Makomo anoputika anonakidza maumbirwo emu geological anobatanidza zvakadzika mukati meNyika nepamusoro payo. Aya machimney makuru echisikigo haangoite basa rekuveza makomo anoputika, asi akapesvedzera nhoroondo yevanhu kuburikidza nekuputika kwawo. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani maitiro avanoita, geology inovaisa mumhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana neakasiyana maitiro. Pakati pavo, makomo anoputika anobuda pachena hydromagmatic, fissures y pasi pevhu, izvo zvinopa hunhu hwakasiyana zvese mukuumbwa kwavo uye mukuita kwavo kuputika.
Ichi chikamu chinotibvumira kuongorora kwakabva, kuputika kwemasimba, uye njodzi dzine chokuita nemhando imwe neimwe, iyo inokosha pakudzivirira njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye kuronga nharaunda. Uyezve, kuziva zviitiko zvekare zvekuputika kunotibatsira kunzwisisa maitiro chaiwo ane zviitiko izvi pane zvakatipoteredza uye nehuwandu hwevanhu. Muchinyorwa chino, tinokutora iwe parwendo rwakakwana rwe geological kuti uwane kuti makomo anoputika akaiswa sei, iwo makuru marudzi, uye ndeapi mienzaniso yehupenyu chaiyo inotidzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakakosha. Kana iwe uchida kuzama zvakadzama mumusoro wenyaya, tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge nezvazvo volcanism uye kukosha kwayo.
Makomo anoputika anoparadzaniswa sei?
Makomo anoputika anogona kukamurwa pachishandiswa nzira dzakasiyana dze geological uye volcanological. Pakati pezvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:
- Maererano nemhando yekuputika: magmatic, phreatomagmatic kana phreatic.
- Nekuda kwechimiro chayo uye chimiro: nhovo, stratovolcano, cinder cone, dome, nezvimwe.
- Maererano nebasa rako: kushanda, kusashanda kana kupera.
- Nemhando yelava uye zvigadzirwa zvinoburitswa: basaltic, andestic, dacitic kana rhyolitic.
Pakati pezvakanyanya kurongeka ndeye hydromagmatic volcanos, the makomo anoputika and the kuputika kwepasi pevhu kana pasi pechando, iyo inhengo dzemhando dzekuputika dzinotsanangurwa nenzira iyo magma nezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai semvura zvinopindirana. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani maitiro akasiyana, unogona kubvunza chinyorwa pa marudzi emakomo anoputika.
Kuputika kwemakomo: zvinoputika uye zvinoputika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mukuputika kwemakomo ndiko kusiyanisa pakati kuputika kwekuputika y effusve:
- Zvinoputika: inoratidzirwa nekusunungurwa kwechisimba kwezvidimbu zvakasimba, magasi nemadota. Izvi zvinoitika kana magma iri viscous uye yakakwira musilica, inoteya magasi uye inogadzira kudzvanywa.
- effusive: magma imvura uye irombo mumagasi. Lava inoyerera zvakanaka kubva mugomba kana pakatsemuka, ichiita kuyerera kwakawanda asi pasina kuputika kukuru.
Makomo eHawaiian volcano, somuenzaniso, anomiririra rudzi rwakajeka rwekuputika kwemhepo, nepo Plinian kana Pelian makomo anoreva kuputika kwemasimba makuru ekuparadza. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kwakakosha, uye kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kupatsanurwa kwavo, unogona kuverenga chinyorwa Tambora volcano.
Magmatic eruptions: kupatsanura uye mienzaniso
Kuputika uku kunoitika kana magma achikwira kumusoro, achigadzira marudzi akasiyana emakomo anoputika zvichienderana nemaitiro avo. Ngatitarisei iwo makuru:
Plinian kuputika
Ndivo vane chisimba uye vanoparadza zvakanyanya. Izvo zvinoratidzwa nemakoramu anoputika anogona kusvika pakati Makiromita makumi mashanu nemakumi manomwe high. Vanochinjanisa zvikamu zvinoputika uye zvinoputika, zvine fungidziro yemadota, magasi, lava uye pyroclasts. Muenzaniso wezvakaitika kare waiva we kuputika kweVesuvius muna 79 AD akaviga Pompeii neHerculaneum. Kuputika uku kunodzidzisawo pakudzidza kwemakomo akarara, aunogona kuongorora mberi pano. kuongorora makomo anoputika.
Mamwe makomo ePlinian anosanganisira Gomo reTeide (Speini), Popocatepetl (Mekisiko), Fujiyama (Japan) uye Gomo reSaint Helens (USA).
Pelean kuputika
Vane zita ravo nekuda kwegomo rinoputika Gomo rePelée muMartinique. Izvi zvinoputika zvakanyanya, zvine viscous magma inovhara chimuney. Izvo zvinoputika zvinogadzira makore anopfuta kana pyroclastic inoyerera inokwanisa kuparadza zvinhu zvose munzira yavo. Kuputika kwa1902 kwakaparadza taundi reSaint-Pierre. Rudzi urwu rwechiito rwakakosha kuti unzwisise volcanism uye igneous matombo.
Kuputika kweVulcan
Mvura shoma uye yakawanda viscous magma inoita kuti gomba rivharwe, richivaka kumanikidza uye kukonzera kuputika kwechisimba. Boka rinoputika nokukurumidza, richibudisa makore akakora emadota uye mabhomba anoputika. Vanowanzogadzira makoni ane materu makuru. Muenzaniso: gomo reVulcano muLipari Islands.
Strombolian kuputika
Kuputika uku kunochinjana pakati pezvikamu zvinoputika zvinyoro uye kuyerera kwebota. Lava ndizvo yakawanda viscous kupfuura muHawaiian mhando asi inochengeta imwe fluidity. Stratified cones inozivikanwa se stratovolcanoes inoumbwa. The volcano stromboli, muItaly, inomiririra rudzi urwu uye yave ichishingaira kwemazana emakore. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuita kwayo kuputika, unogona kutarisa pano nezve chii chinonzi lava.
Kuputika kweHawaii
Magma inobuda nepaburi kana machubhu emakomo ane kuyerera kunoramba kuchiyerera kwemvura zhinji ine gasi shoma. Ndiko kuputika kwakanyarara uye kunobatanidzwa nemakomo e kuderera kwakadzika uye kuwedzera kukuru. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara: Makomo anoputika eHawaii seKilauea.
Icelandic kana fissure eruptions
Mhando iyi yekuputika inoitika kwese makatsemuka makuru kana matsemuka mugoko, munobuda bota rine mvura zhinji. Mabota anoyerera anowedzera, achigadzira nzvimbo dzakakora dzemakomo. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa kwazvo inosanganisira iyo Deccan Plateau muIndia uye Laki fissure muIceland.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions: apo magma inosanganiswa nemvura
Mhando iyi yekuputika inogadzirwa ne kudyidzana pakati pemagma nemvura (kubva kumakungwa, madziva kana pasi pemvura). Musanganiswa uyu wakaerekana unoburitsa chipfunga chepamusoro-soro chinoita kuti pave nekuputika kwechisimba. Matatu subtypes anozivikanwa:
Surtseyan kuputika
Zvinoitika mumvura isina kudzika (semugungwa kana madziva) uye zvinoburitsa kuputika nekuda kwekusangana kwakananga pakati pemagma nemvura. Zita rayo rinobva kuchitsuwa cheSurtsey (Iceland), chakazvarwa muna 1963 mushure mekuputika kwerudzi urwu. Vanogona kuumba zvitsuwa zvitsva zvinoputika. Izvi zvinoputika zvinonyanya kufadza pakudzidza kwe kwakabva zviwi zvitsva.
Kuputika kwepasi pemvura
Zvakawanda asi zvisingaonekwe zvakanyanya. Dzvinyiriro yemvura inodzivirira magasi kubva pakuburitswa nyore. Vanowanzoenda vasina kucherechedzwa, kunze kwekunge paine kuburitswa kukuru kwe magma kana panoitika mumadziva, uko maitiro avo anonyanya kuoneka.
Subglacial kuputika
Vanokura pasi pemazaya makuru echando, zvakadai semazaya echando. Magma inonyungudutsa ice uye inounganidza mvura, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuputika kana kuumba madziva emvura. Kuputika kwemhando iyi kunodyidzana nemakomo anoputika muIceland kana Antarctica. Vanowanzova nepamusoro-soro uye materu.
Phreatic eruptions: pasina kuvapo kwe magma
Phreatic kuputika ndiko kuputika kwemakomo pasina pokubudisira magma. Zvinoitika kana mvura ikasangana nemhepo inopisa, senge magma yakadzika, uye kamwe kamwe inoshanduka kuita utsi, zvichigadzira kuputika kukuru.
Kuputika kwemhando iyi kunokanda mvura, madota, matombo uye chiutsi mumhepo asi pasina kubudisa bota. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingashamisi, zvinogona kuva nengozi zvikuru nokuti usaratidze zviratidzo zvakapfuura zvakajeka.
Zviratidzo zvekuputika kwemakomo
Pazasi, tinoongorora zvimwe zvezvakanyanya kunyorwa zviitiko zvinoputika zvinonyatso ratidza mhando dzakasiyana dzemakomo nekuputika:
Quizapu Volcano (Chile, 1932)
Kuputika kwePlinian kwakatanga 30 km yakakwirira madota column, inokanganisa matunhu eArgentina neBrazil. Yakakonzera kukuvadzwa kukuru kwehupfumi hwemagariro uye kudonha kwepasi rose kwekushisa kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere.
Hudson Volcano (Chile, 1991)
Kuputika kukuru kunoputika, ne kupararira kwe4 km³ ye tephra iyo yakasvika makiromita anopfuura 1200. Yakakonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya muPatagonia, kukanganisa zvipfuyo uye kugadzira renje.
Planchón-Peteroa Volcano (Argentina-Chile, 1991)
Kuputika phreatomagmatic iyo yakagadzira gomba idzva uye yakaparadzira madota kusvika pasi pe1000 metres kureba. Kunyange zvazvo yakaderera zvakanyanya, yakave nemigumisiro yakasimba pazvipfuwo uye yakakurudzira kubuda kwekudzivirira.
Lascar Volcano (Chile, 1993)
Subplinian eruption ine mbiru inoputika inosvika 23 km kureba. Yakaparadzira madota kure seArgentina uye yakakonzera kuyerera kwepyroclastic muChile. Chiitiko ichi chaiva chimwe chezvainyanya kukosha kuchamhembe kweChile.
Chaitén Volcano (Chile, 2008)
Kuputika kunoputika mushure memakore anopfuura 9000 ekusaita. The kuumbwa kwe siliceous dome uye kudonha kwayo kwakatevera kwakagadzira pyroclastic inoyerera uye lahars. Guta racho rakabviswa zvachose.
Puyehue – Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (Chile, 2011)
Fissure kuputika ne eruptive column inosvika 14 km uye madota anowira muArgentina. Bariloche airport yakavharwa kwemwedzi 7. Paivawo nekuyerera kwepyroclastic uye kuenderera mberi kwekubuda kwemwedzi.
Copahue Volcano (Argentina-Chile, 2012)
Kuputika kwekutanga hydromagmatic iyo yakashanduka kuva Strombolian. Iyo pyroclastic cone yakaumbwa mukati megomba uye madota yakanyorwa kusvika ku50 km. Guta reCaviahue rakabviswa kwechinguva.
Calbuco Volcano (Chile, 2015)
Kuputika kwechisimba kwe subplinia ne 17,5 km column. Pyroclastic flows, lahars uye misa evacuations yakaitika. MuArgentina, madota akakonzera kukanganisa kwemhepo uye kukanganisa kwezvipfuwo.
Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza izvozvo Kurongeka kwemakomo anoputika maererano nemaitiro awo anoputika chinhu chakakosha yekudzidza nekutarisira njodzi yekuputika kwemakomo. Kubva pakuputika kukuru kwePlinian kusvika kune chinyararire, kuputika kwemaitiro eHawaiian, mhando yega yega yegomo rinomiririra yakasarudzika geological dynamics ine mhedzisiro dzakasiyana.
