuona exoplanets?
Kuona exoplanet idambudziko chairo rehunyanzvi nesainzi. Kunyangwe ivo kazhinji vari mitumbi yepuraneti yakakura, chinhambwe chavo kubva kuPasi uye kupenya kwakanyanya kwenyeredzi dzevabereki vavo zvinoita kuti vaome zvakanyanya kuona zvakananga. Nemashoko akapfava, Maexoplanets anowanzo ratidza kana kuburitsa kachiedza kadiki kana zvichienzaniswa nenyeredzi yaanotenderera.: musiyano unogona kuva mabhiriyoni akati wandei.
Iyo yakawanda yakawanda inozivikanwa exoplanets haina kucherechedzwa zvakananga, asi pane nenzira isina kunanga. Kureva kuti, nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomuchadenga dzinowana kuvapo kwavo nokuongorora miuyo yadzinoparira panyeredzi dzadzo dzakatsaukana, dzakadai sokuchinja mukupenya, kupenya kwechiedza, kana kuti kufamba.
Kutora mafoto exoplanet zvakananga chiitiko chisingawanzo. uye zvinogoneka chete mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, akadai seaya mapuraneti akakura zvakanyanya, madiki, kana kure nenyeredzi yawo. Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani, seJames Webb Telescope, kuri kuvhura mikana mitsva yekufungidzira uye kuongorora mamiriro ekunze, kunyangwe pachine zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa mundima iyi.
Nzira dzekuona exoplanets
Uzivi hwenyeredzi hwemazuva ano hunoshandisa nzira dzinoverengeka kutsvaga nekudzidza mapuraneti ari kunze kwesolar system. Nzira imwe neimwe ine hunhu hwayo, zvayakanakira nezvainogumira, uye kushanda kwayo kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita sekukura kwepasi, chinhambwe chayo kubva kunyeredzi, uye kurerekera kwaro. Pazasi, tinoongorora nzira huru dzekuona:
1. Nzira yekufambisa
Nzira yekufambisa inosanganisira yekucherechedza kudzikira kudiki kwekupenya kwenyeredzi kana nyika inopfuura pamberi payo, sezvinoonekwa kubva kuNyika. Iyi "mini-eclipse" inoonekwa se periodic uye inodzokororwa kudonha muhuwandu hwechiedza chinosvika kwatiri kubva kunyeredzi. Nokuongorora makuriro uye periodicity yezvifambiso izvi, vanoongorora nyeredzi vanogona kuona kukura kwepasi, kureba kwayo kubva kunyeredzi, uye dzimwe nguva ruzivo nezvemhepo yaro.
Iyi sisitimu yakafarirwa neNASA's Kepler mission, iyo yakawana zviuru zveexoplanets vachishandisa maitiro aya. Nzira yekufambisa inonyanya kushanda pakuona mapuraneti makuru padyo nenyeredzi yavo, asi inogonawo kuwana mitumbi yakakura yePasi mumikoto inokodzera hupenyu, zvichienderana nekurongeka kwezviridzwa.
2. Radial velocity kana Doppler wobble nzira
Radial velocity, kana kuti Doppler mhedzisiro, inoona exoplanets nekuyera kutenderera kana "kuzununguka" kwenyeredzi yemubereki wavo, zvichikonzerwa nekukweva kwepasi panguva yekutenderera kwayo. Kana nyika inotenderera nyeredzi, ose ari maviri anotenderera panzvimbo yakafanana yehukuru. Izvi zvinogadzira diki diki mune nyeredzi spectrum, iyo inogona kuyerwa nezviridzwa zvakanyatsojeka.
Iyo Doppler nzira inonyanya kubatsira pakuona mapuraneti makuru kwazvo, akadai se "hot Jupiters," ari padyo nenyeredzi yavo.. Kunyangwe isingapi ruzivo rwakananga nezvehukuru hwepasi, inotibvumidza kuverenga hushoma hwayo uye kunyange kutora ruzivo rwekutenderera kwayo. Yekutanga exoplanet yakatenderedza nyeredzi seZuva, 51 Pegasi b, yakawanikwa nenzira iyi.
3. Gravitational microlensing
Gravitational microlensing inotora mukana weiyo lensing mhedzisiro inogadzirwa negiravitational munda wenyeredzi inopfuura pamberi penyeredzi iri kure. Kana nyeredzi iine puraneti, kukwidziridzwa kwechiedza chekumashure kunoratidza hunhu "peak". Iyi nzira haina kunyanya kuwanda, asi inobvumira kuonekwa kwemaexoplanets ari kure kure nyeredzi masisitimu kana nehupamhi orbits, izvo zvingave zvakaoma kuwana uchishandisa dzimwe nzira.
4. Mifananidzo yakananga
Kutora mifananidzo yakananga yeexoplanets kwakaoma kwazvo, asi zvinogoneka mune dzimwe nguva. Masisitimu akanyanya kunaka ndeaya ane mapuraneti makuru, madiki ari kure nenyeredzi yavo, ane mwaranzi ye infrared inomira pakatarisana nenyeredzi. Materesikopu ane epamusoro optics uye coronagraphs anoshandiswa kuvharidzira kupenya kwenyeredzi uye kuratidza kuderera kwechiedza chepuraneti. Mienzaniso yakatanhamara yebudiriro yekufungidzira yakananga inosanganisira planet 2M1207b uye yakati wandei muHR 8799 system.
5. Dzimwe nzira uye kufambira mberi
Kune zvakare mamwe maitiro ekuwedzera kana ari kubuda, akadai seastrometry (kuyeresa machinjiro munzvimbo yenyeredzi), kuchinja kwekufamba kwenguva, kuongororwa kwemhepo yepasi panguva yekufambisa, polarimetry, kana kuona zvisina kunanga kuburikidza nekusagadzikana muhuruva uye gasi disks rakatenderedza nyeredzi diki. Idzi nzira dzese, dzakabatanidzwa, dzinobvumira vanoongorora nyeredzi kuti vaone hukuru hwakakura hwema exoplanets uye kudzidza zvimiro zvavo zvakadzama.
Kusarudzwa kwe exoplanets: marudzi uye zvikamu
Kusiyana kwakakura kwemaexoplanets akawanikwa kusvika parizvino kwakamanikidza nharaunda yesainzi kumisa mapoka akasiyana uye masisitimu emhando. Zvikamu izvi zvinonyanya kutariswa pazvimiro zvakaita sehuremu, saizi, kuumbwa, tembiricha, uye chinhambwe kubva kune nyeredzi. Mamwe emhando huru dze exoplanets ndeaya anotevera:
- Gasi hofori: Iwo mapuraneti akafanana neJupiter kana Saturn, anoumbwa zvakanyanya nehydrogen nehelium. Ndivo vanowanzotanga kuonekwa, nekuti hukuru hwavo nehukuru zvinoburitsa zvinoonekwa zviri nyore panyeredzi dzevabereki vavo.
- Neptunians Idiki pane hofori dzegasi asi dzichiri kunyanya kuumbwa negasi, saUranus neNeptune. Inosanganisirwawo pano i “mini-Neptunes,” ine masasi epakati uye nenziyo dzakasiyana.
- Super-Earth: Mapuraneti ane huremu pakati pePasi neNeptune. Vanogona kunge vane matombo, mumvura kana gaseous, zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwavo uye maitiro ekugadzirisa. Zvinotendwa kuti Matunhu akawanda epamusoro-soro anogona kugarika kana kuti angangoenderana nehupenyu.
- Nyika: Zvinoreva mapuraneti ane saizi nehukuru hwakafanana nePasi, mazhinji ane matombo. Ndivo vanotariswa pamberi pemamishini mazhinji, sezvo vachizopa mamiriro akanaka ehupenyu sezvatinozviziva.
- Mapuraneti eLava, mapuraneti echando, uye mapuraneti egungwa: Kune maexoplanets ayo angave akaumbwa zvachose nelava, ice, kana makungwa makuru emvura kana zvimwe zvinwiwa. Idzi nyika dzakanyanyisa dzinomiririra dambudziko kudzidziso dzechinyakare dzekuumbwa kwemapuraneti.
An exoplanet's classification inogona kusanganisira mamwe ma subcategories, akadai sepulsar maplanets (ayo anotenderera nyeredzi dzakafa), circumbinary mapuraneti (ayo anotenderera nyeredzi mbiri), kana mapuraneti "ane hutsinye" (asingatenderere chero nyeredzi, asi anodzungaira nepakati penyeredzi).
Pamusoro pezvo, pane kupatsanurwa kwekupisa kwemaexoplanets, ayo anounganidza mapuraneti zvichienderana neyakafungidzirwa tembiricha yepasi, chinhambwe chavo kubva kune nyeredzi yavo, uye rudzi rwenyeredzi yavanotenderera. Izvi zvinotibvumira kusiyanisa mapuraneti anopisa, ane mwero, anotonhora, kana aya ane tembiricha yakasiyana-siyana panzira dzawo, izvo zvinogona kuva nechavo chikuru pakuumbwa kwavo nekugara kwavo.
Exoplanet masisitimu uye nomenclature
Maexoplanets anopihwa mazita zvichienderana negungano chairo zvichibva pazita renyeredzi yavanotenderera uye vara diki rinoratidza marongero ekuwanikwa. Nokudaro, nyika yekutanga yakawanikwa yakakomberedza nyeredzi inogamuchira tsamba "b", inotevera "c", zvichingodaro. Semuenzaniso, "51 Pegasi b" inoratidza yekutanga exoplanet yakawanikwa yakatenderedza nyeredzi 51 Pegasi. Mune masisitimu ane nyeredzi dzakawanda kana akakosha masisitimu, iyo nomenclature inogona kusanganisira mavara makuru enyeredzi uye madiki mabhii emapuraneti, kuwedzera kana kubvisa mavara sezvakakodzera.
Mamwe maexoplanets anogashirawo mazita emadunhurirwa kana mazita asina kurongeka, asi iyo International Astronomical Union (IAU) inongoziva mazita akaiswa mumakatalogi ayo kuti achengetedze kurongeka kwenyika uye kuenderana.
Maexoplanets anowanikwa kupi? Kuparadzirwa mugwara renyeredzi
Maexoplanets akawanikwa kusvika parizvino akagoverwa muMilky Way, kunyangwe mazhinji ari padyo nesolar system yedu. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kutadza kwehunyanzvi uye kusarudzwa kwekutarisa: zviri nyore kuona mapuraneti ari padyo kana kutenderera anopenya senyeredzi dzezuva.
Nekudaro, data rese rinonongedza kune chokwadi chekuti exoplanets akawandisa mugalaxy yedu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panogona kunge paine makumi emabhiriyoni emapuraneti ari muGwara Renzou, mazhinji acho asati atombozivikanwa. Masvomhu ekutanga kubva kuKepler mission anoratidza kuti imwe chete panyeredzi nhanhatu dzakaita seZuva dzine saizi yePasi mukutenderera kwayo. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinosimudza chikamu ichi, kunyanya pakati penyeredzi diki nedzinotonhorera, senge madhiri matsvuku.
Mazhinji anozivikanwa exoplanets anowanikwa mune imwe-nyeredzi mapuraneti masisitimu, asi mapuraneti akaonekwa zvakare mumabhinari, katatu, uye kunyange mana masystem, pamwe nemasisitimu ane anoshanda protoplanetary disks.
Exoplanet atmospheres uye kutsvaga kwehupenyu
Chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvekutsvagisa exoplanetary kuona uye kuongorora mamiriro ekunze enyika dziri kure idzi. Kuburikidza nekutarisa kwekufamba uye kuongorora kwe spectroscopic, zvinokwanisika kudzidza kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvekunze zvemamwe exoplanets, kuona kuvepo kwemamorekuru akadai semvura, methane, carbon dioxide, sodium, uye kunyangwe zvingangoita biomarkers zvine chekuita nehupenyu.
Iyo James Webb Space Telescope, pamwe nezvimwe zviridzwa zvemberi, iri kushandura kudzidza kwe exoplanet atmospheres, kunyanya ayo eEarth size. Mumakore anotevera, tinotarisira kunyatsoona mapuraneti ane mamiriro anoenderana nehupenyu nekuongorora kuvepo kunogona kuitika kwemvura yemvura, oxygen, kana methane mumhepo yadzo.
Kusvika pari zvino, hapana zviratidzo zvehupenyu zvisina kujeka zvakaonekwa pane chero exoplanet, asi kuwanikwa kwenyika dziri munzvimbo inogarwa uye nemhepo inonakidza inoramba ichiwedzera zvinotarisirwa nesainzi.
Nzvimbo inogarwa: Chii chinoita kuti ive yakakosha?
Nzvimbo inogarika inzvimbo yakatenderedza nyeredzi uko tembiricha uye nemwaranzi mamiriro anobvumira kuvepo kwemvura yemvura pamusoro penyika. Kureva kuti, haisi pedyo zvakanyanya (apo kupisa kwaizonyungudutsa mvura) kana kure zvakanyanya (kwainooma). Nzvimbo yekugara inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi uye saizi yenyeredzi. Ipfungwa inokosha pakutsvaga upenyu, kunyange zvazvo isingavimbisi kuti pasi rinogarwa, sezvo zvimwe zvinhu zvinotanga kushanda, zvakadai sekuumbwa kwemhepo, kuvapo kwemwedzi, kuputika kwemakomo, kana kuti magineti.
Mazhinji eanogona kugarika exoplanets akawanikwa kusvika pari zvino ari munzvimbo inogarwa nenyeredzi dzawo, kunyangwe mazhinji achiri akakurisa, achipisa, kana ane mhepo isina kukodzera kutsigira hupenyu hwakaita sePasi.
Inoratidzwa exoplanets uye paradigmatic kesi
Mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, kunyanya anokatyamadza exoplanets akaonekwa nekuda kwehunhu hwawo, nhoroondo, kana kugona kugarika. Mamwe anonyanya kufarirwa mukutsvaga kwesainzi nekuparadzira ndeaya:
- 51 Pegasi b: Yekutanga exoplanet yakawana inotenderera nyeredzi seZuva. I "Jupiter inopisa," yakakura kudarika Nyika uye iri pedyo zvakanyanya nenyeredzi yayo.
- Mufananidzo 12b: A rocky exoplanet, isinganyanyi kukura kupfuura Earth, yakawana angori 40 light-years kure uye iri munzvimbo inogarwa nenyeredzi. Kuva pedyo kwayo kunoita kuti ive chinangwa chekutanga chekutarisa mune ramangwana.
- Trappist-1e: Icho chikamu chehurongwa hwemanomwe eExoplanets ePasi anotenderera nyeredzi diki, inotonhorera-inotonhorera. Dzakawanda dziri munzvimbo inogarwa.
- Kepler-22b: Imwe yekutanga exoplanets yakawanikwa munzvimbo inogarwa yeZuva-senyeredzi.
- Proxima Centauri b: Iyo yepedyo exoplanet kuPasi, iri munzvimbo inogarwa yedzvuku dzvuku (Proxima Centauri), kunyangwe iyo chaiyo yekugara ichiri gakava.
- KOI-4878.01, K2-72 e, Wolf 1061 c uye GJ 3323 b: Mienzaniso yemapuraneti ane huwandu hwakakura hwekufanana nePasi, zvichivaita vamiriri vekunyanya kufarira mukutsvaga kwehupenyu hwekunze.
Zvikamu zvakakosha zve exoplanets
Iwo akasiyana siyana exoplanets akatungamira mukugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvidiki kutsanangura nyika dzine humwe hunhu. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kufadza ndezvi:
- Pulsar mapuraneti: Dzinotenderera nyeredzi “dzakafa”, semapulsars, ayo anoburitsa nguva dzose mhepo yemwaranzi. Ndivo vaive vekutanga kusimbiswa exoplanets, kunyangwe nharaunda ine ruvengo yepulsars inoita kuti vasakodzere hupenyu.
- Carbon kana iron mapuraneti: Nyika dzine kunyanya kabhoni kana iron nziyo, dzakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune akajairwa mapuraneti esolar system.
- Lava mapuraneti: Nenzvimbo yakanyungudutswa nekuda kwekunyanya kuswedera kune nyeredzi yayo.
- Ocean mapuraneti: Miviri inenge yakavharwa zvachose nemvura yemvura.
- Megalands: Mapuraneti ane matombo ane vanhu vakawanda zvikuru kupfuura ayo ePasi, achiaisa pakati pe-super-Earths nehofori dzegasi.
- Circumbinary mapuraneti: Orbit nyeredzi mbiri panguva imwe chete, zvakafanana nezvinoonekwa mune yakakurumbira Star Wars chiitiko chine mazuva maviri ari mujinga.
- Kudzungaira mapuraneti: Haatendereri chero nyeredzi, asi kuti anofamba ari ega mugwara renzou.
Mishoni, mapurojekiti, uye teresikopu mukutsvaga exoplanets
Kuongorora kweExoplanet ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushanda uye akaomesesa minda yezvenyeredzi nhasi. Materesikopu akawanda epasi-akavakirwa-pasi uye emuchadenga, pamwe chete nemamishini epasi rose, akatsaurirwa kutsvaga nekudzidza nyika itsva dziri kunze kwesolar system:
- Kepler Mission (NASA): Yakatangwa muna 2009, yakashandura kutsvaga kwe exoplanets uchishandisa nzira yekufambisa. Yakawana zviuru zvevavhoti uye yakapa kiyi data yekudzidza exoplanet frequency uye kusiyana.
- James Webb Space Telescope (NASA/ESA/CSA): Kubva 2022, yanga ichivhura miganhu mitsva mukudzidza kwemapuraneti emuchadenga uye hunhu hwakadzama hwematombo exoplanets.
- TESS Mission (NASA): Kutevera kuKepler, inotsvaga exoplanets yakatenderedza padyo, nyeredzi dzakapenya, dzakanakira kudzidza nezvimwe zviridzwa.
- PLATO Project (ESA): Yakarongerwa 2026, inotarisa pakutsvaga kwematombo exoplanets munzvimbo inogarika yenyeredzi dziri pedyo.
- COROT Mission (CNES/ESA): Yakatangwa muna 2006, yakatanga kushandiswa kwenzira yekufambisa muchadenga.
- TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPES: Iconic zvivakwa zvakaita seChakanyanya Large Telescope (VLT), Keck, ramangwana E-ELT, uye GMT, pakati pevamwe, vanoita basa rakakosha mukuona uye kutarisisa kuongororwa kweexoplanets.
Uye zvakare, kune akawanda mapurojekiti akatsaurirwa kuvandudza zviridzwa uye nzira dzekutarisa, dzakadai seHARPS, HATNet, WASP, OGLE, SPECULOOS, pakati pevamwe, ayo anoenderera mberi nekuwedzera exoplanet catalog uye nekunatsa ruzivo rwuripo pamusoro pavo.
Matambudziko ekugara uye kutsvaga hupenyu
Kuwanikwa kwemaexoplanets munzvimbo inogarwa yenyeredzi dzavo kunounza kufarira kukuru, asi iko chaiko kugara kwenyika idzi kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda. Pamusoro peiyo tembiricha yakakodzera, zvakakosha kuti titarise kuumbwa uye kuwanda kwemhepo, kuvepo kwemvura yemvura, tectonic chiitiko, iyo magineti, uye kugadzikana kweiyo orbit, pakati pemamwe ma paramita. Mapuraneti mazhinji anogona kugarika anogona kusagarika nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akanyanya, mhepo ine muchetura, kana kusavapo kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu sezvatinozviziva.
Zvisinei neizvi, kudzidza kwemaexoplanets kuri kuvhura mafafitera matsva eruzivo nezve magadzirirwo nemagadzirirwo emapuraneti, kuti hupenyu hunoparadzirwa sei muchadenga, uye kuti ndeapi mamiriro angabvumira kubuda kwahwo.
Tsika uye magariro maitiro eexoplanets
Kuwanikwa kwemapuraneti ari mhiri kwesolar system kwakaratidza kare uye shure munzira iyo vanhu vanonzwisisa nzvimbo yedu muchadenga. Chokwadi chekuti nyika dzinogona kunge dzakaita seNyika dziriko, dzine nyanza dzakafanana, mhepo yakapoteredza pasi, uye tembiricha, yakamutsa mamiriyoni emibvunzo pamusoro pekugona kwehupenyu hwekunze kwepasi uye kusiyana-siyana kwenzvimbo dzepasi.
Uyezve, maexoplanets akafuridzira vasingaverengeki vanyori vengano dzesainzi, vagadziri vemafirimu, uye vagadziri, vakafungidzira budiriro yepamberi, mafambiro enyeredzi, uye zvitsva zvinogoneka, sezvinoonekwa mumafirimu emifananidzo se "Interstellar."
Pakupedzisira, exoplanets haingoshandure sainzi chete, asiwo fungidziro yakabatana uye kufungisisa nezveramangwana revanhu.
Remangwana rekuongorora exoplanet
Tsvagiridzo yeExoplanet iri kuwedzera, uye zvakatonyanya kushamisa zvakawanikwa zvinotarisirwa kubuda mumakore anotevera. Kuvandudzwa kwemisheni yechadenga yakatsaurirwa, kunzwisiswa kweteresikopu kwakavandudzwa, uye kushandiswa kweungwaru hwekugadzira pakududzira data kuchaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva mapuraneti ari kuramba achiwedzera madiki, kunyatsoongorora mamiriro ekunze, uye pamwe kunyange kuona, kekutanga, humwe husina kujeka hwehupenyu huri muchadenga.
Kudzidza kwe exoplanets kucharamba kuchivandudza manzwisisiro edu eastrophysics, biology, uye philosophy, kufambisa kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji nekushandisa zvisingatarisirwe paPasi nekumhiri.
Nhasi, rondedzero ye exoplanets inokura vhiki nevhiki, iine masangano emuchadenga, otomatiki materesikopu, uye nharaunda dzevanodzidza nezvenyeredzi dzinoshanda pamwechete kuwedzera miganhu yeruzivo rwevanhu kupfuura yedu solar system.
Kuongorora kwe exoplanets kwakamiririra kusvetuka kukuru munzira iyo vanhu vanocherechedza zvakasikwa. Kubva pane zvakawanikwa zvekutanga muma1990 kusvika pakuiswa kwezviridzwa zvakaita seJames Webb, sainzi yakaratidza kuti mapuraneti akawanda kupfuura kushomeka: ndiwo akajairwa mugwara renyeredzi. Imwe neimwe exoplanet yakawanikwa inovhura mukana mutsva wehupenyu, ruzivo, uye kunzwisisa kwenzvimbo yedu mu cosmos. Ramangwana rinovimbisa zvakatonyanya kushamisa sezvo miganhu yesainzi ichiramba ichikura kuburitsa zvakavanzika zveidzi nyika dziri kure uye dzinonakidza.
