Kilimanjaro inopa kunakidzwa kwepasirese kunoenda kure kupfuura silhouette yayo inopesana neAfrica savannah. Iri gomo, rinozivikanwa pasi rese sedenga reAfrica, rakaona ngano, epic adventures yevaongorori, uye inotyisa shanduko yechisikigo pamusoro pemamiriyoni emakore. Haisi chete iyo yepamusoro-soro pakondinendi, asiwo rabhoritari ye geological, mamiriro ekunze uye tsika. Nhasi, tichaongorora zvakavanzika zveKirimanjaro zvakadzama, zvichifukidza kwayakabva, kushanduka kwayo, zvinonyatsozivikanwa neiyo geology, kukosha kwayo kune vanhu vakaipoteredza, kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, uye basa raanoita sechisikigo uye chiziviso chiratidzo.
Kana iwe wakambonzwa kudanwa kwemakomo kana kushamisika kuti kuputika kwemakomo kwehukuru hwakadaro kungabuda sei kubva mubani reAfrica, rwendo urwu ruchakutora iwe kuti uwane chaicho chaicho cheKirimanjaro: kubva kumawere echando kusvika kune nyaya dzeavo vakagara mumumvuri wayo, kusanganisira nzira dzayo dzekukwira uye matambudziko aanotarisana nawo mukutarisana nekushanduka kwenyika.
Yakasarudzika Geography: Nzvimbo uye Saizi yeKilimanjaro
Gomo reKirimanjaro rinomira roga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweTanzania, pedyo nemuganhu weKenya, rinotonga nzvimbo yesavannah uye richiva nzvimbo inooneka kwemazana emamaira kumativi ose. Igomo riri roga, iro rinowedzera kuwedzera mufananidzo waro wakakura, richisvika pakukwirira kwemamita 5.891,8 zvichienderana neGPS yemazuva ano uye zviyero zvegiravhiti. Mune mamwe mazwi, ndiyo gomo repamusoro-soro rakasununguka rakasununguka panyika, ine mutsauko wekukwirira kusvika kumamita 5.200 kubva pachigadziko chayo kusvika kumusoro.
Iyo Kilimanjaro massif inotora nzvimbo inosvika 388.500 mahekita, inotambanukira pakati pemakiromita makumi manomwe paakisi yayo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero-kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye anenge makiromita makumi mashanu kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Ingori madhigirii matatu kumaodzanyemba kweequator, ndiro gomo reequatorial rinonyanya kuzivikanwa pasirese uye rinoratidzika rakanyatsojeka kutarisana neAfrica.
Mukutonga, Kilimanjaro ndeyedunhu rezita rimwe chete muTanzania. uye inosanganisira matunhu eHai, Moshi Rural neRombo. Gomo rose uye mazhinji emasango aro anodzivirirwa mukati meiyo, iyo yakabata zita reWorld Heritage Site neUNESCO kubvira 1989.
Maguta ari padyo anosanganisira Moshi, nzvimbo huru yekutanga yevafambi vanoda kukwira gomo. Chingori makiromita makumi mashanu kubva paKirimanjaro International Airport, inobatanidza dunhu neAfrica yose nepasirese, ichipa mukana uri nyore kune imwe yenzvimbo dzinoyevedza dzekondinendi.
The etymology uye mazita eKilimanjaro
Zita rekuti "Kilimanjaro" rave nyaya yekuongorora, fungidziro, uye ngano. kwemazana emakore. Inoshandiswa muchiSpanish nechiRungu, kunyangwe muchiFrench ichinzi Castilianized se "Kilimandjaro." Zvisinei, madzinza emunharaunda akapa hofori mamwe mazita erunako rukuru: mumutauro weMaa, ndizvo Ol Doinyo Oibor, zvinoreva kuti "gomo jena", asi muchiSwahili, musanganiswa Kilima Njaro inogona kureva pfungwa ye "chikomo chinopenya." Dzimwe dzidziso dzinobatanidza izwi rekuti "njaro" nemadhimoni echando, zvichiratidza ruremekedzo uye chakavanzika chakafemerwa negomo kubva kare.
Kuvatsvakurudzi vomuzana remakore rechi19 vakadai saLudwig Krapf, Hans Meyer, naGustav Adolf Fischer, gomo iri rakanga rakafanana nerokuti “gomo rekubwinya” kana kuti “gomo rinopenya”. Chero kwakabva zita iri, mukati meAfrica.
Geology uye kuumbwa: kuberekwa kwegomo rinoputika colossus
Kilimanjaro ndiyo yekutanga uye yakanyanya kuputika kwemakomo, inoumbwa nenhongonya nhatu huru: Shira, Mawenzi neKibo. Imwe neimwe yadzo inomiririra danho rakasiyana mukushanduka kwe massif, uye pamwe chete vanoratidza kuoma kweiyo geological maitiro akaumba iri gomo rakasiyana.
Iyo Great Rift Valley: iyo yakadzika mavambo
Nhoroondo ye geological yeKirimanjaro yakabatana zvisingaite nekuumbwa kweGreat Rift Valley., gigantic tectonic fracture inofamba neEast Africa kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba uye yakatanga kuvhurika panguva yeMiocene, anenge 25-30 miriyoni makore apfuura. Kuita uku kwakatungamira kukupatsanurwa kunoenderera mberi kwemahwendefa eSomalia neAfrica, achigadzira kukanganisa, kuputika kwemakomo, uye chimiro chenzvimbo yedunhu.
Kuunganidzwa kwe magma pasi pemukoko kwakagadzira mamiriro akakwana ekuzvarwa kwemakomo makuru anoputika. Mudunhu reTanzania, zvese zviri zviviri Kilimanjaro neMount Meru zvakabuda, zvese zvine chekuita nekuita kwegraben inotevera kumadokero-kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero/kumabvazuva-kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Kuburitswa kwemavhoriyamu akakura emabota Kwemamiriyoni emakore yakaungana muzvikamu, ichiita stratovolcanic edifice yeKilimanjaro.
The genesis uye kukura Kilimanjaro, kufanana neakawanda stratovolcanoes, zvakaitika mumatanho akati wandei:
- shira Yakanga iri yekutanga kuumbwa, makore angangoita 2,5 kusvika 2 miriyoni apfuura. Rakanga riri gomba guru rinoputika, asi riine bota rine mvura shoma, iro rakagadzira hwaro hwakafara uye materu akapfava. Kuputsika kwegomba rayo kwakakonzera Shira Plateau iripo.
- Mawenzi, yechipiri muzera, yakabuda pakati pemamiriyoni 1,1 ne0,7 emakore apfuura kumabvazuva kweguru. Basa rayo rakanga risinganyanyi kuputika, asi rakasiya ruyamuro rwakakomba uye rwakaparara, rune tsono nemichinjiro izvo zvichiri kunetsa vanokwira nanhasi.
- Kibo, gotwe nokurebesa, akatanga kuumbwa anenge makore 500.000 360.000 apfuura uye akanga ari wokupedzisira kusvika pachimiro chayo chazvino. Basa rayo rekuputika kwegomo rakanga riri remazuva ano: kuputika kukuru kwekupedzisira kwakaitika makore anenge XNUMX apfuura, kunyange zvazvo panogona kunge pane basa rakasara gare gare, sezvinopupurirwa ne fumaroles uye zviduku zvekudengenyeka kwenyika zvinogona kuonekwa nhasi.
Kibo ndiyo yega yemakomo matatu ayo achiri kuratidza zviratidzo zvehupenyu hwegomo rinoputika., nekuvapo kwe fumaroles munzvimbo yeReusch crater uye Ash Pit, gomba redota mukati. Kunyange zvazvo pasina kuputika kwakanyorwa munguva dzezvakaitika kare, mukana wekuita basa remangwana haugoni kubviswa zvachose, uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, inoonekwa segomo risingaiti kana kuti rakagara, asi risina kuparara zvachose.
Glaciers, kukukurwa kwevhu uye kuenzanisa kwemamiriro ekunze
Gomo reKilimanjaro rakakurumbira nokuda kwayo glaciers uye perpetual ice caps, izvo zvave kuderera zvinotyisa kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi12 nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi uye kuparadzwa kwemakomo. Paiva nenguva apo mazaya echando aifukidza anopfuura makiromita XNUMX; Nhasi, makiromita mashoma masikweya echando akapararira asara panhongonya yeKibo.
Kukurwa kwevhu kwave kuri chimwe chinhu chakakosha mukuumba mamiriro. Makore angangoita 100.000 apfuura, kuondomoka kwevhu kwakakura kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweKibo Crater kwakagadzira Barranco Valley. Mazaya echando akasiya moraines, mipata yakaita U, uye zvindori zvakadzika kuchiso chekumadokero, zvapupu zvekufambira mberi uye kudzoka kweaizi pamusoro pemireniyamu.
Chimiro chemukati uye volcanic morphology
Kilimanjaro, kufanana nemamwe makuru stratovolcanoes, ane Chimiro chemitsetse yealternating solidified lava uye madota anoputika. Kusviba kwepamusoro kwemabota akadzimwa kubva kuMawenzi neKibo craters kwakakonzera materu akanyanya, dzimwe nguva ari pakati pe30% ne40%, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Pakati peKibo pane zvinoyevedza Reusch crater, inenge 900 mamita muhupamhi, iyo inovhara gomba reAsh, iro richiri kushanda. Iye Uhuru Peak —»rusununguko» muchiSwahili—ndicho nzvimbo yakakwirira uye iri kumaodzanyemba kwegomba rekunze.
Satellite cones uye mamiriro akasiyana
Chivako chikuru cheKirimanjaro chinoperekedzwa nemamwe anopfuura zana, mazhinji acho akarongwa akatenderedza kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero-kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Makoni aya umbowo hwekuputika kweparutivi uye anowedzera zvakasiyana-siyana pakuyamura kwegomo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaderera uye mujinga meShira.
Iyo Shira Plateau, iyo Barranco Depression, uye bani rinozivikanwa seThe Saddle, riri pakati peMawenzi neKibo, ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvemamiriro ekunze, zvichibva mukubatanidzwa kwekuputika kwemakomo nekukoromorwa kwevhu.
Mamiriro ekunze eKilimanjaro: kubva kunzvimbo dzinopisa kusvika kumakomo marefu
Mamiriro ekunze eKilimanjaro akasiyana-siyana semaumbirwo ayo.. Iyo massif inoyambuka akati wandei emamiriro ekunze munzvimbo isingasviki 100 makiromita, kubva kunzvimbo dzakadzika dzinodziya kuenda kuchando chepamusoro chepamusoro.
Mwaka miviri yekunaya kwemvura inotungamira: imwe yakareba, kubva munaKurume kusvika Chikumi, uye mupfupi kubva munaNovember kusvika Zvita. Iyo altitudinal gradient inoratidzwa muhuwandu hwekunaya kwemvura: kubva kune anenge 500 millimeters pagore mu savanna kusvika kune anopfuura 3.000 millimeters kumaodzanyemba masango bhandi, anenge 2.100 mamita.
Sezvaunokwira, humidity inoderera zvinoshamisa: pamusoro pe4.000 mamita, chete 50 millimeters emvura inonaya gore negore, uye pamusangano, isingasviki 25 millimeters. Kunaya kwemvura kwakakosha pakuumba nzizi nezvitubu, izvo kuyerera kwacho kwakakosha munharaunda nekurima kwedunhu.
Kutenderera kwemvura uye kukosha kwayo
Kilimanjaro ndiyo yechokwadi hydrographic moyo yekuchamhembe kweTanzania uye kumaodzanyemba kweKenya.. 96% yemvura inoyerera mumipata inotangira mubhandi remusango. Madiridziro echinyakare, akavakirwa pamugero wemvura kubva muzvitubu nemasango, anobvumira vaChagga—vanhu vomunzvimbo iyi zvikuru—kurima kofi, mabhanana, uye zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvokushandisa nemari zvokurarama nazvo.
Biodiversity uye ecosystems yeKilimanjaro
Kusiyana kwehupenyu hweKirimanjaro kunoshamisa zvechokwadi. Nzvimbo dzakatenuka nemasango emusango munogara marudzi anopfuura 2.500 XNUMX ezvinomera., pamwe nemhando huru dzemhuka, idzo dzinowana nzvimbo dzekugara dzakakwana dzekusimudzira kwadzo mumazinga akasiyana eecology.
Kubva kusango rinopisa kusvika kumakomo marefu
Akasiyana anosiyaniswa paunokwira:
- Mapani uye pasi savannas (800-1.600 m), inotungamirirwa nezvinomera zvinomera, baobabs, acacias nemimwe miti yakagadziridzwa kusanaya kwemvura.
- Sango rakasvibira uye sango remakore (1.600-2.700 m), rakapfuma mumhando dzemarudzi, ferns uye epiphytes. Pano, kusiyana-siyana kunosvika pamusoro pemarudzi anopfuura 750 emiti pamawere ekumaodzanyemba.
- Iyo heaths uye maquis (2.800-4.000 m), inotongwa nemiti-yakafanana heather uye zvinomera zvinopikisa kutonhora nemoto.
- Iyo Afroalpine zone (), ine spartan zvinomera, uko Lobelia deckenii and the Dendrosenecio Kilimanjari, mifananidzo yebhotani yemugomo.
- Pamusoro pe5.000 metres, kune hunenge husina hupenyu kunze kwehumwe lichens uye extremophile organisms.
Kilimanjaro Fauna
Kana dziri mhuka, murwi utiziro marudzi anopfuura 140 emhuka dzinoyamwisa, kusanganisira mhuka dzemhembwe (dzakadai sedzisingawanikwe uye dziri panjodzi yeAbbott's duiker), makudo, colobus, shumba dzemumvura nemamwe marudzi madiki akawanda. Mhuka dzinodya nyama dzakadai sembada nemongoose dzinopota dzichipinda mumasango, nepo mhuka huru dzinoyamwisa—nzou, nyati, uye shumba—dzinotenderera munzvimbo dzakaderera nemikoto inobatanidza paki yacho nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzakadai seAmboseli yokuKenya.
Shiri ndeimwe yenhaka yedu huru yechisikigo, ine zvipenyu zvakaita seKirimanjaro sunbird, turacos, hornbills, uye shiri dzepamusoro-soro dzemakomo. Kuwanda kwezvipembenene nezvinotakura mukume kunopedzisa kuumbwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu.
Kilimanjaro nevanhu vayo: nhoroondo uye tsika dzeChagga neMaasai
Nharaunda yeKirimanjaro yakagarwa kwezviuru zvemakore nevanhu vakagadzira tsika dzekurima, zvipfuyo uye zvekutengesa mukuwirirana kwakasimba negomo.. VaChagga, varipo kumawere ekumaodzanyemba nekumabvazuva, vakatora mukana wekubereka uye zviwanikwa zvemvura zve massif kutanga masisitimu ekurima akanyanya kuenderana nemusanganiswa wemabhanana, kofi, mayam, taro uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, chibage.
Sangano rayo rezvemagariro rinotenderera madzinza nemadzishe izvo, munhoroondo yese, zvakabva mukuzvitonga kwenzvimbo kusvika pakubuda kwevakuru uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika munguva dzekoloni uye dzepashure pekoloni. Nyika yacho yakakamurwa kuva minda inonzi kihamba, inopfuudzwa kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana pasi pemitemo yakakomba yenhaka, uye mhuri imwe neimwe inotarisira nokungwarira migero yokudiridza, minda yekofi, uye minda yemichero.
Kuvepo kwehukoloni hweGermany neBritish gare gare, pamwe chete nebasa revafundisi veKatorike nePurotesitendi, zvakachinja zvakanyanya huwandu hwevanhu vedunhu, chimiro chemagariro, uye hupfumi, zvichikurudzira chikoro uye kurima kofi kwakakura. Kusununguka kweTanganyika muna 1961 uye kubatanidzwa kwakatevera muTanzania kwakaratidza chikamu chitsva, Kilimanjaro ichiva chiratidzo cherusununguko uye injini yehupfumi yedunhu.
The Chagga worldview netsika
Zvitendero zvemadzitateguru zvine chokuita neKirimanjaro zvichiripo: gomo imusha wemidzimu, tsime resimba, uye chinhu chetsika dzine chokuita nokubereka, kunaya, uye upenyu. Nhema dzemunharaunda, ngano pamusoro pemadhimoni anotonhora uye chiono che ruwa (mwari mukuru) chikamu chisingaparadzanisiki chetsika yetsika.
Uyezve, mutauro weKichagga, nemitauro yawo yakawanda, unoratidza nhoroondo yakaoma yekutama, mibatanidzwa, uye kusangana kwakaitika mumakomo.
Dziviriro, kutyisidzira uye kutungamira kwakasimba kweKilimanjaro
Kuchengetedzwa kweKirimanjaro idambudziko guru, sezvo iri pasi pekumanikidzwa kwekukura kwevanhu, kurima kwakawanda, kushandiswa kwemvura zvakanyanya, uye mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kudzoreredzwa kwemakomo echando. Kubva pakasikwa nzvimbo yekutanga muna 1910, kuburikidza nekuziviswa kwayo sepaki yenyika muna 1973, uye nzvimbo yayo yeWorld Heritage muna 1989, kuedza kuchengetedza makomo ari kuwedzera.
Nhasi, paki yenyika inotenderedza nzvimbo yese iri pamusoro pe1.830 metres uye inochengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, kutenderera kwemvura, uye mamiriro. Zvirongwa zvekusimazve masango, kutonga kwemasango kunodyidzana, uye kubatana nenharaunda dzenharaunda zvinoumba hwaro hwehurongwa hwekuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kilimanjaro mumubatanidzwa wekufungidzira uye hunyanzvi
Chimiro cheKirimanjaro chakafuridzira vaongorori, vanyori, vaimbi nevagadziri vemafirimu kubva pasirese.. Kubva munhoroondo dzevaEurope vokutanga vakashamiswa nechando chisingaperi paequator, kusvika kunzendo dzakakurumbira dzaJohannes Rebmann, Hans Meyer, naLudwig Purtscheller, gomo racho rakatora nzvimbo yakatanhamara mumabhuku ekufambisa.
Ngano ye "snows of Kilimanjaro" yakafarirwa nenyaya yaErnest Hemingway uye yakasimudzwa mumanovhero, nziyo, uye mabasa eunyanzvi. Mufananidzo wegomo unoonekwa pazvitambi, mari, marogo emakambani eTanzania neKenya, pamwe nepamakadhidhi asingaverengeki uye zvigadzirwa zvevashanyi, zvichisimbisa basa rayo sechiratidzo chenyika uye chekondinendi.
Kufamba, kukwira makomo uye nzira dzekukwira
Kilimanjaro ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekushanya muAfrica, ine zvinopfuura 20.000 kukwidziridzwa pagore. Kune akati wandei nzira dzepamutemo dzekusvika kumusangano, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo, matambudziko, uye runako rwekutaridzika. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi:
- Rongai (kuchamhembe): iyo isinganyanyi kufamba uye yakaoma, inokosheswa zvakanyanya mumwaka wekunaya.
- Marangu (maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva): inonyanya kufarirwa uye "inogadzikana", ine pekugara munzira uye inonyanya kushandiswa nevanotanga.
- Machame (maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero): inoonekwa seyakanyanya kushamisa kune dzakasiyana siyana dzenzvimbo uye kuoma kwayo kuri pakati nepakati.
- Lemosho naShira (Madokero): nzira dzakareba uye dzisina vanhu vakawanda, dzakanakira kujairana.
- Umbwe naMweka: nzira dzakatenuka dzakachengeterwa vanokwira makomo vane ruzivo.
Kukwira kunowanzotora mazuva matanhatu kusvika gumi, zvichienderana negwara uye mafambiro, uye zvinoda kusimba kwemuviri kudzivirira kurwara kwekumusoro. 6% chete yekuyedza inobudirira mukukwidza Uhuru Peak. Mitemo inoda madhairekitori akatenderwa uye, kazhinji, vatakuri nevabiki.
Rekodhi yekumhanya inobatwa naSpaniard Kilian Jornet, uyo akakwira kubva pachigadziko kuenda kumusangano mumaawa anodarika mashanu, zvichiratidza kuti Kilimanjaro idanho rebudiriro huru dzemitambo.
Nzvimbo dzekugara, misasa uye kuchengetedzwa kwemakomo
Huts nemisasa zvakamiswa munzira dzakasiyana, dzakasiyana mukunyaradza uye masevhisi. PaMarangu Route, dzimba dzekugara dzine mibhedha nemagetsi, nepo makamba ekutanga achiwanda munzira dzisingafambirwi. Kurara kunze kwenzvimbo dzakatenderwa kunorambidzwa nekuda kwekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza zvikonzero.
Tarisiro yezvokurapa uye rubatsiro zvinovimbiswa murwendo rwose, kunyange zvazvo njodzi yetsaona iripo, uye kugadzirira kwakakodzera kunokosha.
Dambudziko remazaya echando uye ramangwana reKilimanjaro
Chimwe chezviratidzo zvinonyanya kukosha zveKirimanjaro, mazaya echando, ari munjodzi huru yekunyangarika munguva pfupi.. Kubva muna 1912, nzvimbo yaro yechando yakaderera neanopfuura 80%, uye fungidziro yakanyanyisa inoratidza kuti inogona kupera pamberi pe 2050. Kurasikirwa uku kunokonzerwa nekupisa kwepasi rose uye kuderedzwa kwehunyoro hunokonzerwa nekuparadzwa kwemasango pamatope ezasi.
Kurasika kwemazaya echando kuchakanganisa zvikuru nzvimbo, kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, uye kuwanikwa kwemvura kumamiriyoni evanhu vanovimba nawo. Zvisinei, basa rokudzora sango rinoramba riri chinhu chikuru pakufamba kwemvura, uye kuchengetedzwa kwaro kuchaderedza zvishoma kukanganiswa kwokuderera kwaro.
Mazano Ekufamba: Nguva Yakanakisa uye Mafungiro
Nguva yakanaka yekushanyira nekukwira Kilimanjaro inguva yemwaka yakaoma: kubva munaChikunguru kusvika Gumiguru uye kubva munaNdira kusvika Kukadzi. Munguva idzi, mamiriro ekunze anowedzera kunaka, nedenga rakajeka uye njodzi shoma yekunaya kwemvura kana mhute.
Acclimatization kune yakakwirira yakakosha kudzivirira kurwara kwepamusoro. Kugadzirira kwakanaka kwemuviri, kushivirira panguva yekukwira, uye hydration yakakwana inowedzera mikana yekusvika kumusangano.
Kuremekedza makomo, kutarisira zvakatipoteredza, uye kukoshesa tsika dzomunzvimbomo kunopfumisa ruzivo rwacho uye kunobetsera kuchengetedzwa kwemakomo. Kukwira Kilimanjaro kunosanganisira kuyambuka mamirioni emakore enhoroondo ye geological uye kunzwisisa kuoma kwemamiriro ekunze ekupisa, kubatanidza zvisikwa uye tsika munzvimbo yakasarudzika.