Magesi eGreenhouse: Basa reCO2, Methane, uye Mamwe Macompounds muKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze

Upenyu Panyika sezvatinoziva hwaizova husingabviri pasina kuvapo kwemagasi e<em>greenhouse. Mishonga iyi, iripo mumhepo muhuwandu hudiki, inokwanisa Kuteya kupisa kweZuva, kudzivirira imwe yacho kutiza ichipinda muchadenga nekudaro ichibvumira tembiricha yepasi kuti irambe iri pahunhu hwakakodzera kuvepo kwezvipenyu.. Zvisinei, iyo Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemagasi aya, nekuda kwemabasa evanhu, kuri kushandura mamiriro ekunze pasi rose., zvichipa chikonzero chekupisa kwepasi nemigumisiro yaro inobatanidzwa.

Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita magasi egreenhouse, marudzi awo makuru, kwaanobva, uye kuti anokanganisa sei mamiriro ekunze ePasi kwakakosha pakugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Muchinyorwa chino, tichadonongodza ruzivo rwese rwakakosha uye rwechizvino-zvino pamusoro pecarbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), magasi efluorinated, nemamwe macommunication, pamwe chete nematanho ekuyera mhedzisiro yazvo uye nzira dzekudzikisa kuburitsa kwavo.

Chii chinonzi Greenhouse Gasi uye Anoshanda Sei?

The greenhouse effect chiitiko chemusikirwo chakakosha kuhupenyu, asi kuwedzera kwayo ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekudziya kwepasirese. Izwi iri rinofemerwa nemashandiro anoita magreenhouses: madziro egirazi anotendera chiedza chezuva kupfuura asi achichengeta kumwe kupisa, achisimudza tembiricha mukati. Saizvozvowo, mamwe magasi aripo mumhepo Ivo vanotora uye vanoburitsa zvakare infrared mwaranzi inoburitswa nePasi pevhu mushure mekugamuchira simba kubva kuZuva.

Zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana emwaranzi ye infrared iyo Nyika inoburitsa mushure mekudziya inotorwa nemagasi egreenhouse. Uku kupisa kwakabatwa kunogoverwa zvakare, kuchengetedza pasi paavhareji ye15 ° C, panzvimbo ye -18 ° C ingadai iri dai magasi aya asipo. Pakati pemagasi makuru egreenhouse imhute yemvura, kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, methane, nitrous oxide uye ozone..

Dambudziko rinomuka kana zviitiko zvevanhu, kunyanya kupisa kwemafuta ezvicherwa uye kutemwa kwemasango, zvichiwedzera kuwanda kwezvikamu izvi mumhepo pamusoro pemasikirwo echisikigo. Izvi zvinosimbisa greenhouse effect, zvichikonzera kusaenzana kwesimba izvo zvinoshandura kukwira kwekushisa kwepasi rose, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kuwedzera kwemamiriro ekunze akanyanyisa.

Makuru EGreenhouse Magasi: Kuzivikanwa, Mavambo, uye Global Warming Potential

Greenhouse magasi akasiyana uye ane kwakasiyana masosi, hunhu, uye kugona kudziyisa pasi. Izvo zvakakosha zvinokonzeresa chiitiko ichi zvinoongororwa pazasi, zvichienderana nekutsvaga nemasangano epasi rese uye neruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze aripo:

• Mvura yemvura (H₂O): Ndiyo yakanyanya kuwanda uye inoshanda greenhouse gasi, nekuti inotora huwandu hukuru hwemwaranzi ye infrared. Inogadzirwa zvakanyanya nekubuda kwemvura uye zvinoenderana nekupisa kwepasi rose. Kuiswa kwayo kunosiyana nekukwirira, tembiricha uye mamiriro enzvimbo. Mupfunga wemvura wakakosha, sezvo uchiita senge simba remhinduro yakanaka: tembiricha inokwira inowedzera evaporation, iyo inozowedzera kuwedzera tembiricha.
• carbon dioxide (CO₂): Ndiro gasi riri pakati penhaurirano nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, nekuti kutariswa kwaro kwakakura nekukurumidza kubva kuRevolution Revolution. Inogadzirwa semugumisiro wekufema kwezvisikwa zvipenyu, kuparara kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, kupisa kwemafuta emafuta (marasha, mafuta, gasi), mabasa emabhizimisi uye kuparadzwa kwemasango. Iyo yakasikwa CO2 kutenderera inosanganisira kuburitsa uye kunyura, nemakungwa nemasango ari iwo makuru echisikigo kunyura.
• Methane (CH₄): Ndiyo iri nyore hydrocarbon. Inosunungurwa zvakasununguka munzvimbo dzine mvura, mupunga, gadziriro yezvokudya zvezvipembenene, uye kuparara kweanaerobic kwehupenyu hwehupenyu, pamwe chete nemabasa evanhu akadai sekurima kwezvipfuwo, kushandiswa kwemarara, uye kubviswa uye kutakura kwemafuta emafuta. Kunyangwe ichiwanikwa munzvimbo dzakaderera pane CO2, methane ine hukuru hukuru hwekuteya kupisa, uye mugove wayo wakakura ne150% kubvira nguva isati yatanga maindasitiri.
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O): Zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekurima kwakanyanya, kushandiswa kwenitrogen fetiraiza, kurima zvipfuyo, kupiswa kwemarara nemafuta efossil, uye mamwe maitiro emaindasitiri. Kunyange zvazvo iri shoma kudarika CO2 kana methane, simba rayo rekudziya kwepasi rose rakapetwa ka300 kudarika carbon dioxide.
• Ozone (O₃): Musiyano unoitwa pakati pe stratospheric ozone, inochengetedza hupenyu hwepasi nekuvhara ultraviolet mwaranzi, uye tropospheric ozone, iyo iripo munzvimbo yakaderera yemhepo uye mhedzisiro yemakemikari kuita pakati pezvinosvibisa. Tropospheric ozone inoshanda segasi regreenhouse uye zvakare inosvibisa inokuvadza hutano.
• Fluorinated magasi (F-gases): Mishonga iyi yakagadzirwa nevanhu, inosanganisira hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF).₆) uye nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) Iwo anoshandiswa mufiriji, air conditioning, zvemagetsi uye maindasitiri maitiro. Izvo zvinozivikanwa nekuve nepamusoro zvakanyanya kudziya kwepasirese mukana uye hupenyu hwese mumhepo inogona kugara zviuru zvemakore, kunyangwe kudzika kwavo kwakadzikira kupfuura kwemamwe magasi.

Tafura inotevera inoratidza rondedzero yemagasi makuru egreenhouse, kutarisisa kwavo uye fungidziro yechikamu chekubatsira mukudziya kwepasirese:

Gesi	Fomura	Atmospheric concentration (approx.)	Mupiro (%)
Mvura yemvura	H2O	10–50,000 ppm	36-72
Carbon dioxide	CO2	~420 ppm	9-26
Methane	CH4	~1.8 ppm	4-9
Ozone	O3	2–8 ppm	3-7

Haasi ese magasi ari mumhepo anobatsira kune greenhouse effect: yakawanda kwazvo, yakadai senitrogen (N₂), oxygen (O₂) uye argon (Ar), vane zvishoma zvinokanganisa nekuti chimiro chavo chemolecular hachivatenderi kutora infrared radiation.

Global Warming Potential uye Atmospheric Hupenyu hweMagasi

Kuenzanisa kukanganiswa kwemagasi egreenhouse akasiyana, iyo Global Warming Potential (GWP) inoshandiswa. Indekisi iyi inotara kugona kwegasi rega rega kutora simba nekupisa pasi maererano neCO2 uye nepamusoro penguva yakatarwa (kazhinji makore makumi maviri, zana kana mazana mashanu).

Somuenzaniso, Methane ine GWP ye84 pamakore makumi maviri uye 20-28 pamakore zana.neko Nitrous oxide inosvika paGWP ye265 100 makore. Magasi ane fluorinated anogona kudarika 10.000 GWP uye hupenyu hwavo mumhepo inotangira kubva kumazana kusvika kuzviuru zvemakore.

Kuenderera mberi kwemagasi egreenhouse kwakakosha zvakaenzana: CO2 inogona kuramba iripo kwemakore makumi matatu kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu, methane inogara makore angangosvika gumi nemaviri, nitrous oxide kweanopfuura zana, uye makomisheni efluorinated senge sulfur hexafluoride anogona kusvika makore 30.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti migumisiro yehutsi hwanhasi ichagara kwemakumi emakore kana mazana emakore, ichikanganisa zvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Natural uye Anthropogenic Zvitubu zveEmission

Greenhouse magasi ane mavambo echisikigo uye ndiwo mugumisiro wemabasa evanhu. Somuenzaniso:

• CO2: Kutenderera kwechisikigo (kufema, kuora, moto chaiwo, makomo anoputika) uye kupisa kwemafuta efossil, maindasitiri maitiro, kutemwa kwemasango.
• Methane: Matope, minda yemupunga, mujuru, kuputika kwepasi pemvura, kugayiwa kwemarara, marashiro emarara, kubviswa kwemafuta negasi, kubuda kwepombi.
• Nitrous oxide: Mabhakitiriya maitiro muvhu, nyanza, fetiraiza yekurima, kupisa biomass, kugadzira makemikari.
• Tropospheric ozone: Kuita kwemakemikari pakati penitrogen oxides uye volatile organic compounds pasi pekuita kwezuva.
• Fluorinated gases: Maindasitiri maitiro, anoshandiswa mumafiriji masisitimu, air conditioning, fire extinguishers, uye microelectronics kugadzira.

Parizvino, sosi huru yekuwedzera kwekudzika kwegasi rinopisa ibasa revanhu: Kushandiswa kwesimba kunobva pamarasha, oiri, uye gasi rechisikigo, pamwe chete nekurima uye shanduko yekushandiswa kwevhu, inoratidza musiyano uchienzaniswa nemazana emakore apfuura.

Anthropogenic Kuwedzerwa kweGreenhouse Effect

Kuwedzera kweiyo greenhouse gasi yakadzika mhedzisiro yemakumi emakore ekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri uye kushandiswa kukuru kwezviwanikwa. Kubva paChimurenga cheMaindasitiri, kudiwa kwesimba, mechanization yekurima, kutemwa kwemasango kukuru, uye kusimukira kwemaindasitiri zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya muCO2, methane, uye nitrous oxide emissions.

Somuenzaniso, Kupisa kwemafuta efossil ndiko kunokonzera 80% yegreenhouse gasi rinobuda muEU. Zvekurima zvakabatana nemethane uye nitrous oxide emissions, ukuwo indasitiri nekurasa marara zvinopa CO2 nemagasi efluorinated.

Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuunganidzwa kwemagasi mumhepo inosimbisa iyo yakasikwa greenhouse effect: CO2 yakawedzera ne50% kubva nguva isati yatanga maindasitiri, methane neinosvika 150%, uye nitrous oxide inosvika 25%.

Zvakatipoteredza uye Zvemagariro Zvinokonzera Kudziya Kwepasirese

Kupisa kwepasi kune migumisiro inosvika kure kune zvakatipoteredza, upfumi, uye nzanga. Zvinonyanya kukanganisa zvinosanganisira:

• Kuwedzera kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando uye kuderera kwechifukidzo chechando, zvichibva zvaita kuti gungwa risimuke.
• Wedzera muhuwandu uye kuoma kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya, zvakadai semafungu ekupisa, kusanaya kwemvura, mafashamo nemadutu ane simba.
• Kuderedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuchinjwa kweecosystems, zvichikanganisa kuwanikwa kwechikafu, mvura uye mabasa ecosystem.
• Kuderera kwehutano hwemhepo nemigumisiro yakaipa pahutano hwevanhu zvakadai sezvirwere zvekufema zvine chekuita nehutsi uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo.
• Kukanganisa pakurima nekugadzirwa kwechikafu, pamwe nekusagadzikana kwevanhu vekumaruwa.
• Kutamiswa kwevanhu uye kutama kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana kurasikirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha.

Emission Measurement uye Kuenzanisa: CO2 yakaenzana uye Nzira dzekuongorora

Mhedzisiro yese yemagasi egreenhouse inoyerwa kwete chete nehuwandu hunoburitswa, asiwo nekudziya kwadzo kwepasi rose uye nguva inopedzerwa mumhepo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nyanzvi dzakagadzira pfungwa ye "CO2 yakaenzana," iyo inobvumira migumisiro yemagasi akasiyana-siyana kuti aenzaniswe uye apfupiswe, achitora simba rekudziya kwepasi rose re CO2 sereferensi.

Emissions inoongororwa nehupfumi chikamu (simba, zvekurima, zvekufambisa, indasitiri, marara), nenyika uye dunhu, uye kunyangwe nemunhu (per capita emissions). Maitiro ekuverengera anosanganisira fungidziro yakananga, emission factor modhi, zviyero zvehuwandu, kuenderera kwekutarisa, uye kuongorora kutenderera kwehupenyu.

Matambudziko ekuyera anosanganisira kujeka, kuwanikwa kwedata uye kuenderana, uye kuona miganhu yenzvimbo uye yenguva inoshandiswa mukuverenga kwega kwega.

Basa reSink uye Shanduko Yekushandiswa KweNyika

Mamiriro ekunze handiwo ega chitoro chekabhoni: kunyura kwepasi negungwa kunoita basa rakakosha mukudzorwa kwemamiriro ekunze. Masango, masango, ivhu, nzvimbo dzine mvura, uye nyanza zvinokwanisa kutora nekuchengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hweCO2, nokudaro zvichidzikamisa kudziya kwepasi.

Kutemwa kwemasango uye kuparara kwemasinji echisikigo aya, zvisinei, kunoderedza kugona kwavo kunyura, zvichiwedzera kuwedzera kuwanda kwemagasi mumhepo. Kuchengetedza, kudzoreredza, uye kuwedzera kabhoni kunyura ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushanda uye anochipa mazano ekuderedza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Aerosols uye Nguva pfupi-Yekusvibiswa Kwemamiriro ekunze

Kuwedzera pamagasi egreenhouse echinyakare, tunhu tudiki tunonzi aerosols nezvimwe zvinosvibisa zvenguva pfupi zvinokanganisawo mamiriro ekunze. Aerosols inogona kubva kune zvakasikwa seguruva remugwenga kana kuputika kwemakomo, kana kubva mumabasa evanhu akadai sekupisa kwemafuta uye kuparadzwa kwemasango.

Zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwayo, Mamwe maaerosols anoteya kupisa (zvichibatsira kune greenhouse effect), nepo vamwe vachizviratidzira muchadenga (zvichibatsira mukutonhora kwepasi rose) Pakati pezvinosvibisa mamiriro ekunze kwenguva pfupi zvakanyanya kusvibisa kabhoni nhema, methane, tropospheric ozone, uye mahydrofluorocarbons.

Kudzikisa izvi zvinosvibisa zvinogona kuunza mabhenefiti nekukurumidza kune mamiriro ekunze uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Nekuda kwehupenyu hwavo hupfupi mumhepo, mhedzisiro yakanaka yekudzikisa emission inoonekwa mukati memavhiki kana makore mashoma.

International Action and Strategies for Emissions Reduction

Dambudziko rekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze rinoda kupindirana kwepasi rose. Kubva kuKyoto Protocol kuenda kuParis Agreement, nyika dzakaita zvisungo zvekudzikisa hutsi uye kugadzira nzira dzekuwana hupfumi hwekabhoni shoma.

European Union, United States, nevamwe vatambi vepasi rose vakaisa matanho emutemo uye ezvematongerwo enyika kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa, kukurudzira simba rinodzokororwa, kuvandudza kushanda kwesimba, kutonga kushandiswa kwemagasi ane fluorinated, uye kukurudzira kuchengetedzwa kwemvura yakasviba. Zvinonyanya kukoshesa zvinosanganisira kutengesa kuburitsa, hurongwa hwekudzikisa chikamu, uye tsvakiridzo mukubata kabhoni uye kuchengetedza (CCS) matekinoroji.

Mhinduro dzinobva kuchinja kwekufambisa uye maitiro emagetsi, kusvikira zvakakodzera shanduko yekurima, zvipfuyo nemaindasitiri. Kuchengetedzwa kwemarara uye kushandiswa zvine musoro kwezviwanikwa kuri kuwedzera kukosha.

Technology Innovations uye Natural Solutions

Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani kwakakosha pakudzikisa kana kubvisa kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse. Kune akasiyana matekiniki ekutora, kuchengetedza, uye kushandisa CO2, senge bioenergy nekutora uye kuchengetedza, yakananga kubatwa kwemhepo, uye biochar chizvarwa kusimudzira kutorwa muvhu rekurima.

Uyewo, Kukurudzira kurima patsva, kudzoreredza masango, matoro, uye nyanza, uye kuchengetedza kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvakakosha zvekudzikisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Aya magadzirirwo echisikigo anobatsira kune ese kabhoni sequestration uye ecosystem kugadzirisa uye kusimba.

Matambudziko muGlobal Emissions Reduction

Kudzikiswa kwepasi rose kwekubuda kwegasi regreenhouse idambudziko remativi mazhinji uye rakaomarara. Kusaenzana pakati penyika dzakabudirira (yaimbova mitter yakakura) uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira (nekuwedzera kuburitsa) zvinoita kuti zviome kutaura mabasa nezviwanikwa. Economics, geopolitics, kuwanikwa kwetekinoroji, uye kuchinjika zvinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe.

Kukura kwevanhu, kufamba kwepasirese, manwiro uye madyiro, uye kusimukira kwehupfumi zvese zvinokanganisa huwandu uye rudzi rwekuburitswa. Naizvozvo, mhinduro dzinofanirwa kuchinjirwa kune akasiyana magariro, tsika uye hupfumi mamiriro.

Emissions neSector uye Nyika: Global Contribution

Mabviro ekubuda kwegreenhouse gasi akasiyana uye anopararira munzvimbo dzakati wandei dzehupfumi:

• Chizvarwa chemagetsi nekupisa (kunyanya kuburikidza nekupisa marasha negasi rechisikigo) ndiye ane mhosva huru pasi rose.
• Kutakura, iyo inotsamira zvakanyanya pamafuta ezvicherwa uye ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakaomesesa kuita decarbonize.
• indasitiri, kusanganisira maitiro emakemikari, simende zvidyarwa uye kugadzira zvinhu.
• Zvekurima, masango nekushandiswa kwevhu, inokonzera methane uye nitrous oxide emissions, pamwe nekuderedza sinks.
• Waste management, kunyanya marapirwo emarara uye kuchenesa mvura.

Padanho renyika, kuburitswa kwenhoroondo uye kwazvino kunosiyana zvakanyanya: United States, European Union, Russia, neChina dzinotungamira mukukwira kwehutsi nekuda kwekutanga maindasitiri uye kukura kwebudiriro, nepo nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakaita seChina neIndia dzakaona kuburitswa kwadzo pamunhu mumwe nemumwe kuchikura mumakumi emakore apfuura.

Basa reArtificial Greenhouse Gases: Fluorinated magasi

Magasi efluorinated anogadzira zvinhu ane kusawirirana kunokanganisa kudziya kwepasi. Vanomira pakati pavo:

• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): inoshandiswa mufiriji, air conditioning, aerosols uye furo. Vane mukana wekudziya kwezviuru zvakapetwa kupfuura CO2.
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs): vashandi mumaindasitiri ealuminium uye zvemagetsi. Dzakanyatsogadzikana uye dzinoramba dziri mumhepo kwezviuru zvemakore.
• Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆): inoshandiswa mukudzivirira kwemidziyo yemagetsi. Inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo gasi regreenhouse rine simba rinozivikanwa.
• Nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃): inoshandiswa mune semiconductor uye microelectronics indasitiri. Iine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekudziya kwepasi rose kunyangwe huvepo hwayo hushoma.

Kukurudzira kushandiswa kwakadzora uye kutsiva magasi aya nenzira dzakachengeteka, dzinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze kwakakosha pakuzadzisa zvinangwa zvepasi rose.

Zvinhu Zvinoona Kukanganisa kweGreenhouse Gasi

Kuita kwegasi rega rega pakudziya kwepasi kunoenderana nezvinhu zvitatu zvikuru:

1. Kuisa pfungwa mumhepo: Iyo yakakwirira yekuisa pfungwa, iyo yakakura kukanganisa kwesimba rakachengetwa.
2. Nguva yekugara: Gasi rinoramba riri mumhepo kwemakumi emakore kana mazana emakore rine migumisiro inogara kwenguva refu.
3. Kugona kupinza kupisa: Mamwe magasi, kunyangwe asina kuwanda, anoshanda zvakanyanya pakuteya simba (senge methane kana SF.₆).

Nekuti izvi, Kudzora magasi ane simba guru rekudziya kwepasi rose, kunyangwe akaburitswa muhushoma, kwakakosha pakubudirira kwemitemo yemamiriro ekunze.

Kudzoreredza, Kutora uye Kubvisa Magasi kubva kuAtmosphere

Kurwisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunosanganisira kwete chete kuderedza kubudiswa, asiwo kubvisa greenhouse magasi kubva mumhepo. Pakati pemaitiro anonyanya kuvimbisa ndeaya:

• Geological kutora uye kuchengetedza CO2 munzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzepasi pevhu.
• Kutora mhepo kwakananga, uchishandisa matekinoroji anobvisa CO2 uye kuichengeta kana kuishandisa zvakare.
• Kuvandudza kunyura muvhu rekurima kuburikidza nekushandisa biochar uye inoenderera mberi yekurima maitiro.

Tekinoroji idzi dzinofanirwa kufambiswa nekuchengetedzwa nekudzoreredzwa kwemadhishi echisikigo akadai semasango, ivhu, nematoro.

Kukosha Kwedzidzo Yemamiriro ekunze uye Kuziva

Kukurudzira vagari vane ruzivo, vanoziva, uye vakabatikana chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Dzidzo yezvakatipoteredza, ruzivo rwesainzi, uye kuwana ruzivo rwakajeka zvishandiso zvakakosha zvekuunganidza nzanga, kusimudzira maitiro anoenderera mberi, uye kumanikidza hurumende nemabhizinesi kuita sarudzo dzakavimbika.