Zvinotaridza kuti pane pekupedzisira mushonga uyo, kunze kwekushanda, unonyanya kunakidza. Zviri nezve utachiona kubva pakurongeka kweMethanosarcinales iyo yakawanikwa neboka revatsvagiri vanobva kuRadBoud University, kuNetherlands, uye Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology muBremen, Germany, avo vakagadzirira chidzidzo chakaburitswa mu rondedzero Proceedings yeNational Academy yeSainzi.
Kutsvaga kunonakidza kunogona kumiririra, pasina kukahadzika, pamberi nepashure mukurwira mhedzisiro inogona kuunza kudziya kwepasi.
Vatsvagiri vakatofungira kuti kune hutachiona hunogona kudya, kwete chete methane, asiwo ayini, asi kusvika zvino vanga vasati vaiwana. Neraki, ivo vawana arch iyo inoshandisa iron kushandura methane kuita kabhoni dhayokisaidhi. Mukuita izvi, inoderedza huwandu hwesimbi inowanikwa kune mamwe mabhakitiriya, nekudaro inotanga kubuda kwesimba kunokonzera iron-methane cycle uye methane emissions. Uyezve, kuwanikwa uku chikamu chechirevo chekuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga pamusoro pe hukama pakati pefungi nekudziya kwepasi.
Uye sekunge izvi zvaive zvisina kukwana, idzi archaea dzinogona kushandura nitrate kuita ammonium, chinova chikafu chemamnox bacteria, ayo chinja ammonia kuita nitrogen… Pasina kushandisa oxygen! Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha pakurapa kwemvura yakasviba, sezvakaratidzwa naBoran Kartal, microbiologist kuMax Planck Institute, uyo akawedzera kuti:
"A bioreactor ine anaerobic methane uye ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms inogona kushandiswa panguva imwe chete kushandura ammonium, methane, uye oxidized nitrogen mumvura ine tsvina kuita gasi renitrogen uye carbon dioxide, iyo ine simba rakaderera zvikuru rekudziya kwepasi."
Kunyange zvazvo vaiziva kuvapo kweaya ma<em>methane oxidizer anotsamira musimbi, vakanga vasina kukwanisa kuvaparadzanisa. Nekudaro, vakakwanisa kuzviwana mune yavo yemuenzaniso muunganidzwa, uye zvino inogona kushandiswa kuderedza kudziya kwepasi.
Utachiona hunomiririra chinhu chakakosha mukurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kudziya kwepasi. Neyake kukwanisa kuisa metabolize zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganiswa, kusanganisira magasi egreenhouse, tupukanana uhu hunobuda seshamwari dzakakosha mukuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokuvadza.
Basa rakakosha rehutachiona mukubata kabhoni
Sezvo vanhu vanoedza kurwisa mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, ingave nguva yekutendeukira kune tupukanana semhinduro yedu yakakosha mukudziya kwepasi. Utachiona hunokonzera shanduko dzakawanda dzezvakatipoteredza dzakaumba Nyika. Aya majenareta madiki ehupenyu akararama kwemabhiriyoni emakore, uye tsvakiridzo yeramangwana inogona kubata mhinduro dzatanga tichitsvaga nguva yese. Mukuwedzera, chidzidzo che zvinokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pautachiona inowedzera kukosha.
Utachiona, kusanganisira mabhakitiriya nefungi, zvakakosha kuchengetedza a ivhu rine utano uye kurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Chinhu chakakosha muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi ndicho carbon sequestration. Hurukuro hwevhu hwakakosha pakutorwa kwekabhoni. Mamwe mabhakitiriya uye algae anoshandura iyo kabhoni diamoni muorganic matter, iyo inobva yachengetwa muvhu. Izvi zvinobatsira kubvisa yakawandisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo, kuderedza migumisiro yekudziya kwepasi.
Mamwe emhando huru dzevhu dzakabatanidzwa mukutorwa kwekabhoni ndeidzi:
- Mycorrhizal fungi: Fungi idzi dzinoumba hukama hwekudyidzana nemidzi yezvirimwa, zvichidzibatsira kutora kudya uye mvura kubva muvhu. Vanoitawo basa basa mukutora kabhoni nekuwedzera huwandu hwekabhoni yakachengetwa muvhu.
- Actinobacteria: Aya mabhakitiriya anozivikanwa kuti anoodza marara ezvirimwa uye mamwe maorganic matter, achiburitsa kabhoni diamoni mukuita. Ivo zvakare vanoita basa mukutorwa kwekabhoni nekugadzira organic komisheni inobatsira kudzikamisa ivhu organic matter.
- Rhizobia: Mabhakitiriya aya anoumba hukama hwesymbiotic nema legumes, kugadzirisa nitrogen kubva kumhepo uye kuita kuti iwanikwe kune chirimwa. Kuita uku kunobatsira zvakare kuwedzera huwandu hwecarbon inochengetwa muvhu.
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Fungi idzi dzinoumba hukama hwesymbiotic nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa uye dzinoita basa rakakosha mukutorwa kwekabhoni nekuwedzera huwandu hwekabhoni yakachengetwa muvhu.
- Proteobacteria: Mabhakitiriya aya anoodza tsvina yezvirimwa nezvimwe zvipenyu, achibudisa carbon dioxide. Zvisinei, vanogonawo kuita basa basa mukutora kabhoni kuburikidza nekugadzira mishonga inobatsira kudzikamisa organic matter yevhu.
Microbes uye nitrogen kutenderera
Nitrogen chinhu chakakosha pakukura kwechirimwa, asi chinofanira kunge chiri muchimiro chakakodzera kuti zvirimwa zviishandise. Zvipembenene zvevhu kuita basa rinokosha mukutenderera kwezvikafu. Dzinoodza zvinhu zvipenyu, zvakadai sezvirimwa nemhuka zvakafa, uye dzinobudisa zvokudya zvinokosha muvhu. Zvirimwa zvinokwanisa kutora izvi zvinovaka muviri uye zvinozvishandisa mukukura nekukura kwazvo.
Somuenzaniso, nitrogen-kugadzirisa mabhakitiriya, akadai rhizobium, shandura nitrogen yemuchadenga kuva chimiro icho miti inogona kushandisa, yakadai seammonia kana kuti nitrite. Kuita uku, kunodaidzwa kuti nitrogen fixation, kwakakosha pakukura kwezvirimwa zvakawanda, sezvo nitrogen iri chikamu chakakosha cheprotein uye mamwe ma cellular structures. Kudyidzana kwema microbe ne nitrogen cycle kwakakosha kune ivhu ne ecosystem hutano.
Aya ndiwo mamwe emakemikari akakosha anobatanidzwa mukutenderera kwenitrogen:
- Nitrogen-kugadzirisa mabhakitiriya: Mabhakitiriya aya, akadai Rhizobia y Azotobacter, inogona kushandura nitrogen yemuchadenga kuita chimiro chinogona kushandiswa nezvinomera. Iyi nzira, inodaidzwa kuti nitrogen fixation, yakakosha pakukura kwechirimwa uye hutano hwe ecosystem.
- Ammonia-oxidizing mabhakitiriya: Mabhakitiriya aya, akadai Nitrosomonas y Nitrosococcus, shandura ammonia kuita nitrite, inova chimiro chepakati chenitrogen.
- Nitrite-oxidizing mabhakitiriya: Mabhakitiriya aya, akadai Nitrobacter, shandura nitrite kuita nitrate, inova imwe yepakati yenitrogen.
- Denitrifying bacteria: Mabhakitiriya aya, akadai Pseudomonas y Paracoccus, vanochinja nitrate kuti ive gasi renitrogen, rinobuditswa mumhepo.
Microbes uye kukura kwezvirimwa
Utachiona hwevhu hunoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwezvirimwa. Vanoodza organic matter, kupa zvinovaka muviri, kukurudzira kukura kwemidzi uye kudzivirira kubva kuzvirwere. Mamwe hutachiona uye fungi anobatsira kuputsa mamorekuru akaomarara, akadai seselulosi uye lignin, kuita makomisheni akareruka anogona kushandiswa nezvirimwa. Kuita uku kunonzi kuora, kunodzosera kudya kwakasiyana-siyana muvhu, secarbon, nitrogen, phosphorus nesarufa. Utachiona hwevhu hunoberekawo hwakawanda vitamini nemimwe mishonga inokurudzira kukura uye inotorwa nezvirimwa. Semuenzaniso, mabhakitiriya evhu anobudisa vhitamini B12, iyo inokosha pakukura nekukura kwemiti.
Humwe utachiona hwevhu, hwakadai se mycorrhizal fungi, hunoumba hukama hwesymbiotic nemidzi yezvirimwa. Howa uhu hunobatsira kuvandudza kutorwa kwemvura uye zvinovaka muviri kuburikidza nemidzi yezvirimwa, izvo zvinosimudzira kukura kwavo nekukura. Utachiona hwevhu hunogonawo kubatsira kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvirwere. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya anogadzira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kuuraya kana kutadzisa kukura kwehutachiona hwepathogenic, senge mabhakitiriya uye fungi, izvo zvinokonzeresa zvirwere zvezvirimwa. Kudyidzana pakati pema microbes nezvidyarwa ndicho chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza kurima.
Kutenderera kwekudya uye kukosha kwayo
Kutenderera kwekudya kunobatsira ivhu. Kuwedzera kune nitrogen, utachiona hwevhu hunobatsira kutenderera zvimwe zvinovaka muviri. zvakakosha zvinovaka muviri, zvakadai sephosphorus uye potassium, zvichiita kuti zvivepo pakukura kwemiti. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se nutrient cycling, inobatsira kuchengetedza hutano hwevhu uye kubereka.
Aya ndiwo mamwe emakemikari akakosha anosanganisirwa mukudyara bhasikoro:
- Vanodzora: Utachiona uhwu, hwakadai sefungi nemabhakitiriya, hunoodza zvinhu zvakafa zvobva zvadzoreredza kudya kwahwo muvhu.
- Phosphorus-solubilizing mabhakitiriya: Mabhakitiriya aya, akadai Bacillus y Pseudomonas, inogona kudzoreredza phosphorus kubva kune isinganyungudika, ichiita kuti iwanikwe kune zvinomera uye zvimwe zvipenyu.
- Sulfur-oxidizing mabhakitiriya: Mabhakitiriya aya, akadai Thiobacillus y Beggiatoa, ita basa rakakosha mukutenderera kwesarufa nekuita oxidizing macompounds esarufa, zvichiita kuti sarufa iwanikwe kune zvimwe zvipenyu zviri mu ecosystem.
Kuderedza kusvibiswa kwevhu
Mishonga yevhu inogona kuderedza yako kusvibiswa. Mazhinji maindasitiri maitiro uye zvigadzirwa zvevatengi zvinoburitsa makemikari anokuvadza mumhepo, achisvibisa ivhu. Asi humwe utachiona hwevhu hunogona kuputsa utachiona uhu, huchibatsira kuchenesa ivhu rine utachiona uye kudzivirira nharaunda. Izvo zvakakoshawo kufunga kuti kusvibiswa kunokanganisa sei zvisikwa biogeochemical kutenderera.
Apo tsvina inoora, inobudisa methane, rimwe gasi rinopisa rinopisa simba. Methane igasi rine simba regreenhouse rinobatsira mukudziya kwepasi uye rinogona kukanganisa kuedza kubata kabhoni.
Mamwe ma microbe, kunyanya mamwe marudzi earchaea uye mabhakitiriya, anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemethane. Muenzaniso weizvi methanogenic archaea. Aya hutachiona ndiye anokonzera kugadzirwa kwemethane munzvimbo dzeanaerobic, senge manyoro, mapadhi emupunga, uye nzira yekugaya yezvipfuyo. Ivo vanogadzira methane sechigadzirwa chezviitiko zvavo zvemetabolism, izvo zvinosanganisira kuora kweiyo organic matter. Nekudaro, zvinova zvakakosha kuongorora kuti kusvibiswa kunokanganisa sei kutenderera kwePasi biogeochemical.
Kugadzirwa kwemethane nema microbes aya kunogona kuburitsa huwandu hwakakura hwegasi mumhepo, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye kabhoni sequestration kuedza. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti haasi ese ma microbes anobatanidzwa mukugadzira methane anokuvadza. Mamwe ma microbes, akadai seaya anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwebiogas, anogona kusungirirwa kugadzira simba rinogoneka zvakare achideredza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse.
Microbiome uye hutano hwevhu
Ivhu rine hutano microbiome yakakosha pakuchengetedza hutano hwevhu uye kusimudzira kurima kwakasimba. Utachiona hunoita basa rakakosha muhutano hweivhu microbiome munzira dzinoverengeka:
- Kuora: Utachiona, hwakadai sefungi uye mabhakitiriya, hunoodza zvinhu zvakafa uye zvinodzoreredza kudya kwahwo muvhu, zvichitsigira kukura kwezvinomera nezvimwe zvipenyu.
- Nutrient cycle: Utachiona hunoita basa guru mukutenderera kwezvinhu zvakakosha, zvakadai sekabhoni, nitrogen, phosphorus, uye sarufa, kuburikidza nenharaunda. Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kuenzana kwekudya kuri muvhu uye kunoita kuti zviwanikwe kune zvirimwa nezvimwe zvipenyu.
- Chimiro chevhu: Utachiona, hwakaita se mycorrhizal fungi, hunogona kubatsira kuvandudza chimiro chevhu nekugadzira mambure ehyphae anosunga zvidimbu zvevhu pamwechete. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kunatsiridza kuchengetwa kwemvura, kuderedza kukukurwa uye kuwedzera hutano hwevhu hwese.
- Kudzivirira chirwere: Utachiona hunogona kubatsira kudzvanyirira zvirwere zvezvirimwa nekukwikwidzana nehutachiona hwezviwanikwa, kugadzira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, nekusimudzira kukura kwemidzi ine hutano.
- Kudzora zvipembenene: Utachiona hunogona kuita basa rokudzora tupukanana nokubudisa muchetura une chepfu kuzvipembenene nezvimwe tupukanana uye nokusimudzira kukura kwemiti isingaurayiwi nezvipembenene.
Ivhu biological kuyedzwa kwakakosha kuti unzwisise hutano hwevhu uye basa reiyo microbiome mukugadzira zvirimwa. Biome Makers inopa ongororo yevhu yebiological inonzi BeCrop Test. Muedzo weBeCrop unoshanda kuvarimi nekuti ongororo yevhu yebhayoloji iyi inoratidza nzira dzakavharika dzekudya, kusiyana kwehutachiona, hukama pakati pefungi nebhakitiriya, kuona njodzi yechirwere, uye kugadzirwa kwehomoni uye kugadzirisa kusagadzikana. Ne data iyi, varimi vanogona kunyorera mafetireza kana zvipenyu kunyatsoongorora matambudziko chaiwo, kuchengetedza nguva nemari uye kuwedzera goho nemhando.
Microbes uye zvirwere
Kutapurirana uye kupararira kwemapathogenic microorganisms, mwero wavo wekudzokorora uye kurarama munharaunda, kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nekunaya kwemvura, hunyoro hunoenderana, tembiricha, salinity, uye mhepo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kukanganisawo kubuda nekupararira kwe zvirwere zvinotapukira zvose munzvimbo dzemugungwa nedzepasi. Inogonawo kukanganisa hutano hweecosystems, chikamu chinofanirwa kutariswa, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu e zvinokonzerwa nekudziya kwepasi pahutano.
Semuenzaniso, kune hukama pakati pekukwira kwekushisa kwepamusoro pegungwa uye zvirwere zvekoral: kudziya kwemakungwa kunogona kushandura coral microbiota, zvichikonzera kubuda kwezvimwe zvirwere. Ocean acidification inogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kwematishu muhove, kunetesa immune system yavo uye kukurudzira kupinda kwehutachiona hwepathogenic. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika kune amphibians apo tembiricha inokwira. Pamwero wepasi, zvirwere zvakawanda zvezvirimwa nezvirimwa zvinonzwa nekushanduka kwetembiricha uye zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze.
Kuwedzera kurwisa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pakati pemamwe utachiona hwevanhu kwave kwakabatana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvave zvichinzi kuwedzera kwekushisa kunogona kufarira kuchinjika kuchinjika kwemajini ekupikisa uye kuwedzera kwekukura kwepathogen. Zvirwere zvinotapurirwa nevector, zvakadai seumhutu nezvikwekwe, zvinoparadzirwa kuburikidza nezvokudya, mhepo, kana mvura zvinogona kunyanya kukanganiswa nemigumisiro yemamiriro ekunze.
Innovations mune microbial biotechnology
Microbial biotechnology inogona kupa zvigadziriso zvekuvandudza kwakasimba. Tsvagiridzo iri kuenderera kune genetically manipulate microorganisms kuwedzera kugona kwavo kuderedza N.2O kusvika N2 mumhepo, kuitira kuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi iri; Shandisa iyo rumen microbiota kuderedza CH kugadzirwa4; shandisa microorganisms kugadzira biofuels uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwefossil fuels; kana shanduko ichangoburwa yebhakitiriya kuti idye CO2.
Hapana mubvunzo kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inogona kukanganisa chiyero icho hutachiona hunoshandura nitrogen uye mamwe biogeochemical kutenderera. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise mabatiro anoita ma microorganisms pane ecosystem uye kuti izvi, zvakare, zvinokanganiswa sei nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kwemakore, tsvakiridzo yakaratidza kuti ma microorganisms aya akakosha kwete chete kune hutano hwevhu uye kurima, asiwo kune hutano hwepasi rose hwepasi, ichishanda sezvinodzora mamiriro ekunze uye kushanda semasefa echisikigo emagasi egreenhouse.
