Mundima yekemesitiri, nyaya yakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri huru: organic matter uye inorganic matter. Mhando yega yega ine hunhu hwakasiyana uye, kunyanya, inozadzisa mabasa akasiyana mukati menyika yechisikigo. Organic matter inosanganiswa nezvisikwa zvipenyu, nepo inorganic matter ndeyezvinhu zvisiri zvipenyu, zvisinei nekumwe kufanana mukuumbwa. Kunyanya, mamwe makemikoro anogona kuwanikwa muzvikamu zviviri zvemata, kunyangwe muzvikamu zvakasiyana.
Chii chinonzi organic matter?
Organic matter inoreva zvinhu zvinoumbwa nemakemikari emakemikari ane carbon atomu, ndicho chikonzero organic chemistry inowanzonzi "carbon chemistry." Izwi rokuti organic matter rinoreva icho chinodyidzana nehupenyu.: inovhara zvikamu zvinoumba miviri yezvipenyu, pamwe chete nezvakawanda zvezvinhu zvavo uye tsvina. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvekuti organic zvinhu zvinokanganisa sei ecosystem, unogona kubvunza chinyorwa chedu Basa revhu remusango mukudziya kwepasi rose.
Muchidzidzo che geological terminology, organic matter inomiririra pamusoro pevhu, iyo ine masara akaora ezvipenyu, kusanganisira zvirimwa, mhuka, nemarara, izvo zvinopa chikafu chakakosha pakugadzira zvipenyu zvakaita sezvinomera. Ivhu rine huwandu hwakanyanya hwezvinhu zvakasimukira rinozivikanwa serakaorera zvakanyanya.
Mhando dzehupenyu zvinhu
Organic matter inowanzo sanganisira:
- ari protein Iwo macromolecules anoumbwa nemitsara inoteedzana yeamino acids, iyo inoratidza yakasarudzika physicochemical zvimiro zvinosiyana zvichienderana nekuoma kwavo.
- ari lipids Izvo zvinosanganiswa zvinoratidzwa nehupenyu hwavo hwehydrophobic, hunosanganisira mafuta acids, waxes, sterols, mafuta-soluble mavitamini, glycerides uye phospholipids. Mabasa ayo anosanganisira kuchengetedza kwesimba, kusaina masero, uye kuvaka maseru membranes.
- Carbohydrate, inozivikanwawo semasaccharides, mamorekuru anoumbwa nekabhoni, hydrogen uye okisijeni. Vanoshanda sezvinhu zvipenyu izvo zvinopa tsime resimba.
Organic zvinhu muvhu
Ivhu organic zvinhu zvinobva pahupenyu hwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo marara uye zvipenyu, kana zvaora, zvinobatsira musanganiswa wakaoma wakapfuma mukudya uye kushandiswa zviri nyore ne autotrophic entities semiti.
Kazhinji, kune zvikamu zvitatu zveorganic matter maererano nekuumbwa kwevhu:
- fresh organic matter: zvisaririra zvezvipenyu zvemazuva ano, zvinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwemakhahydrates uye kukosha kwesimba kwakakosha.
- Yakaparadzaniswa yakasarudzika zvinhu zvakasikwa: Inopa zvakakura organic uye zvinovaka muviri kuvhu, kushanda sefetireza kana fetiraiza.
- Organic nyaya yakaora: inotora nguva yakareba yekuora. Kunyangwe iyo isingapi huwandu hwakawanda hwekudya, inogonesa kutorwa kwemvura muvhu.
Kukosha kwezvinhu zvakasikwa
Kuvepo kweorganic matter muvhu kwakakosha. Kunyanya, inopa chikafu chakakosha uye zvinhu zvinoshandisika kune autotrophic zvipenyu, zvinosanganisira zvirimwa, pamwe nezvinoora zvipenyu, senge fungi uye mabhakitiriya. Mukuwedzera, inoshandura zvinhu zvepanyama uye zvemakemikari zvevhu, kuvandudza kugona kwayo kuchengetedza mvura uye kuita sebhafa yemazinga epH kudzivirira kudzikira. Organic matter inoitawo basa rakakosha kudzikisira kusiyana kwekushisa kwakanyanya mukati mevhu. Kudyidzana pakati pe organic matter uye mamiriro ekunze anogona kuongororwa zvakadzama muchinyorwa chedu basa re tundras mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvakakosha mumaitiro aya.
Kusiyana neizvi, zvipenyu zveheterotrophic, kusanganisira vanhu, zvinoda organic zvinhu kuti zvirarame, sezvo zvisingakwanisi kugadzira zvinhu zvakakosha zvinodiwa muhupenyu.
Mienzaniso yezvakagadzirwa zvinhu
Pakati pema organic compounds anowanzo kuwanikwa ndeaya:
- ari hydrocarbon, zvakadai sebenzene uye gasi rechisikigo, pamwe nepetroleum nezvimwe zvinobva pairi, zvakaita sepeturu, mienzaniso inocherechedzwa.
- ari zvakaumbwa makabhohaidhiretsi, zvakadai seselulosi, uye makabhohaidhiretsi anochengetedza simba, akadai sestarch, anowanikwa mumiti.
- ari shinda dzinoumba huni dzemiti Vane sero madziro akaumbwa ne cellulose, hemicellulose uye lignin.
- Saizvozvowo, the Sirika inogadzirwa nemakonye emamwe mashavishavi panguva yekuchinja kwawo inogadzirwa neprotein substance.
- ari mapfupa emhuka dzakasiyana-siyana, pamwe chete neaya evanhu, uye tsvina inogadzirwa nemhuka.
inorganic matter
Inorganic matter (Inorganic matter) inoreva zvinhu zvisingabvi mumakemikari ane chekuita nehupenyu; pachinzvimbo, ivo vanofambirana nemisimboti yeionic uye electromagnetic kukwezva. Zvisinei, izvi Hazvirevi kuti zvinhu izvi hazvinyatsooneki kune zvipenyu., sezvo vazhinji vachiwanikwa mukati memiviri yavo kana kushanda sezvikafu zvinovaka muviri. Kuti unzwisise kuti zvinhu izvi zvinokanganisa sei ecosystem, zvinogona kubatsira kutarisa chinyorwa chedu Geological process uye kuumbwa kweinorganic matter.
Organic nyaya inomuka kubva kumaitiro ane hukama nezvisikwa zvipenyu, nepo inorganic nyaya iri mhedzisiro yemagetsi emagetsi maitiro, anowanzo kunzi ionic bonding kana simbi kubatanidza. Musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi wakakosha pakunzwisisa kuumbwa uye kushanduka kwevhu uye ecosystem.
Musiyano pakati peorganic uye inorganic matter
Pane misiyano yakawanda pakati peorganic uye inorganic zvinhu. Ngatipei muchidimbu izvo zvakanyanya kukosha:
- La organic matter inobva kune zvipenyu, nepo inorganic matter ichigadzirwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yomusikirwo isingabatanidzi upenyu.
- El chikamu chikuru cheorganic matter maatomu ecarbon, iyo inoshanda sechinhu chayo chakakosha. Mukupesana, inorganic matter ine akasiyana siyana emakemikari maelementi.
- Organic matter, biodegradable by nature, Inogona kuve nekuora kuburikidza nebiological process kana nekuora kwekutanga. Mukupesana, kuparara kweiyo inorganic matter kunoenderana nekukwezva kwemagetsi (ionic).
- Inorganic zvinhu zvinowanzo zivikanwa ne incombustibility yayo uye isina-volatility, nepo mafuta ekutanga anozivikanwa anotorwa kubva kune organic masosi, senge petroleum. Organic nyaya inogona kuratidza isomerism, apo mamorekuru anogovana chimiro chimwe chete asi aine akasiyana emuviri uye makemikari zvimiro nekuda kwekusiyana kwekurongeka kwemaatomu, nepo inorganic matter ichiwanzo shaya hunhu.
Sezvauri kuona, zvese zviri zviviri zvinhu zvakakosha sezvo zviri izvo zvakagadzirirwa pasi redu uye nekuda kwekudyidzana kwezvose zviri zviviri, hupenyu sezvatinoziva hunogona kukura.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve organic uye inorganic nyaya, maitiro ayo uye misiyano mikuru.