Neptune, iyo nyika iri kure kwazvo mupasi rose, yatora kufarira kwesainzi nevasainzi zvakafanana nekuda kwekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze kwairi kuita. Pasinei nekure kwayo, mishoni dzemuchadenga uye materesikopu epamusoro zvakakwanisa kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvayo zvakawanda. Ruvara rwayo rwebhuruu rwakanyanya, mhepo ine simba, uye maumbirwo emamiriro ekunze akasiyana anoita kuti hofori iyi yechando ive chinhu chakakodzera kudzidza zvakadzama.
Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekuisa pamwechete rwendo rwakakwana kuburikidza nemateru, kusimba kwemamiriro ekunze, kuumbwa uye kushanduka kwemhepo yeNeptune., kubatanidza ruzivo rwese rwazvino rwakaunganidzwa nevakuru, sainzi uye tekinoroji masosi. Zvichangoburwa zvakawanikwa kubva kuJames Webb Space Telescope, izvo zvakaburitsa mwenje mutsva paNeptunian auroras uye kusiyanisa kwekupisa kwemhepo yayo, zvichakurukurwa zvakare.
Mamiriro ekunze eNeptune akaita sei?
Mhepo yeNeptune ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kuoma, dzinotonhora zvakanyanya, uye dzinofefetera zvakanyanya mupasi rose.. Inoumbwa zvakanyanya nemolecular hydrogen (H2), helium (He) uye methane (CH4). Iyo yekupedzisira ndiyo inokonzeresa hunhu hwepasi hwakadzika bhuruu hue, sezvo ichitora yakawanda yemwenje dzvuku musolar spectrum uye inoratidza bhuruu.
Mukati memhepo yakapoteredza pasi, masayendisiti akaona zvikamu zvikuru zvakati kuti:
- Troposphere: iyo yakadzikira pasi, ine mutoro wezvizhinji zvemeteorological phenomena. Apa ndipo panoumba makore nemadutu, tembiricha ichidzikira nekukwirira.
- Stratosphere: pamusoro petroposphere, uko tembiricha inotanga kukwira. Mahydrocarbon akadai seethane neacetylene anowanikwa pano, akaumbwa nesolar photolysis.
- Thermosphere: dhizaini inopisa zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe iri kure neZuva, inosvika tembiricha inosvika 750 K, chiitiko chisati chanyatsotsanangurwa.
- Exosphere: nharaunda iri kunze, uko magasi emuchadenga anopukunyuka nekusingaperi achienda muchadenga.
Mumhepo yeNeptunian, makore emhando dzakasiyana anoumbawo zvichienderana nekukwirira uye kumanikidzwa.. Iwo epamusoro akagadzirwa nechando methane, epakati eammonia nehydrogen sulfide, uyezve pasi, makore echando emvura anofungidzirwa kuti aripo, zvichiratidza kuoma kunoshamisa kwakamira.
Dutu rakanyanyisa uye mhepo mumhepo yezuva
Imwe yeNeptune inonyanya kuzivikanwa meteorological phenomena iGreat Dark Spot., rudzi rwedutumupengo reEarth-size rakawanikwa neVoyager 2 spacecraft muna 1989. Kunyange zvazvo kuumbwa uku kwakanyangarika nekufamba kwenguva, zvakafanana zvakazoonekwa, zvichiratidza kuti masisitimu aya ndeenguva pfupi asi akajairika.
Cloud layers inogona kudarika 50 km gobvu uye inofamba nenzira dzakasiyana zvichienderana nelatitude., kugadzira mabhendi emuchadenga mune ese ari maviri hemispheres uye mu equatorial zone. Simba remukati mepasi rine simba, ringangodaro rinobva mukupisa kwasara kwekugadzirwa kwayo kana kuti kubva mumaitiro anochinja-chinja mukati mepakati, rinopisa iyi mhepo ine simba.
Mhepo yeNeptune ine dhizaini yakasimba uye yakapfuma muzvinhu.. Zvikamu zvikuru ndezvi:
- Hydrogen: inopfuura 80% yegasi yakagadzirwa.
- Helium: inenge 18%.
- Methane: inenge 2%, kunyange zvazvo ichiita basa guru rekuona.
- Zvimwe zvinosanganiswa: Zvisaririra zveammonia, ethane, acetylene, mvura, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide uye hydrogen cyanide.
Methane haisi iyo chete inokonzera ruvara rwepasi, inopindirawo mumatanho akadai sekuumbwa kwegore uye kutorwa kweiyo infrared radiation. Pane humbowo hunoratidza kuti methane, ammonia, uye mvura zvinowanikwawo mukati mepasi, zvichigadzira chipfeko chakakura chemvura.
Atmospheric pressure paNeptune inogona kudarika 100 MPa, uye tembiricha yepamusoro yemakore inogona kudzika kusvika -218 °C.. Pakudzika kukuru, kumanikidza kunowedzera, zvichiita kuti aizi iumbe kunyangwe patembiricha yakakwira, ichipa mantle epasi ekunze.
Mwaka wakareba uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakanyanya
Neptune inosangana nemwaka yakafanana neyepaPasi, asi imwe neimwe inotora makore anopfuura makumi mana.. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekurereka kwayo kweaxial kunosvika 28,3 madhigirii uye kutenderera kwayo kwakareba makore 165 kutenderedza Zuva.
Munguva yezhizha mune imwe hemisphere, nzvimbo yemhepo inoshanduka zvikuru.. Semuenzaniso, munguva pfupi yapfuura yezhizha reSouthern Hemisphere (yakatora makore angangoita makumi mana ePasi), kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemakore emethane kwakaonekwa pamusoro peSouth Pole, mhedzisiro yekudziya kwemwaka kwakaburitsa imwe methane yakaomeswa nechando ichienda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Imwe nzira isinganzwisisike yekupisa yakaonekwa zvakare: Mhepo yeNeptune yekumusoro yakatonhora zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura.. Zvinoenderana nekuona kweWebb telescope, tembiricha muna 2023 yaive ingangoita hafu yeyakanyorwa neVoyager 2 muna 1989. Chiitiko ichi chichiri kuongororwa, asi chinogona kukanganisa kusimba kweaurora uye kuita kwese kwemhepo.
Auroras paNeptune: Zvitsva zvakawanikwa kubva kuWebb telescope
Chinhu chinonakidza nezve auroras paNeptune ndechekuti ivo havana kuvharirwa pamatanda sepanyika yedu.. Nekuda kwekuti simba remagineti repasi rakarereka anenge 47 madhigirii maererano neaxis yekutenderera, auroras anoonekwa pakati pe-latitudes, sezvaaizoita paNyika pamusoro peSouth America.
Pamusoro pezvo, Webb yakaratidza kuvepo kwakasimba kweiyo H3+ ion muNeptune yekumusoro mhepo., chiratidzo chakajeka chechiitiko cheauroral. Kuonekwa uku kwaive kwakakosha nekuti kwakasimbisa tembiricha yedenga repamusoro uye mabatiro anoita magineti emagetsi pachimiro chayo.
Ongororo uye zvakawanikwa zvekare nezve mhepo yaro
Neptune yakawanikwa muna 1846 nekuda kwekuverenga kwemasvomhu iyo yakafanotaura kuvepo kwayo zvichibva mukuvhiringidza mukutenderera kweUranus.. Kuva kure kwayo kwakaunza dambudziko guru pakudzidza kwayo, asi nekufamba kwenguva, kutarisa kweteresikopu uye mamisheni emuchadenga zvakaburitsa ruzivo runoshamisa.
Muna 1989, Voyager 2 probe ndiyo yekutanga uye yega kubhururuka neNeptune., ichipa mifananidzo ine udzame yenzvimbo yaro ine makore, marin’i ayo nemwedzi inoripoteredza. Nekuda kwechinangwa ichi, mhepo dzepamusoro-soro nemadutu zvakaita seGreat Dark Spot zvakawanikwa, uye kuvepo kwenzvimbo yakaoma yemagineti kwakasimbiswa zvakare.
Zvadaro, materesikopu akadai seHubble neWebb akaenderera mberi nekudzidza pasi kubva kuPasi nePasi orbit., kubvumira kurekodha kwekushanduka kwemwaka, kutonhora kwemuchadenga uye kutaridzika kwe auroras, pamwe nekunyatso kutevedzera kumanikidza, tembiricha uye kemikari kuumbwa profiles pahupamhi hwakasiyana.
Kuenderera mberi kwekudzidza kweNeptune hakusi kutitendera chete kuti tinzwisise pasi rino rakasiyana, asi rinoshanda semuenzaniso wekudzidza akafanana exoplanets. kutenderera dzimwe nyeredzi uye kuve nemhepo ine methane-rich kana mamiriro ekunze akanyanyisa.
Neptune ipuraneti isingaregi kushamisika. Mhepo yaro imusha wezvimwe zvezvinoitika zvakanyanyisa pasi rose: mhepo inokurumidza mheni, madutu makuru, auroras munzvimbo dzisingatarisirwi, uye kupisa nemakemikari masimba ayo achiri kumutsa mibvunzo yakawanda. Ruzivo rwakatorwa kubva kwakasiyana siyana runopa zvidimbu zvakakosha kune iyi hombe yeblue puzzle. Nezvese zvitsva zvatingaona, zvishoma nezvishoma tiri kupedzisa mepu yepasi iyo, kunyangwe iri kure, inoita basa rakakosha mukunzwisisa nyika dzine gasi nechando dzemuchadenga.
