La ozone rukoko Inopfuura izwi ratinoziva munhau musi waGunyana 16 wega wega, International Day for Preservation of Earth. Iyi nhovo isingaonekwe iri kumusoro mumhepo inoita basa rakakosha kune hupenyu hwePasi, se mafirita uye kuderedza ultraviolet mwaranzi (UV-B) iyo inobva kuZuva. Pasina ichi chipingamupinyi chechisikigo, vanhu, mhuka dzesango uye ecosystems zvingave zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kumatambudziko ehutano uye kusaenzana kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kunyange zvazvo kushata kwayo kwakanga kuri chikonzero chokuitira hanya kukuru kwemakumi amakore, zvikurukuru nokuda kwe“gomba reozone” rine mukurumbira pamusoro peAntarctica, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya mashoko akanaka ave achiwanda. Thanks to kuedza kwepasi rose uye zvirongwa zvesainzi, zviratidzo zvokunaya zvishoma nezvishoma zviri kuonekwa. Asi ozone layer yakashanduka sei chaizvo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi? Zvinetso zvipi zvachiri kutarisana nazvo? Ngationei kuti ichi chipingamupinyi chinodzivirira chinosiyana sei pasi rose uye kuti ramangwana rakamira sei.
Chii chinonzi ozone layer uye nei ichikosha?
La ozone rukoko Iyo inzvimbo ye stratosphere, iri pakati pe15 ne40 makiromita pamusoro pegungwa, uko kuzara kweozone (gasi rinoumbwa nemaatomu matatu eokisijeni - O.3) zvakanyanya kukwirira. Kunyangwe gasi iri rinomiririra chete nezve 2-8 zvikamu pamiriyoni Munharaunda iyoyo yechadenga, basa rayo rinokosha nokuda kwoupenyu sezvatinohuziva.
Ozone inoumbwa nekuda kwe photochemical reaction inokonzerwa ne solar ultraviolet mwaranziChaizvoizvo, mafotoni echiedza anotsemura mamorekuru eokisijeni (O2) ichigadzira maatomu emahara, ayo anobva asangana nemamwe mamorekuru eokisijeni kugadzira ozone (O3) Kutenderera uku, kunozivikanwa se "Chapman cycle," inochengetedza imwe chiyero che ozone mu stratosphere.
Chikonzero chakakosha ndechekuti inotora iyo yakanyanya kukuvadza wavelengths ye ultraviolet mwaranzi, zvichibvumira chete izvo zvinodiwa kuti biological process senge photosynthesis isvike kumusoro. Pasina ozone layer, kuwedzera kwemwaranzi yeUV kwaizogadzira Kenza yeganda, cataracts, kupera simba kwesimba rekudzivirira muviri uye kuchinja kukuru kwezvipenyu nezvirimwa.
Nzira yekuparadzwa kwe ozone: zvikonzero nemigumisiro
Kuenzana kwechisikigo kwe ozone layer kunogona kuputswa zviri nyore nekuvapo kwevamwe makemikari ekugadzira, kunyanya chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, methyl bromide uye mamwe chlorinated kana brominated compounds.Yakapinzwa mumhepo nemabasa evanhu muzana remakore rapfuura, mishonga iyi ine ngozi zvikuru nokuti inogona kuramba isina kuchinja kwemakore kusvikira yasvika kune stratosphere, apo mwaranzi yezuva inoaputsa uye inoabudisa. chlorine uye maatomu ebromine.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neaya Antarctic yechandoPakupisa kuri pasi -78 ° C, "polar stratospheric clouds" fomu. Mukati mawo, maCFC nemamwe makomboni ane halogenated anoburitsa inoshanda sechlorine nemaatomu ebromine, anoita sezvikara zve ozone zvechokwadi: atomu imwe chete yechlorine inogona kuparadza kusvika ku100.000 ozone mamorekuru. Kana mwaranzi yekutanga yechirimo ichisvika, maitiro anowedzera, uye inozivikanwa "polar stratospheric cloud" inoitika. Antarctic ozone gomba.
Kuparadza uku hakusi kungotyisidzira hutano hwevanhu chete, asi Zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya zvirimwa, zvipenyu zvemumvura uye zvepasi, uye zvingatokanganisa cheni dzezvokudya izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Yakawanda ye ozone iri mu stratosphere, asi kune inenge 10% mu troposphere, uko, panzvimbo yekudzivirira, ine ngozi kune hutano uye chikamu chedambudziko re photochemical smogKuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti kuparadzwa uku kunoitika sei uye matanho api akatorwa, tinokukoka iwe kuti uongorore chinyorwa pamusoro pekuparadzwa kwe ozone layer.
Kuenzanisa kwe ozone layer munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi
ari kusiyana kwematunhu Kudzikira kweozone layer imhaka yezvakawanda zvinhu: tembiricha, simba remuchadenga, latitude, kuita kwezuva, uye kuwanda kwemagasi ane hukasha. Kuongorora misiyano yedunhu iyi kunotibatsira kunzwisisa ukuru uye kuoma kwedambudziko rinounzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwayo nekupora.
- Antarctica: Ndiyo inonyanya kuoneka uye inotyisa nzvimbo. Chitubu chega chega chekumaodzanyemba (kubva Nyamavhuvhu kusvika Gumiguru), "gomba reozone" rinovhura, richisvika pakureba kwayo pakati paGunyana nekutanga Gumiguru. Muna 2024, saizi yeavhareji yaive mamirioni makumi maviri emakiromita, ingangoita katatu saizi yeUnited States, kunyangwe yaive imwe yediki kubvira 20 zvichitevera kupora zvishoma nezvishoma kwaitungamirwa neMontreal Protocol.
- Arctic: Kunyange zvazvo zvisingashamisi sezvakaita muSouthern Hemisphere, kune zvikamu zvekupera kweozone zvine chokuita nechando chechando uye mamwe mamiriro emhepo. Mamwe makore, akadai sa2020, akaona rekodhi yakaderera, kunyangwe iyo "gomba" yeArctic isingarambe ichienderera uye yakakura.
- Mid-latitudes nenzvimbo dzinopisa: Pano, ozone inowanzove yakagadzikana uye yakawanda, asi kuderera kwakaonekwawo, kunyanya pamusoro pemaguta makuru nekuda kwekusvibiswa uye kutakurwa kwezvinhu kubva kune polar latitudes.
Kazhinji, iyo Polar regions ndidzo dzinonyanya kutambudzika kusvika pakuderera uye pakati pe-latitudes inoratidza kukurumidza kupora, nekufungidzira kwekudzokera kune pre-industrial mazinga ne2030s muNorthern Hemisphere.
Iyo ozone hole: nhoroondo yekushanduka uye chimiro chazvino
La Kunetseka kwepasi rose nezvegomba reozone kwakatanga muma80, apo masayendisiti eBritain akayera kudonha kunoshamisa kweozone pamusoro peAntarctica. Mufananidzo we "gomba" wakava chiratidzo, zvichikurudzira chiito chepasi rose.
Muna 2000, kukura kwegomba kwakasvika kurekodhi, kusvika kunosvika 29 mamiriyoni emakiromita emakiromita. Kubva ipapo, kupora kunononoka asi kwakatsiga kwakaonekwa. Sekureva kweNASA neNOAA, muna 2024 gomba raive diki pane avhareji yemakore makumi maviri, pachinzvimbo chechinomwe pakati pemadiki kubvira 20.
Kuvandudzwa uku kunokonzerwa ne kudzikiswa kunofambira mberi kwemaCFC nemamwe makemikari ane hutsinye, akataurwa neMontreal Protocol.. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvicharamba zvichitora makumi emakore kudzokera kune pre-1980 values: gomba rinotarisirwa kunyangarika zvachose pamusoro peAntarctica ne2060-2066, uye kare (2030-2050) mune mamwe matunhu.
Basa rinokosha reMontreal Protocol uye kubatana kwenyika
El Montreal Protocol Yakasainwa muna 1987 uye yaive yekutanga chibvumirano chepasi rose chezvakatipoteredza kuwana kubvumidzwa kwepasirese. Chinangwa chayo chaiva Bvisa kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye kubuda kwezvinhu zvinopedza ozone, zvakadai seCFCs, halons, HCFCs uye methyl bromide.
Kubudirira kweProtocol kuri muchokwadi chekuti yaive yakavakirwa pa umboo hwakasimba hwesainzi uye nenzira ye kubatira pamwe nekuramba uchiongorora pakati penyika nemasayendisiti. Haina kungobatanidza kutsiva kunofambira mberi kwezvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese, asiwo yakasimudzira hunyanzvi uye kuvandudzwa kwemamwe matekinoroji.
Muna 2019, the Kigali amendment, iyo yakawedzera kuzvipira kwayo mukuderedza mahydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Kunyange zvazvo asingaparadzi zvakananga ozone, magasi aya ane simba guru regreenhouse effect uye anogona kuita kuti mamiriro ekunze achinje.
Zvinopfuura 99% yezvinhu zvakavharwa neProtocol zvakabviswa, kunyangwe zvimwe zvichiripo. Zvinetso mukudzora kuburitswa zvisiri pamutemo kana kudzorwa kwemakomboni matsva asina kutaurwa muchibvumirano chekutanga.
Kukanganisa hutano, kurima uye ecosystems
Una kushaya simba ozone layer inobvumira kupinda kukuru kweUV-B mwaranzi, iyo inoshandura kuva mhedzisiro yakakomba.
- Hutano hwevanhu: Kuchengetedza ozone kwakakosha mukuderedza nyaya dze kenza yeganda, ziso uye kukuvara kwemaziso, uye kushaya simba kwekudzivirira muviriDzimwe ongororo dzinofungidzira kuti Montreal Protocol yakadzivirira mamiriyoni maviri egomarara reganda pagore uye kuti panosvika 2030 pachange pave nechirwere chegomarara reganda. 14% zvishoma chiitiko zvichienzaniswa nemamiriro ezvinhu pasina matanho.
- Kurima: Zvirimwa zvinonzwa nemwaranzi yeultraviolet zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya, zvichikanganisa goho rekurima uye kuchengetedza chikafu.
- Ecosystems: Mwaranzi yeUV-B inovhiringa phytoplankton, hwaro hwecheni dzakawanda dzechikafu chemumvura, uye inokuvadza zvipenyu zvepanyika nezvemugungwa.
El kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro kubatsirwa kwekuchengetedza ozone layer Haiverengeki, nekuti inokanganisa zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga zvese zvakakosha masisitimu ePasi.
Ozone yekutarisa uye yekutarisa matekinoroji
El kuongorora ozone layer Inoitwa kuburikidza nenetiweki yepasirese yemasatelliti (akadai seNASA's Aura, NOAA-20 uye NOAA-21, Suomi NPP) uye mabharumu emamiriro ekunze akatangwa kubva kune polar zviteshi, anokwanisa kuyera ozone concentration munguva chaiyo munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Iyo yakajairwa referensi parameter ndeye Dobson unit, iyo inoyera huwandu hweozone muchikamu chakatwasuka chemhepo. Kusati kwapararira kuderera, mazinga eozone pamusoro peAntarctica akatenderera akatenderedza 225 Dobson units. Muna Gumiguru 2024, iyo yakaderera yakarekodhwa nhanho yaive 109 mayunitsi, achiri kure nematanho ekutanga. Kuti udzidze kuti chiyero ichi chiri kubuda sei, tarisa izvi chinyorwa pamusoro pechimiro chemhepo.
Zvakaonekwa zvinoratidza izvozvo maitiro akanaka, asi gadziriro yokudzorera inononoka sezvo maCFC anoramba ari mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi kwamakumi amakore asati aora chose chose.
Zvinetso zvazvino uye zveramangwana zve ozone layer
Kunyange i kupora kunofambira mberi, hazvisi zvose zvinogadziriswa. Vanorambira kutyisidzira kutsva nematambudziko:
- Mamwe makomisheni asina kuvharwa neProtocol, senge nitrous oxide, rambai muchibatsira pakuparara kweozone.
- El kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwemagasi egreenhouse uye kuchinjwa kwekutenderera kwemhepo, inogona kushandura simba re stratosphere uye kukanganisa maitiro emakemikari ane chokuita ne ozone.
- Kuvapo kwe kuregererwa uye kushandiswa kwakabvumirwa yezvinokuvadza zvichiripo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mune mamwe maindasitiri, kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira.
- La kuparadzwa kwakakonzera kwe "ODS mabhanga" (ozone-depleting substances) pamagumo ehupenyu hwemidziyo yemumba uye mafiriji masisitimu.
Kubatana pakati pe ozone nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze
Iyo ozone layer uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvine hukama zvakanyanya kupfuura zvinosangana neziso.Mazhinji emagasi anoparadza ozone mamwe magasi ane simba egreenhouse. Kudzikisa makomisheni aya kuburikidza neMontreal Protocol kwakadzivirira kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekushisa kwepasirese.
Nekudaro, dzimwe nzira, dzakaita seHFCs, dzine yakakwira greenhouse effect, izvo zvakakonzera kumitemo mitsva, yakadai seKigali Amendment.
Pane kunetseka zvakare kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze inogona kukanganisa kudzoreredzwa kweozone layer nekushandura kutenderera kwemuchadenga uye stratospheric chemistry, saka masayendisiti acharamba achitarisa izvi zvinokanganisa.
Zvidzidzo kubva kare: ozone layer sereferensi yemamwe matambudziko epasi rose
La kupora kweiyo ozone layer Muenzaniso unokurudzira wekuti sainzi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye nzanga zvinogona kubatana. Kuvapo kwedambudziko rinosanganisira nhamba shoma yezvinhu uye zvikamu zvakagonesa kusvika pakubvumirana. Zvese izvi zvaigoneka nekuda kwehumbowo hwesainzi, mishandirapamwe yekusimudzira ruzivo, uye kumanikidzwa kwenyika dzese.