Kuti solar radiation inokanganisa sei shanduko yemamiriro ekunze: Zvese zvaunoda kuziva

Solar radiation isimba rine simba rinotyaira hupenyu paPasi uye rinoronga kushanda kwemamiriro ekunze epasi rose.. Kubva mambakwedza epasi, simba kubva kuZuva harina kungogonesa kuvepo kwemvura yemvura uye kubuda kwehupenyu, asi rakagadzirawo kutenderera kwemamiriro ekunze, kudzora mazaya echando uye nguva yekudziya. Mubvunzo mukuru zvino unomuka: Ko mwaranzi yezuva inokonzera kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze aripo, kana kuti pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinopfuura simba rayo here?

Kunzwisisa kuti mwaranzi wezuva unopindirana sei nemhepo, nyanza, ivhu uye zvipenyu kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunoitika sei uye nemhedzisiro chaiyo yeZuva pane zvinoitwa nevanhu. Muchinyorwa chino, isu tinoongorora zvizere kuti mwenje wezuva unopesvedzera sei mamiriro ekunze, kuburitsa basa rekutenderera kwezuva, kuchinja kweorbital, kudyidzana nemagasi emuchadenga, uye humbowo hwesainzi hwazvino, zvese izvi zvichibatanidza kufambira mberi uye ruzivo rwenyanzvi dzepasirese.

Chii chinonzi solar radiation uye inosvika sei kuPasi?

Solar radiation isimba remagetsi rinoburitswa neZuva. iyo inofamba nemuchadenga kusvika yasvika pamhepo yepanyika. Mwaranzi iyi inovhara zvakasiyana-siyana zvewavelengths, kubva pamwaranzi yegamma neX-ray kusvika kuchiedza chinooneka nemasaisai eredhiyo. Kana yasvika pasi redu, inokonzera zvakananga kudziya kwemhepo, pasi pevhu uye nyanza., zvichikonzera maitiro makuru anogadzirisa mamiriro ekunze uye hupenyu.

Inodarika 99,9% yesimba rinogamuchirwa neEarth-atmosphere system rinobva kuZuva.. Pasina aya manyuko esimba, tembiricha yepasi rose yaizova yakaderera zvikuru zvokuti upenyu sezvatinoziva hwaizova husingabviri. Solar radiation inotorwa, inoratidzwa kana kupararira zvichienderana nezvakawanda zvinhu:

• Kuumbwa uye chimiro chemhepo.
• Latitude, kukwirira, uye nguva yegore, iyo inosarudza huwandu hwesimba rezuva rinogamuchirwa pane imwe neimwe nzvimbo yepasi.
• Kuvapo kwemakore, aerosols uye Nepasi pevhu pacharo, iyo inotora kana kuratidza chikamu chemwaranzi iwoyo.

Pakupfuura nemumhepo, Solar radiation inopinda akasiyana attenuation maitiro, sekuparadzira nemamorekuru uye zvimedu, kuratidzwa nemakore (anozivikanwa sealbedo) uye kutorwa nemagasi emuchadenga akasiyana uye nepamusoro pePasi. Kuenzana kuri pakati pesimba rinosvika, riya rinoraswa nerinochengetwa ndiro rinotara mamiriro ekunze ePasi..

Solar radiation attenuation maitiro: kuparadzira, kuratidza uye kunyura

Kana mwaranzi yezuva ichisvika muchadenga, Haasi simba rose rinosvika pasi peNyika. Maitiro akasiyana-siyana emuviri anoshandura mwenje wezuva, achipesvedzera huwandu hwekupedzisira hwesimba hunowira paPasi uye, nekudaro, mamiriro ekunze:

• Kupararira: Mamorekuru egasi uye zvimedu zvakamiswa zvinogona kukanganisa solar photons munzira dzakasiyana. Kupararira uku kune basa, semuenzaniso, kune ruvara rwebhuruu rwedenga kana matani matsvuku pakubuda kwezuva nekuvira kwezuva. Hachisi chiedza chese chinoparadzirwa zvakaenzana; Mapfupi marefu (blue and violet) anotsauka zvakanyanya, ndosaka denga riine ruvara irworwo.
• Kufungisisa (Albedo): Chikamu chemwaranzi yezuva chinoratidzwa zvakare mudenga nemakore, aerosols uye pamusoro pePasi (chando, magwenga, makungwa). Avhareji yemapuraneti albedo inenge 30%., asi inosiyana zvichienderana nepamusoro: sinou yakachena inogona kuratidza kusvika ku90%, nepo ivhu rakasviba, masango kana mvura yakachena inoratidzira pasi pe30%. Makore nekusiyana kwawo anoita basa rakakosha muchiitiko ichi.
• Kubvisa: Mamwe magasi nezvimedu zviri mumhepo zvinotora mamwe emwaranzi yezuva. Semuenzaniso, ozone inotora mu ultraviolet range, nepo mvura mhute, carbon dioxide, uye mamwe magasi ekutsvaga akadai semethane uye nitrous oxide anotora kunyanya mu infrared. Aya maitiro anobatsira mukudziya kwemhepo uye ndiwo hwaro hwechisikigo chegreenhouse effect..

Mhedzisiro yenzira idzi dzose ndeyokuti inenge hafu chete yemwaranzi yezuva rose inosvika uye inotorwa nepamusoro pePasi; zvimwe zvakarasika kana kuratidzwa. Iyi chiyero chakatetepa inosarudza avhareji yetembiricha yepasi uye mamiriro ehupenyu.

Mhando dzemwaranzi yezuva inosvika pamusoro: yakananga, inopararira uye yepasirese

Solar radiation iyo inozopedzisira yawira pamusoro pePasi inogona kuiswa mumhando nhatu huru, imwe neimwe iine basa chairo mumamiriro ekunze:

• Direct radiation: Ndiyo inosvika mumutsara wakatwasuka kubva kuZuva, isina kutsauswa kana kuparadzirwa. Inonyanyisa kana denga rakajeka uye zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita senzvimbo yezuva, latitude, kujeka kwemhepo uye kureba pamusoro pehusiku.
• Kuparadzira radiation: Ndiyo iyo yakaparadzirwa nezvidimbu uye mamorekuru mumhepo uye inosvika kumusoro kubva kumativi ose. Kukosha kwayo kunowedzera pamazuva ane makore kana munzvimbo dzine aerosol density, uye ine mhedzisiro yakanaka pachirimwa photosynthesis, sezvo inogona kupinda muzvinomera zvakanyanya.
• Global radiation: Ndiko kuwanda kwemwaranzi yakananga uye yakapararira inowira panzvimbo yakachinjika. Inosiyana zuva rose, gore, uye zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro enzvimbo.

Huwandu hwemwaranzi yepasi rose inogashirwa neNyika inotangira pa1 kusvika ku35 megajoules paskweya mita pazuva, iyo inoenzana nepakati pe300 uye ingangoita 10.000 kilowatt-maawa paskweya mita pagore, zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye nguva yegore.

Simba renyika uye hukama hwayo nemamiriro ekunze

Nyika inochinjanisa simba nenzvimbo kunyanya kuburikidza nemwaranzi.. Mamiriro ekunze ose anotsamira pamusiyano uripo pakati pesimba ratinowana kubva kuZuva nesimba ratinodzorera semwaranzi ye infrared kuenda muchadenga. Kana chiyero ichi chikachinjwa, tembiricha yepasi rose inoshanduka uye pamwe navo, mamiriro ekunze.

Rimwe resimba rinotorwa nepamusoro pePasi rinoshandiswa kupisa pasi, kufefetedza mvura, kana kuburitsa mhepo nemasaisai, nepo chimwe chikamu chinoburitswazve mumhepo muchimiro chenguva refu-wave infrared radiation. Greenhouse magasi anotora mamwe eiyo infrared mwaranzi uye oiburitsa zvakare, ichichengeta pasi rinosvika 33 madhigirii ekudziya. kupfuura zvazvaizova kudai mhepo yakapoteredza pasi yakanga yakajeka kumwaranzi iyoyo.

Iye zvino, Avhareji yekuyerera kwesimba rezuva rinopinda mumhepo inenge 342 watts pa square metre. Pamari iyi, ingangoita 168 W/m² inosvika pamusoro mushure mekuratidzwa kana kutorwa nemhepo uye nemakore. Chiyero chekupedzisira chakanyanya kutetepa: chero shanduko, kunyangwe diki, inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yenguva refu.

Izvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti kunyangwe Zuva riri iro rekupedzisira sosi yesimba, ichangoburwa uye nekukurumidza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ePasi haigone kutsanangurwa chete nekusiyana kwemwaranzi yezuva.. Mhepo uye nyanza zvinogovera uye kuenzanisa simba iri, uye kuwanda kwemagasi egreenhouse kunoita basa rinowedzera kukosha.

Nhoroondo yemwaranzi yezuva uye mamiriro ekunze ePasi

Hukama huri pakati peZuva nemamiriro ekunze ePasi hwakanyanya uye hwakaoma kunzwisisa.. Kwemamiriyoni emakore, huwandu hwezviitiko zvezuva nemwaranzi hwakasiyana, zvichikonzera shanduko huru yemamiriro ekunze senge nguva yechando uye nguva yechando.

Mumazuva ekutanga ePasi, mwaranzi yezuva yaive yakaderera ne30% pane zvayave nhasi, sezvo Zuva rakanga richiri nyeredzi diki. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kuvapo kwemagasi egreenhouse mumhepo kwakadzivirira Nyika kubva kuchando, ichipikisa iyo inonzi "young Sun paradox." Nokufamba kwenguva, mhepo yakapoteredza yakawana okisijeni nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwezvipenyu zvephotosynthetic., kushandura mhepo inoderedza kuita oxidizing uye kubvumira kuwedzera kwehupenyu.

Mamiriro ekunze ePasi akashanduka nekuda kwemwaranzi yezuva, asiwo kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwezvikamu zvemamiriro ekunze: lithosphere, mhepo, biosphere, hydrosphere, uye cryosphere. Sezvo Zuva richikura, kubuda kwaro kwemwaranzi kunowedzera, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze pazviyero zvakasiyana zvenguva..

Kutenderera kwezuva uye shanduko mukushanda kwezuva

Zuva haribudisi mwaranzi zvachose nguva dzose. Chiitiko chayo chinopa nguva nenguva, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kutenderera kwegore regumi nerimwe., iyo inozviratidza mukuwedzera nekuderera kwenhamba yezuva, pamwe nekushanduka kwemwaranzi inobudiswa uye muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvinobudiswa munzvimbo.

Munguva yega yega kutenderera, Kusimba kwemwaranzi yezuva uye kutaridzika kwemavara uye kuputika kunosiyana. Kunyangwe kuchinja uku kuchikanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye kuchigona kukonzera mamiriro ekunze, zvidzidzo zvichangoburwa, kusanganisira zvakaitwa neNASA neIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), zvinoratidza kuti Iyi misiyano inoita basa diki kwazvo mukudziya kuchangoonekwa..

Kubva 1978, ma satellite akaongorora chiitiko chezuva nemwaranzi, achiona mutsauko mukusimba kweisingasviki 0,1%. Kuwedzera kwazvino kwetembiricha kwakacherechedzwa kubva kuma70 hakuenderane neshanduko muchiitiko chezuva, zvakanyanya nekutenderera kwezuva.. Muchokwadi, maererano nezvinyorwa, kugadzirwa kwesimba reZuva kwakaramba kwakagadzikana kana kuderera zvishoma, nepo tembiricha yepasirese yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma.

Basa rekusiyana kwe orbital: Milankovitch cycles

Mamiriro uye kufamba kwePasi maererano neZuva kunokanganisawo huwandu hwesimba rezuva rakagamuchirwa.. Mafambiro aya, anonzi Milankovitch cycles, anosanganisira eccentricity of the orbit, kurereka kweaxis yePasi, uye precession (wobble) yeaxis.

• Eccentricity: Zvinoreva kuti denderedzwa rakaita denderedzwa reNyika, nekutenderera kwemakore angangoita 100.000 XNUMX.
• Chido: Axis yePasi inoshandura kurereka kwayo makore anenge 43.000 XNUMX oga oga, ichichinja kona iyo mwaranzi yezuva inorova pasi.
• The precession: Nyika, senge pamusoro inotenderera, inozunguzika paaxis yayo makore makumi maviri nenhatu ega ega, izvo zvinoshandura nguva yekuve pedyo nezuva (perihelion) maererano nemwaka.

Izvi zvinhu zvakakonzera shanduko huru yemamiriro ekunze, senge nguva yechando uye nguva dzechando.. Nekudaro, shanduko dzine chekuita nemaparamendi aya dzinoitika pazvikero zvezviuru kana makumi ezviuru zvemakore, uye dzinononoka kupfuura kudziya kwekukurumidza kunoonekwa mumakumi emakore apfuura.

Parizvino, mutsauko uri pakati pePasi neZuva pakati penguva yechando nezhizha solstices ingangoita mamiriyoni mashanu emakiromita.

, kushandura simba rinogashirwa nehemisphere yega yega nezvikamu zvinosvika 3,5% uye zvichikanganisa tembiricha nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Asi panguva yeIce Age, misiyano iyi yaive yakakura, zvichikonzera zvikamu zvekutonhora kwepasirese kana kudziya.

Solar radiation uye mamiriro ekunze ekugadzirisa maitiro

Kuchinja kwemwaranzi yezuva kunogona kukanganisa ese ari maviri emuchadenga uye mapatani egungwa., uye, zvakare, inogadzira nzira dzakanaka uye dzisina kunaka dzemhinduro mumamiriro ekunze.

Semuenzaniso, kudzikira kwemwaranzi yezuva kunogona kutonhodza pasi nekuwedzera huwandu hweaizi uye yakakwirira-albedo nzvimbo, iyo inoratidza kuwanda kwemwaranzi uye kuwedzera kutonhora. Zvakasiyana, nguva dzekuwedzera kwezuva dzinogona kuderedza kuvharwa kwechando uye kuwedzera kunyura kwesimba, nekudziya kwemhedzisiro.

Mwaranzi yezuva haingogadziri tembiricha chete, asi zvakare inotora chikamu mukuumbwa kwegore, kutenderera kwemhepo uye simba regungwa.. MuMexico, somuenzaniso, mwaranzi wezuva wepamusoro unoitika muna Kubvumbi naChivabvu, asi kudziya kwepasi kunononoka uye kunoguma pakati pechirimo, zvichitsigira kuvandudzwa kwemadutu nechamupupuri apo tembiricha yegungwa inodarika 28°C.

Greenhouse magasi uye simba rawo pamwaranzi yezuva

Imwe yemapoinzi akakosha mukupokana kwemamiriro ekunze iripo ndeyekuti mwaranzi yezuva chete inogona kutsanangura kukwira kwakangoerekana kwaitwa kwekushisa kunoonekwa kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi20. Humbowo hwesainzi hunoratidza kuti chikuru chiri kukonzera kudziya kwepasi rose kuunganidzwa kwemagasi egreenhouse nekuda kwemabasa evanhu., kunyanya carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides uye mhute yemvura.

Aya magasi anonyatso kutora infrared mwaranzi inoburitswa nePasi, ichiteya kupisa uye kushandura chiyero chesimba repasi rose.. Kubva 1750, kukanganisa kweakawedzera greenhouse magasi kwave kwakakura (kanopfuura ka50) pane kudiki kwechisikigo kuwedzera kwezuva nemwaranzi yakanyorwa. Kunyangwe dai Zuva raizopinda munhambo yehushoma hwezuva zvino, kutonhora kwechinguvana pamamiriro ekunze epasi rose kwaizova zvikamu zvishoma zvegumi zvedhigirii, uye kwaizokurumidza kupedzwa nemwero wekuwedzera kwecarbon dioxide.

Kucherechedzwa kweSatellite kunoratidza kusakwira kumusoro muhuwandu hwesimba rezuva rakagamuchirwa kubva mukupera kwema70, nepo tembiricha yepasi ichiramba ichikwira.. Pamusoro pazvo, dai Zuva raikonzeresa kudziya kwepasi rose, taitarisira kuti mativi ese emuchadenga apise panguva imwe chete, asi chatinoona kudziya kwepamusoro uye kutonhora mu stratosphere, chiratidzo che greenhouse effect inosimbiswa nemagasi.

Solar zvishoma uye zviitiko zvekare: Little Ice Age uye Maunder Minimum

Kurudziro yemwaranzi yezuva pamamiriro ekunze yakave yakasimba muzviitiko zvikuru zvenhoroondo, senge inonzi "Little Ice Age," iyo yakagara kubva muzana ramakore rechi 1645 kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi 1715. Munguva yeMaunder Minimum (XNUMX-XNUMX), nhamba yenzvimbo dzezuva yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya uye, pamwe chete nemhepo inoputika uye kuchinja kwekutenderera kwegungwa, kudonha kwekushisa kwakaitika munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeNorthern Hemisphere.

Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu aya akaoma, Tembiricha inodonha haipfuure inosvika 0,3 °C uye havasi voga vane mhosva yemazera makuru echando kana kudziya kamwe kamwe. Mamiriro ekunze anoratidza kuti shanduko ye solar insolation inogona kunonoka kana kumhanyisa mafambiro akanyanya kukanganiswa nekuumbwa kwemhepo.

Nzira dzekutarisa mwenje wezuva uye kuvakazve mamiriro ekunze

Kuti unzwisise uye kuverengera kukanganiswa kwemwaranzi yezuva pamamiriro ekunze, masayendisiti anoshandisa yakaomesesa paleoclimate yekutarisa uye yekuvakazve nzira:

• Satellite ine solar radiometers Ivo vanopa data rakarurama pamusoro pehuwandu hwechiitiko chemwaranzi pasi rose, kutarisa kuchinja kwepanguva uye kwepakati mumwaranzi yezuva mumakumi mashoma apfuura.
• Zviteshi zvepasi uye mabhoyi emugungwa Vanobvumira mwaranzi kuti inyorwe munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye pasi pemamiriro akasiyana emuchadenga.
• Ice nuclei Zvakatorwa kubva mumapango kana makomo echando, ane ruzivo rweisotopic uye mabhubhu egasi akabatwa, ayo anobatsira kuvaka patsva tembiricha uye chimiro chemuchadenga chezviuru zvemakore apfuura.
• Zvindori zvemuti, madhamu egungwa nenyanza kana kuti pollen uye zvinyorwa zvespore zvinopedzisa seti yepaleoclimatic zviratidzo zvinonyora kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze maererano nemwaranzi yezuva uye orbital parameters.

Izvi zviratidzo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuvakazve nhoroondo yemamiriro ekunze emakore ekupedzisira e400.000 uye kuongorora zvikamu zvekusiyana kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze, kubatanidza zvikonzero zvazvo nekutenderera kwezuva uye kudyidzana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakatipoteredza..

Regional radiative balance, kupisa kwekutakura uye kusiyana kwenzvimbo

Iyo radiation yezuva yakagamuchirwa haina kufanana munzvimbo dzese dzepasi. Matunhu ari pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa anowana simba rakawanda kupfuura raanorasikirwa; zvakapesana zvinoitika pamatunhu akakwirira, apo kupisa kwakawanda kunopenya kupfuura kunogamuchirwa. Mhepo uye nyanza zvinogoverazve izvi zvakawandisa uye kushomeka kwesimba kuburikidza nemhepo nemhepo, zvichipfavisa kusiyana kwekupisa..

Nzvimbo yega yega ine chiyero chayo chekupenya zvichienderana nelatitude yayo, kurerekera kweZuva, chivharo chegore, uye kuumbwa kwemhepo. Nzvimbo dzesimba rakawandisa uye kushomeka dzinofamba mwaka nemwaka, zvichitevera shanduko yenzvimbo yezuva uye kureba kwezuva..

Avhareji yepasi rose radiative balance ndeiyi:

• El 30% yemwaranzi yezuva inoratidzwa munzvimbo (albedo).
• El 20% inotorwa nemakore nemagasi emuchadenga.
• About 50% inosvika pasi pePasi (iyo inenge hafu ndiyo inopararira nemwaranzi).

Uku kusimba kwesimba kunobvumira mamiriro ekunze kuti arambe akagadzikana, asi kana chero shanduko ikachinja zvakanyanya, mamiriro ekunze epasi rose anogona kusangana neshanduko huru..

Basa re photosynthesis uye kuparadzira mwaranzi mune kabhoni kutenderera

Diffus radiation, inowanzo furatirwa, inoita basa rakakosha mukutenderera kwekabhoni uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Kana mamiriro emuchadenga achiwedzera chiyero chemwaranzi yakapararira (kubva kuaerosols kana makore), Plant photosynthesis inogona kuva inoshanda zvakanyanya, sezvo chiedza chinopinda mukati chaimo mumasango nezvirimwa. Izvi zvinowedzera kutorwa kwecarbon dioxide kubva mumhepo uye zvinobatsira mukudzikisira kwechisikigo kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze..

Zvidzidzo kuUnited Kingdom zvinosimbisa kuti zvidyarwa zvinowedzera CO₂ kutora pasi pemamiriro emwenje akasiyana, zvichiratidza kuomarara uye kusangana pakati pemwaranzi, mhepo, uye kabhoni kutenderera.

Maonero eramangwana: kutarisa kwepasi rose uye kubatanidzwa kwezvakasiyana

Sezvo shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichienderera mberi, Kuongorora mwaranzi yezuva uye kudyidzana kwayo nemamiriro ekunze kwakakosha.. Kuvandudza zviyero uye mamodheru ekunatsa kunozotitendera kuti titarisire zvinokanganisa mune ramangwana uye kugadzira zvinobudirira kugadzirisa uye kudzikisira nzira.

Kuedza kwakaitwa neNASA nemamwe masangano emuchadenga akabatsira mukujekesa basa remwaranzi yezuva mumamiriro ekunze uye kusiyanisa pakati pechisikigo uye anthropogenic zvikonzero zvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Kudyidzana kwepasirese uye kubatanidzwa kwedata kubva kumasetellite, kuremotender sensing, uye chiteshi network kwakakosha pakupa kuongororwa kwakaringana uye kuronga zviito zvinopesana nekutyisidzira kwezvakatipoteredza.