Pana May 8, 1654, muguta reGermany reMagdeburg, Mambo Ferdinand III neboka rake vakaratidzira kuedza kunoshamisa kwakagadzirwa nokuitwa nameya weguta racho, musayendisiti wokuGermany von Glick. Mifananidzo yakawanda kubva panguva inoratidza chiitiko ichi. Zviri pamusoro Magdeburg hemispheres. Kuedza kwaisanganisira kuedza kupatsanura simbi mbiri hemispheres dzinenge 50 centimita muhupamhi, dzakabatanidzwa nekubata nyore, kugadzira denderedzwa rakavharwa, uye sezvineiwo, kupomba mweya kubva mudenderedzwa nepombi yekutsvaira yezvaakagadzira. Kuita kuti chisimbiso chesimbi hemisphere kana hemispheres, chindori cheganda chinoiswa pakati pematanho ekusangana. Imwe neimwe hemisphere ine zvishwe zvakati wandei izvo tambo kana cheni inogona kupfuudzwa kuitira kuti ikwanise kudhonzwa kumativi akapesana.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve Magdeburg hemispheres kuyedza uye kukosha kwayo.
Magdeburg Hemispheres
Ichi chishandiso chakagadzirirwa kuratidza kuvepo kwevacuum nemhepo yemhepo. Iyo ine maviri maburi hemispheres, uye kana akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe uye mweya mukati wakadhirowewa, vacuum yemukati ichagadzirwa. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, mamiriro ekunze anomanikidza kunze, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuparadzanisa marara. Muchokwadi, idzi dzaifanira kunge dzakasimba kwazvo, nekuti kana mukati wabviswa, waizokwanisa kuputika nemhepo yemhepo.
Iyi hemispheres, yakatumidzwa zita reguta reGerman reMagdeburg, vakashandiswa kuita chiyedzo chinoshamisa muna 1654. Otto von Guericke, meya weguta uye nyanzvi yefizikisi, pamberi paElector Frederick William weBrandenburg nenhengo dzeParamende yeRegensburg, vakaita chivharo pamativi maviri esimbi. Uyezve, kuratidzira kwake kwaive chiitiko chakakosha mukunzwisisa kwefizikisi yemvura, musoro wakakosha pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvemeteorological uye meteorological observation.
Ongororo
Mukuedza kuvaparadzanisa, akasungira imwe nyika kuboka remabhiza uye imwe kunhamba yakaenzana yemabhiza, asi kumativi akasiyana. Mushure mekuedza kwakawanda uye kushamiswa kwevakapinda, zvakanga zvisingabviri kuparadzanisa hafu mbiri dzepasi. Mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana nezvatinowana kana tikaisa madhirigi maviri pazasi uye toadzvanya pakatarisana. Vacuum haina kukwana, asi zvinoda simba rakawanda kuaparadzanisa.
Vaoni vakashamiswa kuona mapoka akasiyana-siyana evarume achidhonzerana nedivi nesimba rawo rose uye achitadza kuparadzanisa mativi enyika. Ivo zvakare vaisagona kuparadzaniswa pakutanga nemabhiza gumi nematanhatu, akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri emabhiza masere rimwe nerimwe. Mushure mekushanda nesimba, vakazadzisa chinangwa chavo uye vakakonzera mheremhere. Nharaunda dzakaumba mativi, ayo aida kushanda nesimba kuti avhure, aigona kupatsanurwa zvisina basa nokungobvumira mhepo kupindazve mukati memativi. Ichi chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yefizikisi chakanangana nekufambira mberi muzvidzidzo zvemeteorology uye yayo kuongorora.
Mukuedza kwa2005 nemabhiza gumi nematanhatu muGranada, hemispheres haigone kuparadzaniswa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vacuum yakaitwa nezana ramakore rechi 17 Von Guericke pombi yaive yakadzikira pane yakawanikwa nemapombi edu emazuva ano. Izvi zvine chekuitawo nekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano mune zvemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvakabvumira kunzwisisa kuri nani kwemamiriro ekunze uye shanduko dzayo, sezvakataurwa muzvidzidzo zve shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Sei zvakaoma kuparadzanisa hemispheres yeMagdeburg
Chikamu chekutanga chemubvunzo, panguva ino, chiri nyore kune chero mudzidzi wepachikoro chepamusoro ane nzwisiso yakanaka yefizikisi kupindura. Zvese zviri paPasi penyika zviri mugungwa remhepo inorema, zvichienderana nemasimba akajairwa pamusoro payo kumativi ese. Nenzira imwecheteyo, inogamuchirwa nehemisphere, mukati nekunze mukati. Kana mahemispheres akavharwa kuita denderedzwa, inenge mhepo yese iri mukati inobviswa uye simba riri pamusoro pekunze rinoadzvanya zvakanyanya kupfuura mhepo ichiita kunze, zvichiita kuti zviome kuti iparadzane.
Simba remambure rinosvina mahemispheres maviri, akagoverwa munzvimbo yese yakaumbwa, kureva, tichifunga kuti vacuum inowanikwa mukati ingangoita gumi muzana yemhepo yekunze, anofanira kukunda simba rinozviparadzanisa, iro rehurongwa hwematani manomwe muhuremu. Iyi nheyo yekumanikidza inogonawo kuonekwa mune zvimwe zviitiko zvechisikigo, izvo zvinowanzoenderana nemeteorology, sekudzidza kwe makomo anoputika muAntarctica.
Chikamu chechipiri chemubvunzo: Sei vagari veMagdeburg vachishamiswa kudaro? Izvo zvine chekuita neruzivo rwemvura uye maitiro avo nekufamba kwenguva. Isu tiri muzana remakore rechi17, uye chikamu chikuru chesangano rezvesayenzi chakatenda kuti zvakanga zvisingabviri kugadzira vacuum, "kutya kwevacuum," iyo yaiva chikonzero chekufamba kwemvura, ichidzivirira kuti irege kuitika. Munguva iyi, hwaro hwaive hwakatemerwa tsvakiridzo yeramangwana mune meteorology, seyakaratidzwa mukuongororwa kwemamiriro ekunze. kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Saka, nekukweva mvura kubva mugirazi kuburikidza nesadza, nekudaro kubvisa imwe yemhepo yainayo, kutyisa kunoitwa nezvisikwa kana isina chinhu kunokonzera kuti mvura ikwire. Munguva yenhoroondo yekuitisa ongororo, vesainzi vakaita saTorricelli vakasiya dzidziso iyi uye vakaratidza kuti kumanikidza kunoitwa nemhepo, huremu hwemhepo, kwete kutyisa kwevacuum.
Tsanangudzo yekuedza
Kuti tinzwisise zvakaonekwa naMambo Ferdinand III, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti upenyu hwedu hunoitika mugungwa guru remhepo, uye izvi, kufanana nemvura ipi neipi, ine uremu, saka vhoriyamu yakapiwa yemhepo ine uremu hunokwanisa kushandisa simba pairi. iye. Asi masimba aya anoita zvinopfuura murwi wezvidhinha wakaiswa pamisoro yedu. Zvinhu zvakati kuoma nekuti chinhu chese chakanyudzwa mugungwa iri remhepo chinoiswa pasi pesimba remasimba anowanzo kumanikidza, ichiita panzvimbo imwe neimwe pamusoro payo.
Saizvozvo, kana mweya wakavharirwa mumudziyo, madziro emudziyo iwoyo anowana simba rakajairwa kumusoro kwaro pane imwe neimwe, zvichiita kuti iwedzere. Kuti tinzwisise chiitiko ichi zvakadzama, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti mhepo inoumbwa nenhamba huru yemamorekuru. iyo iwe yaunogona kufungidzira sema microscope spheres anofamba zvisina tsarukano mumativi ese, kuputsika uye kubhutsura kubva kune zvese zviri munzira yayo. Imwe neimwe yeiyi makondera madiki inoburitsa simba diki iro, rakasanganiswa neasingaverengeki hits rinoitika risingamire sekondi yega yega, rinogona kugadzira simba rakawanda. Iyo mambure mhedzisiro yeichi chinogara chiripo mamolekyulu maitiro seti yemapoinzi masimba ayo anogara ari perpendicular kune inokanganisa pamusoro.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezveMagdeburg hemispheres uye maitiro avo.