tiri toga muchadenga here? Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemibvunzo mikuru yanetsa vanhu kubva patakatanga kutarisa nyeredzi. Nhasi, nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, Kwete chete isu tinoziva kuti kune zviuru zvemapuraneti kunze kwesolar system yedu, asi vazhinji vavo ingangofanana—zvishomanana—Nyika.
Kuwanikwa kwe exoplanets yakachinja ruzivo rwenyeredzi rwemazuva anoAsi kuwana nyika dziri kure hakuna kukwana; shuviro huru ndeyekuona kuti chero ipi zvayo inogona chiteshi cheupenyuMuchikamu chino, tinotsanangura kuti masayendisiti anoona sei exoplanets, izvo zvavanotsvaga mavari kuti vaone kuti vanogona kugara sei, uye kwatiri parizvino.
Chii chinonzi exoplanet uye chinoonekwa sei?
Un An exoplanet inyika inotenderera imwe nyeredzi kunze kweZuva., ndiko kuti, iri kunze kwesolar system yedu. Kune ziso, nyika idzi hadzioneki nekuda kwe kupenya kukuru kwenyeredzi dziripo, asi nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzakagadzira unyanzvi hwouchenjeri hwokudziona uye kunyange kudzidza mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemhepo yadzo.
Nzira inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye nzira yekufambisa, inosanganisira cherechedza kuderera kudiki mukupenya kwenyeredzi kana nyika inopfuura pamberi payo. Uku kuderera kwechiedza kunoratidza kuti nyika iri kuyambuka chiso chinooneka chenyeredzi yayo kubva pamaonero edu uye inobvumira tarisa saizi yayo uye orbit.
Imwe nzira inoshandiswa nevakawanda ndeye radial velocity, iyo inoyera kuti nyeredzi inozununguka sei zvishoma nekuda kwe kukweva kwepasi iyo inoitenderera. Iyi nzira inobvumira kuverenga huwandu hushoma hwe exoplanet.
Inoshandiswawo gravitational microlensing, iyo inoshandisa mukana we simba rinokweva zvinhu rechinhu chikuru, senyeredzi kana nyika, ku wedzera chiedza kubva kune imwe nyeredzi iri kureIyi nzira yakabatsira pakuona mapuraneti asingawanikwe pachishandiswa dzimwe nzira.
Kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro aya kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva anopfuura 5.200 exoplanets Parizvino, maererano neyakagadziridzwa data yeNASA, kubva kuhofori dzegasi seJupiter kusvika kune matombo makuru-Earths.
Chii chinoita kuti pasi rigarike?
Mukana wepasi rinokwanisa kutsigira upenyu sezvatinoziva unotsamira zvinhu zvakasiyanaChimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti iri mukati nzvimbo inogoneka yenyeredzi yayo, inozivikanwawo se "Goldilocks zone." Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo iyo tembiricha inobvumira kuvepo kwemvura yemvura pamusoro., chero bedzi pasi riine mhepo yakakodzera.
Zvisinei, the kugara Hazvina kutsamira pane chete chinhambwe kuzuvaZvimwe zvinhu zvakakoshawo, senge:
- Kugadzikana kwemuenzi wenyeredzi: Nyeredzi dzinoshanda zvakanyanya kana dzisina kugadzikana dzinogona kubuda huwandu hwakawanda hwemwaranzi inokuvadza.
- Kuumbwa kwemhepo: mamiriro densa inogona kubatsira gadzirisa tembiricha y kudzivirira kubva ku cosmic radiation.
- Kuvapo kwemagnetic field: zvinobatsira kudzivirira pamusoro penyika pamusoro pemhepo yezuva uye cosmic particles.
- Zera rehurongwa: zvakawanda sei chembere, mukana mukuru kuti la vida vave nazvo nguva yekushanduka.
Mapuraneti akafanana super-Earths (zvimwe yakakura kudarika Nyika asi zvimwe idiki pane Neptune) uye iyo mini-Neptunes (neatmospheres dense) vari kutorwa se vanofarira vanoda kunyange zvazvo solar system yedu isina mapuraneti ane hunhu ihwohwo.
Biosignatures: makemikari zviratidzo zvehupenyu
Kana pasi raonekwa munzvimbo inogarika, danho rinotevera nderekuongorora mamiriro ekunze kwayo uchitsvaga. biosignatures, ndiko kuti, magasi kana kuti makomboni anogona kugadzirwa noupenyu.
Iwo matatu makuru biomarkers anozivikanwa se "hutatu hwehupenyu" Ndizvo:
- Okisijeni (O2): Inogadzirwa ne photosynthesis paPasi, uye naizvozvo akafunga a chiratidzo chakasimba chehupenyu.
- Ozone (O3): iripo mumhepo yePasi, inoita se ultraviolet ray sefa uye kazhinji anogara mukati kuenzanisa neokisijeni.
- Methane (CH4): inogadzirwa nemaitiro biological uye geological, asi kuvapo kwayo pamwe chete neokisijeni zvinogona kunge zvichiratidza chiitiko chebiology.
Mamwe magasi akakodzera anogona kuwanikwa mune exoplanet anga ari chiutsi chemvura, the kabhoni diamoni and the chloromethane, vese vakadzidza spectroscopic analysis nemateresikopu epamusoro emuchadenga.
Mutsara wechangobva kuitika wetsvagiridzo unoratidza izvozvo mazinga akaderera ecarbon dioxide yakabatanidzwa nekuvapo kwe ozone inogona kuva yakasimba umboo hwemvura yemvura iri pamusoro yepasi, iyo yaizowedzera mikana yayo yekugara.
Basa remateresikopu emuchadenga
Nzira yekuona nyika dzinogarwa yakaitwa kuti igoneke, muchikamu chikuru, nemamishini emuchadenga akadai se:
- Kepler: yakaonekwa kupfuura 2.600 exoplanets panguva yekutumwa kwavo, vazhinji nenzira yekufambisa.
- Tess: Tevedzera nhaka yaKepler uye tsvaga exoplanets pedyo nekukura kweNyika.
- James Webb (JWST): Parizvino ndiyo teresikopu kufambira mberi zvakanyanya kuongorora exoplanet atmospheres uchishandisa infrared spectra.
El JWST Ine zviridzwa zvakadai NIRSpec y MIRI izvo zvinobvumira kuziva kuumbwa kweatmospheric zvema exoplanets ari kure nekurongeka kukuru. Yakave yakakosha mukuona mazinga emhute yemvura, kabhoni dhaikisaidhi e kunyange maitiro ekupisa.
Mhosva dzakasarudzika dzeanogona kugara exoplanets
Dzimwe dzepasirese dzinonakidza dziripo kusvika parizvino dzinosanganisira:
- HD 20794 d: one nyika yepamusoro 20 chiedza-makore kure muboka renyeredzi reEridanus, rakawanikwa neHARPS uye rakasimbiswa neESPRESSO.
- Proxima d: iri pane nyeredzi iri padyo neSolar System, ine a huremu hushoma pane Earth uye zvakare yakaonekwa ne ESPRESSO.
- Trappist-1 system: makore makumi mana chete kubva kure, ine mapuraneti manomwe akakura sePasine matatu munzvimbo inogarwaNdicho chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zveJames Webb Telescope nekuda kwekuswedera kwayo uye mamiriro ekutenderera.
- HD 85512b: mhepo yaro ine mazinga akaderera ecarbon dioxide, tembiricha yakakwana (25ºC) uye kuvapo kwakanyanya kweokisijeni, zvichiita kuti ive mumiriri mukuru wekugamuchira hupenyu.
Ruvara rwezvinomera zvekumwe uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvisina kunanga
Hazvisi zvese zvine gasi. Vesainzi vakadzidzawo mikana yekuziva zvinomera zvokumwe nokuongorora chiedza chakaratidzwa. Panyika, semuenzaniso, iyo chlorophyll inoratidzira zvakanyanya mupedyo infrared, ichiita kudanwa “mutsara mutsvuku”. Ziva patani iyi pane imwe nyika unogona kuva muedzo photobiological life.
El star type Inoitawo basa: munyeredzi dzinotonhorera (rudzi M), zvinomera zvinogona kunge zvakashanduka kuita rima, kunyangwe dema, kutora zvirinani infrared mwaranzi, nepo mune nyeredzi dzinopisa (rudzi F), dzinogona kunge dziine tsvuku kana orenji toni.
Zvipimo zvazvino uye kufambira mberi kuri kuuya
Kunyangwe kufambira mberi mukuona uye kuongorora kwakakosha, Nanhasi hatigoni kusimbisa kuvapo kwehupenyu kune mamwe mapuraneti.. Kunyangwe tichigona kuyera mamiriro ekunze, tembiricha kana masasi, Hapasati pave nemukana wekufamba wakananga kunyika idzodzo kana kutumira maprobe kuti adzidze nezvawo.
La astrobiology yemazuva ano inoshanda pa zvinopesana, kwete chokwadi. Naizvozvo, mishoni mitsva nemapurojekiti ari kugadzirwa, akadai se:
- Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO): iri kugadziridzwa neNASA kuti idzidze zvakananga vamwe makumi maviri neshanu exo-Earths.
- HUPENYU Project: European space interferometer iyo ichaongorora iyo kugara kwematombo exoplanets.
- Kubudirira starshot: inokurudzira kutumira maprobes anokurumidza-kukurumidza kuProxima Centauri kuti adzidze mapuraneti ayo in situ.
Kunyangwe tichiri kure nekutsika kune imwe nyika iri kunze kwesolar system, Iko kugona kutsvaga hupenyu kubva pano ichokwadi chiri kusimukira.Tinotenda kune materesikopu akaita seWebb, tave kuswedera pedyo nekuona kuti tinogovana here chisikwa ichi nemamwe marudzi ehupenyu.
Kubva pane zvakawanikwa zvekutanga muma90s kusvika nhasi, Takafambira mberi mukuona mapuraneti ari kure uye mukuongorora zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvapo kwehupenyu.. Kemikari zviratidzo, thermal mapatani, iyo ruvara rwezvinomera kana the mhepo dzomuchadenga Vanovhura hwindo idzva rekuona nyika dzine mukana wekuchengeta hupenyu. Kuziva uku kunogona kuratidza danho rekutanga rekunzwisisa kana tiri toga muhukuru hwedenga iri.
