Mabhuku eGeology anogona kunge achifanira kuwedzera kondinendi nyowani munguva pfupi inotevera: Zealand. Nenzvimbo ye Makiromita zviuru mazana mana nemazana mana, inodokunyura chose chose mumvura dzePacific Ocean, kusvikira kupfundo rokuti mativi ayo anooneka bedzi iNew Zealand neNew Caledonia.
Kuvapo kweZealand kwakasimbiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura nemasayendisiti kubva kuNew Zealand centre GNS Sayenzi, uyo akanga ava nemakore makumi maviri achiongorora kuti kondinendi yacho ingave iripo. Kuburikidza nedatha yakaunganidzwa nema sensors epasi pemvura, vakakwanisa kuwana nzvimbo inounza pamwechete mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti aonekwe sekondinendi.
Unogona kufunga kuti chokwadi kuti rine rinenge 95% yenzvimbo yaro iri pasi pemvura zvingava zvakakwana kusaisa muboka sekondinendi. Zvisinei, nokuti ine nzvimbo yakanyatsotsanangurwa, gobvu rakakora kudarika pasi pegungwa, uye yakakwirira kudarika nzvimbo yakapoteredza, zvave zvichikwanisika kuisimudza kune chimiro chekondinendi, maererano neongororo yakabudiswa mumagazini yeGeological Society of America (GSA).
Iyo geologist uye mutungamiri wetsvagiridzo, Nick Mortimer, akataura kuti kuwanikwa uku kuchashanda kwete kungoiwedzera kumabhuku esainzi, asiwo kukwanisa kuongorora kubatana uye kuparara kwekondinendi crust. Ndiyo kondinendi yakatetepa uye diki yati yambowanikwa, iyo, kunyangwe yakanyura, haina kupatsanuka.
Mortimer nechikwata chake vanotarisira kuti Zealandia ichazivikanwa nenharaunda yesainzi uye kuoneka pamepu yenyika. Pasinei nekuve kunenge kuri pasi pemvura, data resatellite uye kutsvaga kwekutsvaga kunoratidza kuti i kondinendi youmambo. Zvakadaro, vanozomirira kuti vamwe vaongorori vazvitaure muzvidzidzo zvavo.
Nhoroondo ye Zealandia
Kuwanikwa kweZealand kune midzi yakapfuura, uko geologist kubva kuGreece yekare yakadai Aristotle, Eratosthenes uye gare gare mugadziri wemapu Ptolemy Vakataura nezvekondinendi yekufungidzira yavakadana Terra Australis Ignota. Mukutsvaga nyika iyi yakawanda, muongorori wechiDutch Abel Tasman Muna 1642 akawana zvitsuwa zvatinoziva nhasi seNew Zealand, kunyange zvazvo nyika idzodzo dzairatidzika kuva duku zvikuru zvokusagona kuva dzaakanga achitsvaka.
Kubva kuwanikwa kweTasman, kwave kune 375 makore kutozosvikira boka remasayendisiti rasimbisa kuti kondinendi, inozivikanwa seZealandia, yakanga iripo chaizvoizvo, kunyange zvazvo yakawanda yayo iri pasi pemvura. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti 94% yepasi payo yakanyura.
Chidzidzo chitsva chakaburitswa mu Matekoni GNS Sainzi masayendisiti akagadzira mepu chaiyo yeZealandia. Iyi kondinendi inofamba ichienda Makiromita zviuru mazana mana nemazana mana, uye kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira zvino apo kuvapo kwayo kwaigona kusimbiswa full surface. Nhoroondo ye Zealandia yakabatana neiyo ye gondwana, nyika huru yekare yakakamukana mazana emamiriyoni emakore akapfuura, zvichiita kuti pave nenyika yatinoziva nhasi. Kudzidza kwemakondinendi zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise chirevo ichi.
Geological features of Zealandia
Zealandia yakabuda kubva kuGondwana anenge 80 mamirioni emakore. Kusiyana nemakondinendi ari pedyo, akadai seAntarctica neAustralia, ayo anoramba ari pamusoro pegungwa, nzvimbo zhinji dzeZealandia dzakanyudzwa. Zvitsuwa zve New Zealand, New Caledonia, nenzvimbo diki dzakadai sechitsuwa che Ishe Howe uye piramidhi ye bhora kubuda pamusoro pemvura.
Tsvagiridzo yechikwata cheMortimer yaita kuti zvikwanise kutsanangura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvakanga zvisipo ye Zealandia uye natsa mamepu aripo. "Reconaissance geological mepu ye5 miriyoni km2 kondinendi yeZealandia ikozvino yakwana panyika negungwa," Mortimer akadaro.
Kuti tinzwisise geology yeZealandia, chikwata chakaongorora matombo nemasampunzi kubva pasi pegungwa, zvikuru kubva mumakomba ekuchera uyewo kubva kumahombekombe ezvitsuwa. Pakati pezvinhu zvakaongororwa ndezvi: basalts, sandstones y matombo ejecha. Matombo ejecha akawanikwa ari eUpper Cretaceous zera (anenge mamirioni makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu emakore) uye aive neEarly Cretaceous granite nematombo anoputika. Mabasalts akanyorwa kuEocene, aine makore angangoita 40 mamirioni emakore. Ongororo iyi inopa data yekunzwisisa iyo kuputika kwemakomo munharaunda.
Mhedzisiro, pamwe nedata kubva regional magnetic anomalies uye zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvakabatsira masayendisiti mepu yepasi pemvura geology yeNorth Zealand. Kuonekwa kwekutanga kweEurope kwenzvimbo iyi kwaive muna 1642 naAbel Tasman. Kubva ipapo, vamwe vaongorori nemasayendisiti vakafamba nechikepe mumvura dzeZealand vachitsvaga kondinendi yakarasika, vasingazivi kuti vaiyangarara pamusoro payo.
Mhedzisiro yekuwanikwa kweZealand
Iyo continental crust inowanzoita 1000 tsoka kudzika. 40? km uye yakakora zvakanyanya kudarika oceanic crust, iyo inowanzoita 10? km. Mukuenzanisa, Zealandia ine nezve 20 km kudzika nekuti chikuva chayo chakawedzera zvakanyanya payakaparadzana neGondwana. Kunyange zvazvo yakazonyura, haina kunyura kusvika pamwero weyakajairika gungwa regungwa.
Zvichienderana nekudzika kwegoko rayo uye nemhando yematombo ainogadzirwa, vesainzi vanoti Zealandia inosangana nezvose zvinodiwa kuti itorerwe sekondinendi. Kuzivikanwa uku zvinokosha zvinorehwa, kwete chete mune zve geological, asiwo zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvehupfumi.
La Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheMutemo weGungwa inobvumira nyika kuti dziwedzere nzvimbo dzadzo dziri pamutemo kunze kweExclusive Economic Zone, iyo inosvika 370? km kubva kumahombekombe ayo, kuzotora sherufu yayo yekondinendi yakawedzerwa, iyo inosanganisira zvicherwa nepetroleum. Nokudaro, nokuratidzira kuti Zealandia rutivi rwekondinendi huru, New Zealand yaigona kuona nharaunda yayo ichiwedzera. kasatan.
Izvi zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwemari inowanikwa kune kuongorora marine yenharaunda, kuita chidzidzo che. zvakakodzera.
Mumakore mashoma apfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda uye tsvagiridzo zvakaitwa paZealand. Imwe ye zvakawanikwa zvakanyanya inoratidza kuti kukora kwekondinendi iyi kwakatetepa zvakanyanya kupfuura kwemamwe ruzhinji rwekondinendi, asi kunosangana nemaitiro akati wandei anoiisa sekondinendi iri pamutemo. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti Zealandia ine nhoroondo yakapfuma ye geological inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve tectonic process uye kushanduka kweNyika.
Muna 2021, ongororo yakaratidza kuti Zealandia ine zvakawanda mabhiriyoni emakore, zvinova zvakapetwa kaviri izvo zvakatendwa mutsvakurudzo yapfuura. Izvi zvakare zvinoratidza kukosha kweZealandia mu geology, sezvo ingangove imwe yemhando dzekare paPasi.
Remangwana re Zealandia mune sainzi uye kuongorora
Kupatsanurwa kweZealand kwakamurwa kuita matunhu makuru maviri: North Zealand (kana Western Province) uye South Zealand (kana Eastern Province). Aya maumbirwo maviri akapatsanurwa neAlpine Fault uye Kermadec Trench, pamwe neHikurangi Plateau. Kupatsanura uku kunotibvumira kudzidza kuti Zealandia yakaumbwa sei uye kuti ine hukama sei nenzvimbo dziri pedyo munhoroondo yejoloji.
Sezvo mvura yegungwa ichichinja-chinja panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, zvinonzi kondinendi iyi yakaita basa rakakosha pamavambo egungwa. Pacific Volcanic Mhete yeMoto. Kuwanikwa uku hakungoshandure nzira yatinofunga nezve geography yePacific Ocean, asi kunozopawo mikana mitsva yekutsvaga kwesainzi.
Nharaunda yesainzi inoenderera mberi nekufunda Zealandia kuti idzidze zvakawanda nezve plate tectonics, chiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo, uye shanduko yemaruva nemhuka dzedunhu. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti makomo anoputika eZeadia akaputika kakawanda munhoroondo yaro, asi parizvino, kuputika kwemakomo kwakadzikira kunze kwemamwe matunhu.
Kune ma geologist pasi rese, Zealandia inomiririra hwindo munguva dzakapfuura uye mukana wekudzamisa manzwisisiro edu ekuti tectonic plates inopesvedzera sei kuumbwa kwemakondinendi uye nemabatiro adzo papasi. nzira dzinoumba Nyika. Pakati pemitsetse iyi, kufarira kuri kukura mukuongorora kwemugungwa kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwe data inowanikwa mukondinendi iri pasi pemvura.
