Nyika ipuraneti ine simba, apo nzvimbo yatinogara inogara ichishandurwa nekuda kwemaitiro eiyo geological ayo, kunyangwe kazhinji asingaonekwe, ane simba guru pamamiriro ekunze uye hupenyu hwakaitenderedza. Pakati pemaitiro aya, isostasy uye subsidence inoita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa uye kuenzana kwepasi.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuratidza chii chinonzi isostasy uye kuderera, mabviro azvinoita uye kuti nei achikosha pakunzwisisa mafambisirwo epasi redu.
Chii chinonzi isostasy
Isostasy ndiyo mamiriro ekuenzana kwegiravhiti iyo iyo yekunze layer ye geosphere, inosanganisira crust uye mantle ari padyo, anoedza kuita. Mamiriro aya anotsanangura kusiyana kwehurefu, kunoratidzwa nemusiyano pakati pemakungwa nemakondinendi, ayo anoshanda kuripa misiyano yedensity iripo munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Vertical movements, inozivikanwa se epirogenic movements, inobatanidzwa mukuita uku uye inobva pamusimboti weArchimedes, uyo wakatsanangurwa semusimboti mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19.
Kuvhiringidzika kweiyo isostatic balance kunogona kuitika nekuda kwekuita tectonic kana kunyunguduka kwepolar caps. Isostasy inoita basa rakakosha mukuumba zororo rePasi. Iyo continental crust inoratidzira yakaderera density kana ichienzaniswa neiyo mantle uye oceanic crust. Kana kupeta kunoitika mukati mecontinental crust, zvinotungamira mukuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvakakura munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Mushure menguva iyi yekusimudzwa, kukukurwa kunotanga, zvichiita kuti pave nekuiswa kwezvinhu zviri kunze kwemakomo, izvo zvinozokonzera kuderera kwehuremu uye huwandu. Kuripira kurasikirwa uku, midzi yecrust inokwira, ichisiya kumashure zvinhu zvakapfuura zvakakosha metamorphic process pamusoro.
Chii chinonzi subsidence
Izwi rinotsanangura kudzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kwepasi, kazhinji kunonzi lithosphere, kunoitika nekuda kwekufamba kwe tectonic plates, kusanganisa zvese kuchinjika uye kusiyana kwemahwendefa aya. Pane imwe nhanho yenzvimbo, Subsidence inogona kukonzerwa nekugadziriswa kwevhu mukati memabheseni ane sedimentary, chirongwa chinowanzo kurumidziswa nemabasa evanhu akadai sekuchera oiri kana kupera kwemvura yepasi.
Pamusoro pezvo, kumira kwekuputika kwemakomo munzvimbo dzakatenderedza makomo anoputika, sekucherechedzwa kwemaatoll, kunopa chiitiko ichi. Sezvo kuderera kunoitika, kukwira kwegungwa kunoitika. Kusiyana neizvi, kukwidziridzwa kunoreva kuwedzera kwekukwirira kwePasi pasi pakasimba, zvichikonzera kudzikira kunotevera kwemvura yegungwa.
Subsidence mune dzakasiyana siyana dzesainzi
Muchidzidzo chemamiriro ekunze, izwi rekuti subsidence rinoreva kudzika kwemhepo inotonhora kubva kumusoro kwemhepo, chiitiko chinogona kunyatsoenderana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhepo paunenge uchitonhora.
Mundima yeoceanography, Subsidence (Subsidence) zvinoreva kunyura kwemvura yemugungwa mukati menharaunda yemahombekombe egungwa, iyo inowanzowanikwa kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kwemakondinendi. Pano, mafungu egungwa, kusanganisira equatorial uye mamwe mafungu, anounganidza mavhoriyamu akakosha emvura, ayo anobva adhonzerwa kune rimwe divi (kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva) nekuda kwesimba repasi pegungwa, zvichitevera kutenderera kwePasi.
Nokudaro, muitiro wakafanana unoitika muchadenga. Munharaunda yepakati petropical, equatorial current inogadzirwa semhinduro inertial pakutenderera kweNyika. Muripo wemvura inofamba ichienda kune rimwe divi kutenderera kwePasi kunoitika kwete pauriri hwegungwa chete mukati meiyo equatorial zone, asiwo pamusoro. Ichi chiitiko chinozviratidza zvose pamwero muduku, zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwe equatorial countercurrents, uye pamwero mukuru zvikuru, unofananidzirwa nemhepo kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.
Subsidence inoitika munzvimbo dzinosangana dzetectonic plates, zvinoreva kudhumhana pakati pemahwendefa maviri achifamba akapesana. Kudyidzana uku kunotungamira mukusimudzwa kwendiro imwe, kazhinji ndiro yekondinendi, nepo imwe ndiro, kazhinji ndiro yegungwa, inonyura mukati mejasi. Zviri pachena, kuderera kunoitika pandiro yepasi pegungwa, kugadzira iyo inozivikanwa semugero wegungwa; Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, subsidence inonzi subduction.
Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeyemugero weSouth America uri pamhenderekedzo yePacific (Peru-Chile Trench), iyo inosvika pakadzika kupfuura 8.000 metres pasi pegungwa. Mariana Islands Trench inobata rekodhi yemvura yakadzika yegungwa, nekudzika kunodarika 11.000 metres zvishoma.
Kusiyana pakati pe isostasy uye subsidence
Kunyangwe isostasy uye subsidence zvine hukama nekuchinja kwePasi, iwo maitiro akasiyana mune kwaakabva uye nezvaanoreva.
Isostasy ipfungwa yetioretical inotsanangura kuenzana kwegiravhiti pakati pezvizhinji zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi rePasi rinoyangarara pamusoro pejasi rakakora. Zvakafanana nekuyangarara kunoita iceberg mumvura: iyo denser kana bulkier zvikamu zveganda, semakomo, Dzinonyura mukati mejasi, nepo nzvimbo dzakareruka, semapani, dzichiramba dzakakwirira. Chiyero ichi chinogara chichigadziriswa maererano nekuchinja kwehuremu, sekukukurwa kwevhu, sediment deposition, kana glacial kunyungudika. Isostasy inoshanda kwemamiriyoni emakore, ichibatsira mukuenzanisira kwekuzorodza kwePasi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, subsidence chiitiko chemunharaunda chinoitika kana chikamu chenyika chichidzika zvishoma nezvishoma. Kunyura uku kunogona kuve nezvikonzero zvechisikigo, senge kuumbwa kwezviumbwa, kubuda kwemakamuri magmatic kana kufamba kwetectonic plates, asi inogonawo kupesvedzerwa nemabasa evanhu, sekutorwa kwemvura yepasi, oiri kana gasi. Kusiyana neisostasy, iyo inotsvaga kuenzana kwakakura, kuderera kunowanzo kukurumidza kuita uye kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ekukurumidza, akadai semafashama, kukuvadzwa kwezvivakwa, uye shanduko kune ecosystem.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve izvo isostasy uye subsidence iri mumunda we geology.