Kudzidza kwe magnetic field mumamiriro ezvinhu eSolar System Ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzesainzi iyo, kunyangwe inganzwika sehunyanzvi, ine zvazvinoreva zvakanyanya kuhupenyu, kuongorora muchadenga, uye kunzwisisa mapuraneti ari pedyo. Kana tichifunga nezvePasi, Zuva, uye Venus, tinowanzotarisa pahukuru hwavo kana chinhambwe chavo kubva kuZuva, asi magineti avo anoita mutsauko pakati penyika dzinogarwa, nharaunda dzine hutsinye, uye zvinonakidza cosmic phenomena.
Kana iwe wakambozvibvunza nei Nyika ichikosha (nemakungwa, hupenyu, uye tekinoroji iri kusimukira) sezvo Venus ichipisa sechoto uye Zuva richikanda madutu ezuva pamamiriyoni emamaira paawa, wave kuda kuona kuti magineti iri sei pamwoyo wezvose. Pano tinokuudza, zvakadzama, Mashandisiro anoita magineti ePasi, Zuva, uye Venus, magadzirirwo aanoitwa, uye mabatiro aanoita, kusiyana kwadzo, uye nei ‘chidzitiro chisingaoneki’ ichocho chingava chinhu chikuru pakuvapo kwenyika yedu.
Chii chinonzi planetary magnetic field uye nei ichikosha?
Un mapuraneti magnetic field Inzvimbo yesimba yakagadzwa nekufamba kwezvinhu zvinoitisa mukati memuviri wekudenga, senge musimboti wepasi kana plasma yenyeredzi. Minda iyi inoshanda senhoo, inobvisa zvidimbu zvinochajiwa kubva muchadenga, kunyanya mhepo yezuva. Somuenzaniso, panyika, Iyo magnetic field yakakosha kuchengetedza mhepo, pasi uye hupenyu pachahwo kubva pakubhomba nguva dzose kwemwaranzi uye zvidimbu zvine simba guru kubva kuZuva nenzvimbo yepakati penyeredzi.
Pamusoro pezvo, mapuraneti magineti anobatsira kuona mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo yepasi uye nekugara. Pasina nhovo iyi, mwaranzi inogona kutsvaira nepakati pemhepo uye kushandura pasi rinogarika kuita renje risingagarike, sezvingave zvakaitika paMars neVenus.
Magineti ePasi: nhovo yakakosha
El Magineti epasi Iyo inogona kunge inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye yakanyanya kudzidzwa mune solar system mushure meiyo solar magnetic field pachayo. Inotanga nekuda kwemaitiro anozivikanwa se geodynamo, inosundwa ne kufamba kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa mukati memukati wekunze zveNyika. Kana iyi conductive zvinhu inotenderera nekuda kwekutenderera kwepasi uye kupisa kwemhepo, masaisai anogadzirwa. magetsi emagetsi iyo inozobudisawo simba remagineti.
Iyi magnetic field haina kumira; Iyo yakaoma uye ine simba chimiro, inogara ichichinja, iyo polarity yakatodzoserwa kakawanda munhoroondo yepasi. Magnetic pole reversals Zvinoitika zvisina kujairika uye zvinosiya zvisaririra mumatombo, zvichibvumira masayendisiti kugadzirisa zvakare magineti ePasi.
La Magineti yepasi, dunhu rine simba remagineti rinopfuura simba rezuva, rinotambanudzira makumi ezviuru zvemakiromita kupfuura pamusoro uye rinobvisa mhepo zhinji yezuva. Pasina iyi 'amburera' yemagineti, mhepo yepanyika ingadai yakakukurwa nemhepo yezuva, sezvakaitika kuMars. Kuvapo kwemvura yemvura, mamiriro ekunze anodziya uye kuvapo kwehupenyu zvave, muchidimbu, zvakabatana nekubudirira kweiyi magnetic shield..
Iyo magnetosphere inewo mutoro we zvinoyevedza zviitiko zvakaita sezviedza zvekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, inovamba apo zvidimbu zvine simba zvinobva kuZuva zvinosvika mumhepo yePasi pamapango uye zvinofadza maatomu aripo, zvichibudisa kupenya kwechiedza chemavara akawanda.
Ongororo yazvino uno inoratidza kuti Magineti epasi ane makore anopfuura mabhiriyoni 4.200 avapo uye yaive yakakosha pakuchengetedza mhepo uye kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwemvura panguva yekutanga uye yakanyanya kusimba yemhepo yezuva, apo Solar System yaive diki. Mukuwedzera, magineti fossil data kubva kumaminerari akadai se zircon anotibatsira kunzwisisa kusimba kwemunda munguva yakapfuura uye mamiriro akabvumira hupenyu.
Magadzirirwo eMagineti eZuva anogadzirwa: iyo solar dynamo
El Sol, mambo wedu wenyeredzi, haisi pasi, asi iguru guru re plasma inogara ichibvongodzwa. Magneti ayo angangove ane simba zvakanyanya uye ane simba muSolar System, uye anozopedzisira akonzera mamiriro ekunze emuchadenga anokanganisa mapuraneti ese.
Kufanana nePasi, solar magnetic field inotanga kutenda kune a dynamo effect, asi pano conductive material ndiyo plasma: musanganiswa wemapurotoni, maerekitironi uye nuclei yeatomu mukufamba kunoenderera. Iye kusiyana kwekufamba (kutenderera nekumhanya kwakasiyana kwakasiyana-siyana uye kudzika kweZuva) uye yakanyanya plasma convection mukati mayo inokonzera chizvarwa chekuoma kwakanyanya uye kuchinja magineti.
Iyo solar magnetic field haina kumira; Inomonyoroka, kurongazve, uye inverts nguva nenguva. Makore gumi nerimwe kana zvakadaro, Zuva rinosangana nekutenderera umo magnetic field inoshandura polarity, iyo inopindirana nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwezuva uye madutu ezuva anozivikanwa. Kuputika uku kunoburitsa majeti akakura ezvimedu muchadenga, zvichipesvedzera magineti ePasi nemamwe mapuraneti.
Iyi solar magnetic cycle inotungamirirwa ne alpha-omega effect. Iyo omega effect inoitika mu tachocline, shanduko pakati penzvimbo yeradiative uye convective zone, apo kutenderera kwemukati kweZuva kunosiyana nelatitude nekudzika. Iyo alpha effect, iyo inogadzira poloidal field components kubva ku toroids, haisati yanyatsonzwisiswa, uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti inogona kuchinjwa nemafungu epasi uye kusagadzikana kweTayler, chiitiko chinokonzera oscillations pasina kushandiswa kwesimba.
El mhepo yezuva Ndiyo imwe mhedzisiro yakananga yesolar magineti: kuenderera kunoramba kuchiyerera kwezvimedu zvinochaja zvakawedzera kusvika kumamiriyoni emakiromita paawa. Iyi plasma inoyerera inogadzira iyo heliosphere, bhubhu remagineti rinotenderedza mapuraneti ese ari muSolar System, uye iro muganhu unoratidza muganhu apo simba reZuva rinotanga kupa nzira kune interstellar space.
La kudyidzana pakati pezuva remagineti uye mapuraneti Inotsanangura mamiriro ekunze, inopa chiitiko senge auroras paPasi nemamwe mapuraneti, uye inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya mishoni dzemuchadenga uye tekinoroji mukutenderera.
Venus: enigma yekusavapo kweiyo intrinsic magnetic field
Venus, inowanzonzi "Earth's twin" nekuda kwehukuru hwayo uye kuumbwa kwayo, inomiririra chimwe chezvakavanzika zvikuru zveSolar System. Pasinei nekufanana kwayo nenyika yedu, Venus haina kana intrinsic magnetic field.. Pane kudaro, ine a induced magnetic field, yakawanda isina simba uye yakasiyana-siyana, inokonzerwa nekubatana pakati pemhepo yezuva nemhepo yaro yepamusoro.
Chikonzero chikuru chekusavapo uku chinoratidzika kuva kutenderera kunononoka kweVenus (Zuva reVenusian rinotora mazuva 243 ePasi, kureba kupfuura gore reVenusian!) Pasina ichi chinhu chakakosha cheiyo dynamo mhedzisiro, pasi haigone kuburitsa yakasimba magineti yayo pachayo.
Nekudaro, mhepo yezuva inopindirana nedense yeVenusian mhepo, ichiisa ioning uye kugadzira mafungu emagetsi ayo, anozoitawo induced magnetism. Iyi magnetosphere haina kurongeka, haina kugadzikana uye idiki pane yePasi. Mugero uchangoburwa weSolar Orbiter probe wakabvumira kuwedzeredzwa kwayo kuyerwa, inosvika makiromita 303.000 (nekuenzanisa, Magineti ePasi akakura zvakati wandei).
La kushaya magnetic shielding Izvi zvave nemhedzisiro yakakomba kuVenus: mhepo yaro, yakatarisana nemhepo yezuva, yanga ichirasika zvishoma nezvishoma magasi emagetsi akadai sehydrogen uye pamwe nemhute yemvura, zvichikonzera kuoma kwayo uye simba rine simba. greenhouse effect iyo inokwidza tembiricha yepasi kusvika ku475 ºC. Mhepo yakakora, kazhinji kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, uye makore e<em>sulfuric acid anodzivirira kurarama kwemhando ipi neipi yeupenyu inozivikanwa, uye anogona kupwanya chero probe inoedza kumhara pamusoro payo mukati memaminitsi.
Iyo Venus Express neSolar Orbiter mishoni yakaonawo zvakanyanyisa zviitiko mumhepo yeVenusian: kuputika kwemafuta, kuumbwa kwe "magnetic muswe," uye magineti ekubatanidza zviitiko, zvese mhedzisiro yehondo inogara iripo pakati pemhepo yezuva uye exosphere yeVenusian.
Kuenzanisa kwakadzama: chimiro, mavambo uye maitiro ega rega remagineti
Ngationei maonero ekuenzanisa emagineti matatu anotifarira zvakanyanya: iyo ye Pasi, the Sol y Venus.
- Kwakabva magnetic field: El Sol Iyo inogadzira munda wayo kuburikidza neiyo dynamo mhedzisiro mune yayo inopisa, conductive plasma, kusanganisa kutenderera uye convection. The Pasi Iyo inogadzira izvi kutenda kune kufamba kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa mumukati wayo wekunze, zvakare kuburikidza neiyo dynamo athari. Venus Iyo haina intrinsic magnetic field nekuda kwekutenderera kwayo kunonoka uye pamwe yakasimba core; munda wayo unoitwa kunze.
- Chimiro uye kuwedzera: Iyo magnetic field solar Iyo yakakura uye inovhara iyo Solar System yese (heliosphere). Uyo we Pasi inoumba yakakura magnetosphere, nhovo inopesana nemhepo yezuva; Venus, zvakasiyana, inongova nebubble isina simba, inokonzerwa, iduku zvikuru uye isina kugadzikana, iyo inopa kudzivirira kuduku.
- Environmental impact: Iyo magnetic field ye Pasi Inodzivirira mhepo, inodzivirira kukukurwa uye inobvumira kuvepo kwemvura yemvura uye hupenyu. Munda solar inotara mamiriro ekunze uye inokonzeresa madutu anokanganisa masisitimu ari paNyika. In Venus, kusavapo kwechidzitiro chemagnetic chinopindirana kwakabatsira kurasikirwa kwemagasi uye kuumbwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka.
- Associated phenomena: La Pasi ruzivo auroras uye geomagnetic dutu. Iye Sol Iyo inopa sunspots, misa ejection uye inversion kutenderera. Venus, kune rumwe rutivi, inotambura nekuputika kwemhepo, magineti muswe kuumbwa, uye kurasikirwa kwemhepo.
Ukama huri pakati pemagineti uye kugara
La kugara kwepasi Zvinoenderana nezvakawanda, asi chimwe chakakosha kuvepo kwea inodzivirira magnetic field. Pasina iyi nhovo, solar uye cosmic mwaranzi inogona kuparadza kana kuparadza mhepo. Kuvapo kwendima iyi kwave kwakakosha kune iyo Pasi chengetedza makungwa ayo uye mamiriro akakodzera hupenyu, nepo paVenus, kusavapo kwavo kwakonzera kuti mhepo yaro ive yakaoma uye inopisa, pasina mukana wemvura yemvura.
Misiyano yacho inotonyanya kuoneka muhuwandu hwemvura papasi rega rega. Nyika yakakwanisa kuchengetedza makungwa ayo nekuda kwemagnetic shield, nepo Venus, inoramba ichisangana nemhepo yezuva, yakarasikirwa nehaidhirojeni neokisijeni yakawanda—zvinhu zvinokosha zvemvura—zvichidzivirira kuvapo kwemakungwa.
In the astrobiology yemazuva ano, kutsvaga kwemagineti mu exoplanets chiratidzo chakakosha chekutarisa kugona kwavo kugara, sezvo yakagadzikana magineti inogona kurebesa kuvepo kwemhepo uye mamiriro akanakira hupenyu.
Iyo solar magnetic field uye simba rayo pamapuraneti ari pedyo
El magnetic field yeZuva uye mhepo yezuva rinonyanya kutarisisa magineti mamiriro emapuraneti emukati. Panguva kutenderera kwepamusoro pekushanda kwezuvaCoronal mass ejection inogona kukonzera dutu guru re geomagnetic Panyika, kukuvadza masetelliti, magetsi emagetsi, uye masisitimu ekutaurirana. Kudyidzana kwemhepo yezuva nemaplanetary magnetospheres kunogona kusiyanisa mukusimba, zvichikonzera zviitiko zvakaita seauroras uye kukanganisa mamisheni emuchadenga.
Munyaya ye Venus, Zuva rinoita basa rinokosha: nhovo chete yainayo inokonzerwa nemhepo yezuva, iyo isina kukwana kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwemhepo. Zvichangoburwa Solar Orbiter zvakacherechedzwa zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva zvidimbu zvakakurumidza kusvika kupfuura mamiriyoni masere km / h mumuswe wayo wemagineti, zvichiratidza kubatana kwakasimba pakati pemiviri miviri.
Ukuwo, mafungu egiravhiti yeVenus, Earth neJupiter inogona kunge ine chekuita nekutenderera kwezuva, sezvo kurongeka nguva dzose kunoratidzika kunge kunoenderana nekuchinja kwekushanda kwezuva remagineti uye kudzoreredzwa kwematanda ayo, kutenderera kunotora makore angangoita gumi nerimwe nehafu.
Ikozvino kuongorora uye kudzidza kwemagineti minda
Kufambira mberi mukuongorora kwechadenga kwakagonesa kuyerwa nekuongororwa kwenzvimbo dzemagineti pamapuraneti akasiyana uye paZuva pacharo. Mishoni dzakadai Solar Orbiter, venus express, MUTUMI y Mars Global Surveyor Vakaunganidza data rakakosha pane chimiro, kusimba uye simba remagineti nhovo.
Masatellite emazuva ano, akadai Shingaira yeEuropean Space Agency, kunyatsoyera simba reMagineti yePasi, kutarisa shanduko uye kutarisira zviitiko zvine njodzi kune tekinoroji yemuchadenga nepasi. Tsvagiridzo mumarabhoritari ePasi uye kuongororwa kwematombo ekare kunobatsirawo mukuvakazve nhoroondo yemagineti yemapuraneti, kutibatsira kunzwisisa magadzirirwo emukati anoburitsa minda iyi.
Planetary magnetism: kuenzanisa nemimwe miviri muSolar System
Kunyange zvazvo chinangwa chikuru chiri paNyika, Zuva, uye Venus, mamwe mapuraneti anoratidza kusiyana kunofadza. Mercury Iine simba remagineti risina simba, rinogadzirwa nechidimbu chakanyungudutswa, pasinei nehukuru hwayo; pachinzvimbo, Jupita Iyo inomira kunze kune yayo ine simba munda, inogadzirwa nekufamba kwemvura yesimbi hydrogen mukati mayo, ichiwedzera mamirioni emakiromita uye ichigadzira yakakura magnetosphere.
Hofori dzegasi dzakaita seSaturn, Uranus neNeptune zvakare dzine magineti minda, kazhinji akawanda uye ane matemo akarerekera maererano nekutenderera kwawo. Mars, yarasikirwa nenzvimbo yayo yepasirese mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura, inoramba iine magineti akasara mune mamwe matombo, chiratidzo chekuti inogona kunge yaive nemhoteredzo inogarika zvakanyanya munguva yayo yakapfuura.
Vhura mibvunzo uye zvinonetsa zvemagineti sainzi
Sayenzi ye magineti emapuraneti iri kuramba ichifambira mberi. Mibvunzo yakadai Sei mapuraneti akafanana anoratidza nhoroondo dzakasiyana dzemagineti o Ndeapi mamiriro ekutanga anofarira chizvarwa cheiyo dynamo athari? zvichiri kuferefetwa. Kupesvedzera kwekutenderera, kuumbwa kwemukati uye kudyidzana nemhepo yezuva zvinhu zvakakosha pakunzwisisa kutaridzika kana kunyangarika kweminda.
Kudzidza kuti magineti anodyidzana sei nemamiriro ekunze uye mhepo yezuva ichave yakakosha kune ramangwana revanhu uye robhoti mishoni kuMwedzi, Mars, uye Venus. Dziviriro yemwaranzi ichave imwe yematambudziko makuru mukutsvagurudza nzvimbo kwenguva refu.
Pakupedzisira, ruzivo rwemagineti runopa ruzivo rwakakosha munhoroondo uye ikozvino yenyika dzakatipoteredza, pamwe nekudzivirira tekinoroji yedu nemhando dzedu kubva kumatambudziko emuchadenga.