Asteroids inonakidza mitumbi yekudenga inotitendera kuti titarise mukati mekare kure kwazvo kwesolar system yedu.. Zvimedu zvine matombo izvi, izvo zvakakundikana kuumba mapuraneti, zvine makiyi emavambo nemhindumupindu yemitumbi yomudenga yatinoziva nhasi. Kwemazana emakore, vesainzi nevazivi venyeredzi vakaedza kudzidudzira, uye nhasi tine hwaro hwakasimba hweruzivo nezve maumbirwo adzo, maitiro, uye basa ravanoita mukushanduka kwezuva.
Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora kwakabva asteroids kubva mune yesainzi asi inosvikika maonero., kuongorora maitiro avo, marudzi, kugoverwa kweorbital, kukanganisa paNyika, uye mamishinari echadenga akabvumira kuti zvionekwe pedyo. Zvakawanikwa munhoroondo zvakaita kuti tidzidze nezvekuvapo kwazvo, dzidziso dzinotsanangura mavambo azvo, uye nzira dzazvino dzekudzironga nekudzidza dzichakurukurwawo.
Chii chinonzi asteroids uye anowanikwa kupi?
Asteroids ane matombo, simbi, kana musanganiswa wemiviri miviri inotenderera Zuva., kunyange zvazvo iri diki pane pasi uye isina kusvika pahuremu hwakakwana kuita denderedzwa. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi hazvipfuuri makiromita zana mudhayamita, kunyangwe paine zvinocherechedzwa zvakasarudzika senge Ceres kana Vesta.
Bhandi reasteroid, riri pakati penzira dzeMars neJupiter, ndiyo imba huru yemitumbi iyi.. Bhandi iri rinofungidzirwa kuva pakati pe1.1 ne1.9 miriyoni asteroids akakura kupfuura kiromita mudhayamita, pamwe nemamiriyoni emamwe madiki. Pamwe chete neboka iri, kune ma<em>asteroid ari mumikoto inokosha inonzi Trojans, uyewo pedyo-Earth asteroids (NEAs), ayo anotenderera anoyambuka kana kuti anoswedera pedyo neayo epasi redu. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvedunhu rino, unogona kubvunza bhandi reasteroid.
Kwakabva Asteroids: Rwendo muCosmic Kare
Asteroids akaumbwa makore 4600 bhiriyoni apfuura, apo gore hombe regasi neguruva rakadonha kuti ripe kusimuka kwesolar system.. Mukuita uku, zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakanyura pakati kuti zviumbe Zuva. Vamwe vose vakatanga kuungana pamwe chete kuti vagadzire mapuraneti nemasatelliti, kunyange zvazvo chikamu chiduku chakaramba chisina kushandiswa: izvi ndizvo, chaizvoizvo, asteroids.
Imwe yedzidziso huru dzemazuva ano dzinokurudzira kuti asteroids zvisaririra zvemapuraneti., kureva kuti, zvidhinha zvechinyakare zvakatadza kubatana kuita mapuraneti nekuda kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu reJupiter. Kune, zvisinei, dzimwe dzidziso dzinoratidza kuti mamwe maasteroid azvino zvimedu zvekudhumhana kwekare pakati pemitumbi mikuru, mhedzisiro yekudhumhana kwakapfuura muzuva.
Kwemazana emakore, mamwe masayendisiti akafungidzira zvisiri izvo kuti asteroids zvidimbu zvepasi guru, rakaparadzwa.. Zvisinei, izvi zvakabviswa nekuda kwekuumbwa kwakasiyana-siyana kweasteroids uye huremu hwawo hwakaderera, husina kukwana kuve chikamu chepasi rakafanana nePasi.
Historical kiyi pakuwanikwa kweasteroids
Yekutanga inozivikanwa asteroid yaive Ceres, yakawanikwa muna Ndira 1, 1801 naGiuseppe Piazzi tichigadzira mepu yenyeredzi muboka renyeredzi reTaurus. Pakutanga yaifungidzirwa kuva kometi, kutenderera kwayo kwakairatidza kuva rudzi rutsva rwomuviri womudenga.
Mumakore akatevera, mamwe ma<em>asteroid anokosha akawanikwa, akadai saPallas, Juno, uye Vesta.. Mushure meizvozvo, kutarisa kwakanyanya uye kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva, senge astrophotography, kwakamhanyisa huwandu hwezvakawanwa. Pakazopera zana remakore rechi19, mazana ema<em>asteroid akanga ava kutozivikanwa.
Izwi rekuti "asteroid" rakatsanangurwa nemuzivi wenyeredzi William Herschel muna 1802, zvichireva chitarisiko chenyeredzi icho mitumbi iyi yairatidza payaionekwa neteresikopu. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga yakarambwa, yakazogadzwa seshoko repamutemo rezvinhu izvi.
Kuumbwa uye kupatsanurwa kweasteroids
Asteroids inoiswa mumhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwavo uye spectral maitiro.. Iwo matatu makirasi akakura uye akajairika ndeaya:
- Rudzi C (carbonaceous): Rima, kabhoni-rakapfuma, uye gadzira iro ruzhinji boka reasteroid bhandi.
- Type S (silicates): Izvo zvine silicates uye iron, ine mavara akareruka uye aripo munzvimbo dzemukati dzebhanhire.
- Type M (metallic): Yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya nickel nesimbi, anowanikwa zvakanyanya akananga pakati peasteroid bhandi.
Kune mamwe anopindirana emhando semhando D, V, E uye P., izvo zvinobvumira kumwe kukwenenzverwa kwekusiyana kwezvinyorwa. Semuenzaniso, D-mhando dzinowanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzekunze uye dzakasviba zvakanyanya, nepo V-mhando (vestoids) inogovana maitiro neVesta uye ine igneous, pyroxene-rich composition.
Featured formations: mabhandi, mhuri, uye trojans
Mukuwedzera kune bhanhire guru, asteroids akaiswa mune mamwe maitiro orbital.. Semuenzaniso:
- Asteroid mhuri: Seti yemitumbi inotevedza nzira dzakafanana. Zvinowanzova mugumisiro wekukonana kwakapfuura.
- Trojans: Asteroids inogovera kutenderera kwepasi, iri paLagrange points (L4 neL5). Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeJupiter Trojans.
- Asteroids Hungaria uye Hilda: Matunhu akagadzikana ane asteroids ane maitiro akafanana ane simba, anopesvedzerwa ne orbital resonances neJupiter neMars.
Collisional evolution uye chimiro chemukati
Kwemamiriyoni emakore, asteroids yakatambura kukanganisa nemimwe miviri., iyo yakagadzira kupatsanurwa uye shanduko munzira dzadzo. Iyi nzira yakagadzira hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana, maumbirwo, uye zvimiro zvemukati, kubva pamiviri yakasimba kusvika kune ma conglomerates ematombo asina kusimba anozivikanwa se "rubble piles."
Zvidzidzo nemamishini emuchadenga zvakaratidza kuti mamwe maasteroid akaita seItokawa ane porous uye akatsemuka chimiro., nepo mamwe, akadai seEros, akanyanya kusimba uye anogona kupa kumwe kubatana kwemukati. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaumbirwo zvinokanganisa zvakananga kuwanda kwayo uye maitiro pamberi pezvingangoitika.
Asteroids uye kudyidzana kwavo nePasi
Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) inyaya yekutariswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kwavo kukanganisa njodzi.. Vakakamurwa kuva mapoka makuru matatu: Aporo, Amores uye Atones. Vamwe vacho, kana vanyanya kuswedera pedyo, vanoonekwa seanogona kuve nengozi asteroids (PHAs).
Nhoroondo uye geological rekodhi inoratidza kuti zvakamboitika zvakave nemhedzisiro yakakosha.. Chiitiko chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndicho chakabatanidzwa nekuparara kwema dinosaurs makore mamiriyoni 66 apfuura, zvichikonzerwa nechinhu chinenge 10-15 km muhupamhi.
Parizvino, zvirongwa zvepasi rese zvakagadziridzwa kuteedzera uye kurodha miviri iyi., seNASA's CNEOS uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvakaita seNEOWISE, Pan-STARRS kana ATLAS. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kuona hazardous asteroids, ona AI iyo inoona asteroids ane ngozi.
Kufamba kwemuchadenga uye kudzidza kwakananga kweasteroids
Kuongorora kwakadzama kweasteroids kwakaitwa kuti kugoneke nekuongorora muchadenga. dzakabhururuka, dzakatenderera kana kutomhara pane dzimwe dzadzo. Pakati peanonyanya kuzivikanwa mamishini ndeaya:
- PEDYO mugadziri weshangu: Yakadzidza asteroid Eros uye yakamhara pamusoro payo muna 2001.
- Hayabusa uye Hayabusa2: Mamisheni echiJapan akaunganidza samples kubva kuItokawa neRyugu zvichiteerana.
- OSIRIS-REx: NASA mishoni iyo yakadzidza Bennu uye yakadzosa zvinhu kuPasi muna 2023.
- Kwayedza: Yakatenderedza Vesta neCeres, ichigonesa yakakwirira-resolution mepu uye yakadzama ongororo.
Curiosities uye nomenclature yeasteroids
Kana asteroid itsva yawanikwa, inopihwa zita renguva. zvichibva pagore, mavhiki maviri uye kurongeka kwekuwanikwa. Kana kutenderera kwayo kwakanyatso kutsanangurwa, inopiwa nhamba yakatarwa uye inogona kugamuchira zita rakasarudzwa nemuwani, rinotenderwa neIAU.
Mazita easteroids anopfuura ngano, kusanganisira tsika, sainzi, mareferensi enhoroondo uye kunyange vatambi vengano. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa inosanganisira (2309) Mr. Spock kana (1462) Zamenhof.
Asteroids zvakare yakatumidzwa zita remuchadenga, maguta, nyika, uye akasiyana pfungwa., chero bedzi vachisvitsa mipimo yetsika, yakadai sokudzivisa kunongedzera kuhondo dzazvino uno.
Sainzi, tekinoroji uye kukosha kwehurongwa
Kudzidza kweasteroids kwakakosha nekuti inomiririra zvinhu zvekutanga zvesolar system.. Vanochengetedza makomboni anogona kupa ruzivo nezve kwakabva mvura uye zvakakosha zvehupenyu paPasi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mamisheni ekudzoka akakosha zvakanyanya mune zvenyeredzi uye mapuraneti geochemistry.
Kubva pane tekinoroji yekuona, asteroids zvakare yakakosha kune yavo yekuchera migodhi.. Iko mukana wekubvisa simbi dzisingawanzo, zvicherwa, uye mvura kubva mumiviri iyi yakasimudzwa sechikamu chenguva yemberi yemigodhi yemuchadenga.
Padanho rekuita, kunzwisisa chimiro chayo uye mafambiro kwakakosha kudzivirira njodzi.. Kuvandudzwa kwemapuraneti ekudzivirira masisitimu, sekutsauka kuburikidza nekinetic kukanganisa kana kushandiswa kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, zvinoenderana nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinhu izvi.
Asteroids icosmic time capsules inotibatanidza kune kwakabva zvese zvatinoziva.. Kudzidza kwavo kunoramba kuri pamberi kune masangano emuchadenga nevemuchadenga, kwete chete kuhupfumi hwesainzi hwavanopa asiwo nezvezvinoshanda maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwepasi uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa mune ramangwana. Kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwavo, shanduko, uye hunhu hwekutenderera kwakakosha pakutsanangura kuti nharaunda yedu yemuchadenga yakabuda sei uye kuti tingatarisira sei zvingangoitika mune ramangwana revanhu.
