Geological Lists: Mazita uye Zvikamu zveMakomo Anoputika Munyika Yose

ari volcanoes Ndidzo dzimwe dzinokatyamadza uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, dzine ngozi kuratidzwa kwe geological kwatinopihwa nepasi redu. Kudzidza kwavo uye kupatsanurwa kwavo kwakafadza nyanzvi dzemaumbirwo enyika, vanoongorora makomo, uye maamateurs kwemazana emakore, kwete chete nekuda kwekutyisidzira kwavanogona kuunza mune mamwe matunhu, asiwo nekuti iwo mahwindo mukati mePasi, anokwanisa kushandura zvakanyanya mamiriro ekunze, kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze, uye, hongu, kuwedzera ruzivo rwedu rwekuchinja kwePasi. Muchinyorwa chino tichanyura mu a exhaustive geological list nemazita akasiyana, marudzi, uye kupatsanurwa kwemakomo anoputika pasi rose, achitarisa maitiro esainzi, mafomu akasiyana, uye nzvimbo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa nebasa rawo rekuputika kwemakomo.

Tichatora rwendo runofukidza kubva ku Geological tsananguro yegomo rinoputika, maitiro ayo ekugadzira, zvikamu zvinoenderana nebasa, morphology uye chimiro, kusvika tasvika pawongororo ye makomo anoputika akawanda anomiririra emakondinendi ose, matunhu avakatariswa uye kukosha kwavanazvo munhoroondo yevanhu uye mumagariro azvino. Gadzirira kudzidza chokwadi chinokatyamadza, runyoro rwakadzama, uye mienzaniso yakajeka iyo inobvumidza iwe kuti unzwisise chiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo sezvisina kumbobvira zvaitika.

Chii chinonzi volcano uye inoumbwa sei?

Un volcano Icho chimiro che geological kuburikidza ne magma kubva mukati meNyika inokwanisa kuita nzira yayo kumusoro, ichidzinga zvinhu mumhando yelava, madota, magasi nematombo. Maererano ne National Geographic InstituteZvatinoona pamusoro ndiyo mhedzisiro inooneka yeyakadzama geodynamic process inosanganisira kufamba uye kuunganidza magma pamusoro pezviuru uye kunyange mamirioni emakore.

Nzira yekuumbwa kwegomo rinoputika inotanga nekuvapo kwechitubu che magma, mhedzisiro kufamba kwema tectonic mahwendefa kana kuvapo kwenzvimbo inopisa. Kuburikidza neburi rakanzi muromo unoputika, zvinhu zvegomo rinoputika zvinobuda zvichiumba inozivikanwa se chivako chegomo rinoputika, muzviitiko zvakawanda ine conical silhouette, asi kwete nguva dzose. Mienzaniso yeParadigmatic yekuumbwa uku inogona kuwanikwa mu Gomo reTeide (Spain), iyo Etna (Italy) kana kuti Mauna loa (Hawaii).

Aya maitiro haangobudisi nzvimbo dzinoyevedza, asi zvakare akabatana zvakanyanya nekwakabva zvitsuwa zvese, seCanary Islands, Hawaii, neIceland, uye nekuumbwa kwemakondinendi ese, nekuda kwekudyidzana kunogara kuripo kwePasi uye mantle.

Nyaya inoenderana:

Yakazara gwara kune anoputika anoputika muCentral America: maitiro, kutyisidzira, uye kuongorora kwazvino

Kukamurwa kwemakomo anoputika zvichienderana nebasa rawo

Imwe yenzira dzechinyakare dzekuisa makomo anoputika zvinoenderana nekwavo chiitiko chebasa. Iyi kupatsanurwa, kunyangwe ichipa nuances uye kukakavara, inobatsira pakutarisira njodzi uye kufanotaura kwekuputika. Zvikamu zvitatu zvakafara zvinowanzozivikanwa:

• Makomo anoputika: Aya ndiwo akarekodha imwe mhando yekuputika kana kuputika kwemakomo panguva yeHolocene (anenge makore ekupedzisira e10.000), kana kuratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka zvebasa, zvakadai se fumaroles, kubuda kwegasi, kuwedzera kwekushisa kwevhu kana mvura iri pedyo, zvinyorwa zvekushanda kwekudengenyeka kwenyika kana kuparara kwepasi. Gomo rinoputika rinogona kunge rakanyarara, asi inokwanisa kuputika chero nguva. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewe Kilauea muHawaii, ichiputika nguva dzose kwemakumi emakore anoverengeka, kana Popocatepetl muMexico
• Makomo anoputika asingashande kana akazorora: Izvo zvinoenderana neavo vasina kuratidza chiitiko chekuputika munguva pfupi yapfuura, asi vanochengeta mukana wekuita basa zvakare mune ramangwana, kubvira. hapana chinovimbisa kuti zvechokwadi 'vabva'. Makomo akawanda akanyarara akashamiswa nekuputika pashure pemazana emakore erunyararo rwuri pachena.
• Kuparara kwemakomo: Kwaro kwaro magma kwakarasika, saka hapana basa rekuputika remangwana rinotarisirwa. Kunyange zvazvo dzakaputika munguva yakapfuura, 'dzakadziviswa' uye mukana wekuti patsva kuputika ingoita zero.

Kurongeka uku kunoratidza uye zvinoenderana nechiyero chenguva yemunhu., iyo isingakoshi kana ichienzaniswa nenguva ye geological. Muchokwadi, mutsauko unogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekufambira mberi kwezivo uye matekinoroji matsva ekutarisa kuputika kwegomo.

Nyaya inoenderana:

Makomo anoputika pasi rose

Mhando dzemakomo anoputika maererano ne morphology uye chimiro

Pamusoro pemaitiro enguva, makomo anoputika anogona kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nechitarisiko chawo, maumbirwo awo, uye mamiriro ekuputika kwawo. Pano tinogona kusiyanisa akati wandei makuru marudzi:

• Shield volcanos: Vane zvimiro zvakafara uye chimiro chepasi, chine materu akapfava. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekuputika kwemhepo uye kubuda kwemvura zhinji, iyo inotambanukira munhambwe huru. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira ndewe Mauna loa muHawaii.
• Cinder uye slag cones: Madiki, ane materu, akaumbwa akangoita chete nekuunganidzwa kwezvidimbu zvepyroclastic zvakaburitswa panguva yekuputika kwekuputika. Vamiririri verudzi urwu ndivo Paricutin (Mexico) uye Jorullo (Mekisiko).
• Stratovolcanos kana makomo anoputika: Aya maumbirwo ndiwo anonyanya kuratidza, ane conical silhouette, uye anoumbwa nepamusoro pezvikamu zvelava uye zvakakamurwa zvinhu. Kuputika kwayo kunochinjana pakati pekuyerera kwebota uye kuputika kwechisimba. Pakati peakakurumbira ndeaya Etna and the Vesuvius (Italy), iyo Fuji (Japan) uye Colima (Mekisiko).
• Monogenic volcanos: Vanongosangana nekuputika kumwe chete, uko kunowanzotora kubva kumavhiki kusvika kumakore, kazhinji kuburitsa madiki cinder cones.
• Polygenic volcanos: Vanoputika zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwavo hwese, vachigadzira zvimiro zvakaoma uye zvakakura, senge stratovolcanoes.

Uyu morphological kusiyana Inopindura kune hunhu hwemagma, redunhu tectonics, nguva yebasa, uye kudyidzana nenharaunda, ingave pasi kana pasi pegungwa.

Nyaya inoenderana:

Makomo anoputika zvikuru pasi rose

Kuparadzirwa kwepasi rose kwemakomo anoputika

Kuvepo kwemakomo anoputika pamusoro pePasi hakuna kungoitika. Inenge 70% yemakomo anoputika uye akanyarara akaiswa muPacific Ring of Fire., nharaunda yakaita seshangu yebhiza inosvika makiromita 40.000 XNUMX uye inobatanidza New Zealand, Philippines, Japan, Kamchatka, Alaska, mhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumadokero yeNorth neSouth America, kumaodzanyemba kweChile neArgentina, uye ichipfuura nomuCentral America. Pano mahwendefa etectonic anochinja, anodhumhana uye anogadzira nzvimbo dzekudzikisa, dzinobatsira pakuumbwa kwemagma. Kuti uongorore zvakadzama mukuumbwa kwezviitiko izvi, unogona kubvunza yedu nhungamiro yekwakabva makomo anoputika.

Mukuwedzera, kune makomo anoputika akabatanidzwa nzvimbo dzinopisa, uko jira rePasi rinosundira lithosphere, richigadzira cheni dzemakomo seHawaii kana Yellowstone. Munzvimbo dzakaita seCanary Islands neMadeira, nzira idzi dzinogona kusangana, zvichipa kutevedzana kwakapfuma kwemakomo anoputika emazera akasiyana uye zviitiko.

Parizvino, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Kune makomo anoputika anosvika chiuru nemazana matatu nemakumi mashanu paPasi, kunyangwe tikaverenga zvisingaite uye zvakatsakatika, nhamba inokwira kupfuura 2.500, maererano nezvinyorwa zvazvino zve Global Volcanism Chirongwa.

Iconic volcanoes: anonyanya kukodzera mazita nenzvimbo

Nyika ino ine zviuru zvemakomo anoputika, mamwe ane mazita azvo nekuda kwenhoroondo yekuputika, njodzi, kana kusarudzika. Rondedzero inotevera ine zvimwe zve makomo anoputika anozivikanwa zvikuru uye akatsakatika nekondinendi, pamwe chete nehunhu hwavo hukuru uye data yekufarira:

America

• Popocatepetl (Mexico, 5.426 m): Stratovolcano ine chiitiko chinoenderera uye nenjodzi huru nekuda kwepedyo neMexico City.
• Colima (Mexico, 3.820 m): Imwe yeanonyanya kushanda muLatin America.
• Citlaltépetl kana Orizaba Peak (Mexico, 5.636 m).
• Villar Africa (Chile, 2.847 m): Inozivikanwa nedziva rayo remarara mugomba.
• Cotopaxi (Ecuador, 5.897 m): Chikamu cheCotopaxi National Park.
• Bazi (Ecuador, 5.230 m).
• Santa Helena (USA, 2.549 m): Kuputika muna 1980 kwakakonzera kukuru.
• Cleveland (Aleutian Islands, USA, 1.730 m).
• maziso ane munyu (Chile/Argentina, 6.893 m): Inofungidzirwa segomo rinoputika zvakanyanya pasi rose.
• San cristobal (Nicaragua, 1.745 m): Iyo yepamusoro-soro muNicaragua.
• Volcán de Fuego (Guatemala, 3.763 m): Yakakwira kuputika frequency.
• Telica (Nicaragua, 1.635 m).

Europe

• Etna (Italy, 3.329 m): Inonyanya kushanda muEurope uye yakanyanya kudzidza.
• Vesuvius (Italy, 1.282 m): Inozivikanwa nekuparadzwa kwePompeii neHerculaneum muna 79 AD.
• Stromboli (Italy): Kuputika kwayo chinhu chinozivikanwa muGungwa reTyrrhenian.
• Hekla (Iceland, 1.491 m): Nhoroondo inoshanda uye protagonist yeNorse mythology.
• geldingardalur (Iceland): Iri paReykjanes Peninsula, kuputika kwechangobva kuitika muna 2021.

Asia

• Fuji (Japan): Icon yetsika dzechiJapan.
• sakurajima (Japan): Inoshanda zvakanyanya uye padyo nenzvimbo dzemadhorobha.
• Karymsky (Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula, 1.536 m).
• Shiveluch (Russia, 3.283 m): Kazhinji kuputika.
• Sinabung (Indonesia, 2.460 m): Yakadzoka zvakare mukuita muna 2010 mushure memazana emakore.
• Semeru (Indonesia, 3.676 m): Zvakare inoshanda zvakanyanya.
• Aso (Japan, 1.592 m).
• Mutauro (Philippine): Nengozi nekuda kwekuswedera kwayo kunzvimbo dzinogarwa nevanhu uye kugona kuputika.
• merapi (Indonesia): Kutyisidzira kunogara kuYogyakarta.
• Krakatoa (Indonesia): Inozivikanwa nekuputika kwayo kunoparadza kwa1883.
• Agung (Indonesia): Inoera muBali.

Africa

• nyiragongo (DR Congo, 3.471 m): Inoshamisira nedhamu rayo remabota uye nengozi yaro kuguta reGoma.
• Nyamuragira (DR Congo): Zvakare inoshanda zvakanyanya.

Oceania

• Gomo reYasur (Vanuatu): Inofungidzirwa segomo rinoputika rinosvikirika zvakanyanya pasi rose.
• Rabaul (Papua New Guinea, 688 m): Yakaparadza guta rine zita rimwe chete mu1994.

Supervolcanoes

• Yellowstone (United States): Imwe yemakomo makuru akatariswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kwawo kukonzera shanduko dzinoparadza pasi rose.
• Aira boiler (Japan): Kwakabva kuputika kukuru uye kunobva Sakurajima.

Kukanganisa kwemakomo anoputika pahupenyu nenzanga

Nhoroondo yakazara nokuputika kwemakomo kwakachinja mararamiro evanhu vose. Muenzaniso weizvi kwaiva kubuda kwe Vesuvius akaviga Pompeii neHerculaneum. Zvimwe zvikamu zvakaparadza zvakaenzana zvaive izvo zve Krakatoa muna 1883, izvo zvakakonzera tsunami uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose, kana kuti Santa Helena muna 1980, izvo zvakashandura ruyamuro muNorth America. Makomo anoputika anogona kuva a kutyisidzira kwakananga kumamiriyoni evanhu, sezvinoitika munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda pedyo ne Popocatepetl, merapi, Mutauro o nyiragongo.

Zvisinei, vanewo basa rinokosha mukugadzira ivhu rakaorera, kuvapo kwenyika itsva uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Magasi anoputika nemadota zvinogona kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze, kuderedza tembiricha yepasi rose, uye kutobatsira pakuumbwa kwezvicherwa nezviwanikwa zvine ukoshi hukuru hweupfumi.

Makomo anoputika muSpain: chiitiko chakakosha

MuSpain mune anodokusvika zana makomo anoputika, mazhinji acho ari mumhepo Canary Islands. Iri boka rezvitsuwa rine kuputika kwemakomo uye richiri kushanda munzvimbo dzakawanda. Iye Gomo reTeide (3.715 m) muTenerife, ndiyo yepamusoro-soro munyika uye pasi rose geological reference, nepo Cumbre Vieja Volcano (La Palma) yaive chiitiko chekupedzisira kuputika kukuru paIberian Peninsula muna 2021.

ari peninsular volcanic zones Zvinosanganisira La Garrotxa (Girona), ine anopfuura makumi mana emakomo emakomo, uye nzvimbo yeCalatrava inoputika (Ciudad Real), ine chikamu chekupedzisira kuputika chakatangira ku40 BC. Kunyangwe mukana wekuputika kutsva paPeninsula wakadzikira, kufarira kwesainzi nevashanyi munzvimbo idzi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera.

Makomo anoputika ane ngozi: kutarisa uye maitiro

Mukati merunyorwa rwepasi rose, mamwe makomo anoputika anomira pachena nekuda kwenjodzi yazvino uye huwandu hwevanhu vari panjodzi:

• Mutauro (Philippines): Inokwanisa kuputika kwekuputika pedyo nenzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda.
• merapi (Indonesia): Munharaunda yeYogyakarta, rimwe remaguta ane vanhu vakawanda pasi rose.
• nyiragongo (DR Congo): Kuyerera kwaro nekukurumidza kwakatyisidzira guta reGoma kakawanda.
• Krakatoa (Indonesia): Nhoroondo yekuputika kwemhirizhonga yakakura uye kugona kwetsunamigenic.
• Popocatepetl (Mexico): Nekuda kwekuva pedyo neMexico City uye nekuenderera mberi kwekuita kwayo, ndeimwe yeanotariswa zvakanyanya muAmerica.
• Colima (Mekisiko), sakurajima (Japani), Old Summit (Spain), pakati pevamwe.

Aya makomo anoputika anogara achitariswa, aine seismic network, anopisa makamera uye satellite, kubvira. kuchinja kupi nokupi kunogona kuva nemigumisiro ine ngwavaira. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve matanho ekutarisa, tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire yedu Yakazara gwara rekutarisa makomo ane ngozi.

Zvinofadza chokwadi uye curiosities pamusoro pemakomo anoputika

Makomo anoputika anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzinoita sedzisina runyararo, semuenzaniso, pasi pegungwa zvinogadzira zvitsuwa, kana munzvimbo dzinopisa dziri kure nemiganhu yemarata. Vamwe varipo zvachose lava lake (saiye nyiragongo kana the Villar Africa), vamwe vanosvika rekodhi kureba s maziso ane munyu, uye vamwe, pasinei nokuti vakanga vasati vamboita basa renguva pfupi yapfuura, vachiri kunzi vane ngozi nokuda kwemaitiro enzvimbo kana kuti zvavanoita munguva yakapfuura.

Pasinei nekufambira mberi mukuongorora, kuputika kwemakomo kunoramba kwakaoma kufanotaura nemazvo, saka chishandiso chakanakisa chinoramba chiricho kudzivirira nedzidzo. Kuti uongorore zvakawanda nezve izvi zviitiko, unogona zvakare kubvunza yedu nyaya pamusoro pemakomo anoputika epasi.