Guatemala inyika iyo zvisikwa zvinozviratidza nenzira inokatyamadza kuburikidza nemakomo ayo anoputika uye anogara achiita seismic chiitiko. Iyi hupfumi hwenzvimbo haingori nzvimbo chete: chikamu chekuzivikanwa kwenyika uye yakaumba nhoroondo yayo, mamiriro ekunze, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vayo.
Kufarirwa kunomutswa nemakomo eGuatemala hakusi kungoona chete; Inosimudzawo kushushikana pamusoro penjodzi dziripo mukugara pedyo nehofori idzi dzemoto nemadota. Kwemazana emakore, dzave dziri manyuko ekuparadza uye kubereka, kwenjodzi nemikana yebudiriro yemagariro neupfumi hwenharaunda yacho.
Chimiro chemukati chePasi: simba rinofambisa kuseri kwechiitiko chekuputika kwegomo reGuatemala
Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei Guatemala iri imwe yenyika dzine kuputika kwemakomo muCentral America, tinofanira kutanga pamwoyo wePasi. Nyika inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakadzika, chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu uye mabasa. Kubva paganda, kwatinogara, kusvika mukati memukati, gungwa rezvinhu uye simba rinotsanangura tectonic maitiro anopa kukwira kwemakomo.
- Cortex: Iyo yekunze, inoumbwa nematombo akasimba. Ukobvu hwayo hunosiyana: pamakondinendi inogona kuva pakati pe20 ne80 km; Pasi pemakungwa, yakatetepa zvakanyanya, ingangoita 6 km.
- Mantle: Pazasi pegoko, inotambanukira kusvika pakadzika inosvika 2,900 km. Iri jasi rinogadzirwa nezvinhu zvakatsiga zvine maitiro epurasitiki nekuda kwekumanikidza kwakanyanya uye tembiricha.
- Nucleus: Ndiyo chikamu chepakati, chine radius inosvika 3,400 km. Iyo inoumbwa zvakanyanya nesimbi uye nickel, uye yakakamurwa kuita yekunze core, iyo iri mvura uye inogadzira iyo Earth magnetic field, uye yemukati core, iyo yakasimba.
Kupisa kwemukati mePasi—kunokonzerwa nokuumbwa kwayo uye kuora kwemaisotopi eradioactive—kunoita semutyairi wekuchinja kwe tectonic. Kuburikidza nemaitiro ekutenderera, iwo emukati akaturikidzana anotamisa kupisa uye zvinhu, achigadzira mafambiro etectonic mahwendefa ayo, kumucheto, anopa kuputika kwemakomo uye kudengenyeka kwenyika.
Plate tectonics uye geodynamic mamiriro eGuatemala
La ndiro tectoniki dzidziso inotsanangura kuti Earth's lithosphere yakakamurwa kuita mahwendefa akati wandei anoyangarara uye anofamba pamusoro peasthenosphere, chidimbu chemvura. MuGuatemala, kudyidzana kukuru kunoitika pakati peCocos Plate (yemugungwa mabviro), Caribbean Plate, uye North American Plate. Kudyidzana kwakaoma uku kunokonzera kunyanya kusimba kwe geological chiitiko munharaunda.
Kufamba kweplate kunonyanya kuratidzwa pamiganhu yavo, inogona kuva:
- Divergent: Mahwendefa akaparadzana uye ganda idzva rinogadzirwa. Kunyanya nzvimbo dzegungwa, dzakadai sepakati pegungwa.
- Convergents: Ndiro mbiri dzinobonderana; Kana iri ndiro yegungwa uye ndiro yekondinendi, iyo yekare inonyura pasi pekupedzisira (kuderedza), kukurudzira kuputika kwemakomo.
- Transcurrent: Iwo mahwendefa anotsvedza akatevedzana ane hukama kune mumwe nemumwe, achigadzira nzvimbo dzesimba rekuita seismic chiitiko.
MuCentral America neGuatemala, kuderedzwa kunotungamira: Iyo Cocos Plate inoiswa pasi peCaribbean Plate, ichigadzira Central American volcanic chain uye yakanyanya seismic uye kuputika kwemakomo kwakafanana nePacific Coast.
Kuumbwa kwemakomo anoputika muGuatemala: basa rechisikigo mukuvakwa nguva dzose
Mamiriro ezve geological arikusangana neGuatemala ndiwo akananga mhedzisiro yeiyi tectonic dynamic. Makomo anoputika haangomuki zvisina tsarukano, asi munzvimbo umo zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa—magma—zvinogona kumanikidzira kuenda pamusoro.
Mamiriro makuru etectonic anogadzira chiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo ndeaya:
- Divergent limits: Chizvarwa cheganda idzva, kazhinji mumakungwa, nekuputika-pasi-kuputika uye mvura inoputika (semuenzaniso, mitsetse yepakati pegungwa).
- Convergent limits: Subduction, uko iyo oceanic plate inonyura pasi pe continental plate. Ndiyo nharaunda yezvizhinji zvinoputika zveGuatemala: inogadzira makomo anoputika, makomo, uye kuwanda kwekudengenyeka kwenyika.
- hot spots: Nzvimbo dzinonyungudika jasi, zvichigadzira makomo ari kure nemiganhu yeplate (seHawaii). Kunyange zvazvo rudzi urwu rusina kunyanya kuGuatemala, chinhu chinokosha pakunzwisisa kusiyana kwepasi rose kwekuputika kwemakomo.
Kukamurwa kwemakomo anoputika eGuatemala
Makomo anoputika anogona kusiyaniswa nechimiro chawo, ukuru, chimiro uye mhando yekuputika. Kuronga uku kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko zvinogona kuitika uye zvazvingaite munzanga.
Tichitarisa chimiro chayo, tinowana:
- Stratovolcanoes: Ndivo vanonyanya kuwanikwa muGuatemala. Iwo ane conical chimiro, nechepakati crater uye anoumbwa alternating layers of lava uye zvakakamurwa zvinhu (dota, slag).
- Maboiler: Iwo anoumbwa mushure mekuputika kwekuputika kunoita kuti gomo rinoputika uye kugadzira mikuru yedenderedzwa. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira muGuatemala iAtitlán neAmatitlán calderas.
- Shield volcanos: Havana kuwanda munyika. Zvichigadzirwa nemabota ane mvura zhinji, zvinoguma nemakomo akafara, akatenuka zvinyoronyoro, semakomo anoputika eHawaii.
- Lava dzimba: Zvimiro zvidiki, zvine materu, zvichibva mukuungana kwemabota akanyanya kuona. Santiaguito ndiyo inonyanya kumiririra muenzaniso.
- Cinder kana slag cones: Yakagadzirwa nekuunganidza pyroclasts semadota uye slag. Ivo vanowanzo diki uye varipo mukurongeka senge Jalpatagua kukanganisa uye Ipala graben.
Kurongeka nerudzi rwechiitiko chinoputika
Kuputika kwemakomo kunosiyana zvakanyanya mukusimba, nguva, uye mhedzisiro. Iwo anowanzo kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nehunhu hunocherechedzwa muzviratidzo zvinoputika:
- Hawaiian eruption: Yakanyanya fluid magma, kudzikama kudzingwa kwemabota nemagasi, nekuputika kushoma. Zvitubu zvelava zvinogona kushamisa, zvinosvika mazana emamita.
- Strombolian eruption: Kakawanda kuputika kwemvura shoma magma, kubuda kweincandescent pyroclasts uye nzizi diki dzelava. Pacaya Volcano muenzaniso wemhando iyi.
- Kuputika kweVulcanian: Yakawedzera viscous magma, kuputika kwechisimba, makore ane madota nemagasi. Iyo Fuego volcano inowanzoratidza maitiro aya.
- Plinian eruption: Zvakanyanya kuputika, zvine makoramu emadota anogona kukwira makumi emakiromita. Nyaya inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyekuputika kwegomo reSanta María muna 1902.
- Pelean eruption: Kuputika kwechisimba, nekuparadza pyroclastic inoyerera. Iyo inowanzobatanidzwa nemarara emarara, akadai seSantiaguito volcano.
- Icelandic eruption: Kubuda kwemavhoriyamu makuru emabota kuburikidza nemapazi, achigadzira yakakura, yakatetepa inoyerera. Classical cones haina kuumbwa.
- Phreatic eruption: Yakatangwa nekubatana kwemvura yepasi nemagma kana matombo anopisa; Izvo hazvireve kukwira kwemagma, asi inogona kuputika (seyakanyorwa muTacaná neAcatenango).
Zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nekuputika kwemakomo
Kuputika hakungodzingi mabota; Vanosunungurawo magasi uye zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvo zvinonyanya kugadzirwa nevolcanic zvinosanganisira:
- Yakagezwa: Nzizi dzematombo akanyungudutswa ayo, zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwawo, anogona kuve akawandisa mvura kana viscous. MuGuatemala, mabota akawanda zvikurusa ndeaya ePacaya; Idzo dzeFuego neSantiaguito dzakakora.
- Volcanic magasi: Mvura yemvura (yakawanda), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) nezvimwe, zvine zvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana negomo uye nguva yekuputika.
- Pyroclasts: Zvimedu zvakasimba zvinobudiswa nechisimba, zvakakamurwa nehukuru kuva matombo (akakura kupfuura 64 mm), mabhomba emakomo (lava yakaumbwa uye yakasimbiswa mumhepo), scoria/tephra (zvidimbu zveporous lava), lapilli (4-32 mm) nedota (<2 mm).
Ngozi yezvigadzirwa izvi zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwavo, simba uye chimiro chemakemikari. Madota anogona kutakurwa nemhepo madaro marefu, zvichikanganisa nzvimbo dziri kure negomo rinobuda.
Kuparadzirwa kwemakomo anoputika muGuatemala
Guatemala ine imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa cheni dzemakomo muCentral America. Anoda kusvika 288 makomo emakomo kana zvivakwa zvinoputika zvakaonekwa, kunyangwe vashoma chete vakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha chenhoroondo.
Pazasi pane rondedzero yemakomo makuru eGuatemala, nzvimbo yawo, kureba, uye chiitiko chakashumwa:
| zita | Hurefu (masl) | Dhipatimendi | Zvakatanhamara zvezvakaitika kare |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tacaná | 4,092 | San Marcos (muganhu neMexico) | 1900-1903, 1949-1950, 1986-1987 |
| Tajumulco | 4,220 | San Marcos | Hapana kunyoresa munguva pfupi yapfuura |
| Santa María | 3,772 | Quetzaltenango | 1902-1903 (kuputika kwePlinian) |
| Santiago | 2,500 | Quetzaltenango | 1922-2000 (dome inoshanda) |
| Tolimán | 3,150 | Solola | hapana kunyoresa |
| Atitlán | 3,537 | Solola | 1469, 1505, 1579, 1663, 1826, 1856 |
| Acatenango | 3,976 | Chimaltenango/Sacatepéquez | 1924-1926, 1972 (phreatic eruptions) |
| Fuego | 3,763 | Sacatepéquez/Escuintla | Kakawanda kuputika (kupfuura 60 kubvira 1524) |
| Mvura | 3,766 | Sacatepéquez/Escuintla | Hapana kunyoresa munguva pfupi yapfuura |
| Pacaya | 2,552 | Escuintla/Guatemala | Kuputika kwakawanda pakati pe1565 ne2000 |
| Tecuamburro | 1,840 | Santa Rosa | Hapana kunyoresa munguva pfupi yapfuura |
| Zvimwe: | - | Jutiapa, Jalapa, Chiquimula, etc. | Hapana chiitiko chazvino chakanyorwa |
Makomo anoputika zvakanyanya pari zvino iPacaya, Fuego, Santiaguito uye, dzimwe nguva, Tacaná. Ese anogara achitariswa nemasangano ane hunyanzvi akadai seINSIVUMEH.
Kuputika kwemakomo kwakakura muGuatemala
Nhoroondo yeGuatemala yegomo rinoputika inoratidzwa nekuputika kukuru kwemagariro uye zvakatipoteredza. Zvimwe zvezvisingakanganwike mumazana emakore achangopfuura ndezvi:
- Santa Maria, 1902: Plinian kuputika kwehukuru hwakakura, ine mbiru yemadota inodarika 25 km pakureba. Kufa kunodarika zviuru zvitanhatu kwakanyorwa, uye madota akafukidza nzvimbo huru dzekumadokero kweGuatemala.
- Santiaguito, kubvira 1922: Sequence yelava inoyerera, madota uye pyroclastic inoyerera. Muna 1929, kuputika kwemhando yePeles kwakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vanosvika 2,500 uye kwakamanikidza kutamiswa kwevanhu vaive pedyo.
- Moto: Imwe yeanonyanya kushanda uye ane ngozi makomo anoputika, ane anopfuura makumi matanhatu ekare ekuputika. Kuputika kwa60, 1932, 1971, uye 1974 kunozivikanwa nekuwanda kwemadota avo uye njodzi kune vanhu.
- Pacaya: Kakawanda kuputika kweStrombolian-type, kunyanya izvo zve1987, 1998, uye 2000, izvo zvakakanganisa guta guru nenhandare yendege yenyika nekuda kwekudonha kwemadota.
- Tacaná uye Acatenango: Phreatic kuputika nemadota uye gasi kubuda muzana ramakore rechi20.
Njodzi dzeGeological dzine chekuita nekuputika kwemakomo
Kugara pedyo negomo rinoputika zvinoreva kutarisana nemhando dzakasiyana dzengozi dze geological:
- Pyroclastic fall: Ash, lapilli, uye mamwe marara anogona kukanganisa zvinomera, zvivakwa, uye hutano, kunyanya kana zvichitakurwa nemhepo pamusoro pemadaro marefu.
- Lava inoyerera: Kunyangwe ivo vanowanzo famba zvishoma nezvishoma, vanogona kuparadza zvese munzira yavo kana paine nzvimbo dzekugara munzvimbo dzakajairika.
- Pyroclastic inoyerera: Makore ari kupisa emagasi, madota uye zvimedu zvakasimba zvinodzika nekumhanya kukuru, zvichiparadza zvose zviri munzira yavo. Ndechimwe chezviitiko zvinouraya zvakanyanya zvine chekuita nekuputika kwekuputika.
- Lahars: Madhaka emakomo anoyerera nemarara ayo, mushure memvura zhinji kana kunyunguduka, anotakura zvinhu zvakaiswa nekuputika. Zvinogona kuitika mwedzi mushure mekuputika uye kufamba nzendo refu pamibhedha yerwizi, sezvakaitika kuSantiaguito.
- Kuputsika kwezvivakwa zvinoputika: Kunyanya mushure mekuputika kukuru, kuparara kwechidimbu kana kwakakwana kunogona kuitika, kuunza mavhairasi uye kuyerera kwechipiri.
- Kuburitswa kwemagasi ane chepfu: Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, kana makore emhute yemvura anogona kukonzera zvinetso zvekufema, kusvibisa matsime emvura, uye, kana asanganiswa nemvura, anoita mvura ine acid.
Dzimwe njodzi: seismic chiitiko uye tectonic kukanganisa muGuatemala
Njodzi dzeGeological muGuatemala hadzina kuganhurirwa kumakomo anoputika chete. Kudyidzana kwemahwendefa kunogadzira network yezvikanganiso zvinoshanda, zvinokonzeresa kudengenyeka kwenyika uye deformations pasi. Mhosva yeMotagua, inopfuura 500 km kureba, inozivikanwa nekugadzira yakakosha tectonic mafambiro.
- Kudengenyeka kwenyika 1976 akaparadza chikamu chikuru cheguta guru ndokusiya zviuru zvafa.
- Kudengenyeka kwenyika kwa2012 yakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune zvivakwa uye inoratidza kudiwa kwekudzivirira uye kuderedza matanho.
Zviitiko izvi, zvakasanganiswa nemakomo anoputika, zvinoita kuti Guatemala ive nharaunda ine njodzi huru ye geological, uko kugadzirira uye kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa kwakakosha.
Basa rekutarisa nekutarisa kwekuputika kwegomo muGuatemala
Kuongorora kuputika kwemakomo kwave kukosha kwenyika. Kutarisisa kunosanganisira kuyera seismic chiitiko, deformation yepasi, uye shanduko mukupisa uye kuumbwa kwefumaroles, zvitubu zvinopisa, uye magasi. Zvose izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuona zviratidzo zvekukurumidza kuputika uye kupa yambiro yekukurumidza.
Nhoroondo uye geological kudzidza kwemakomo anoputika anobatsira kufungidzira kuwanda uye mhando yezvingangoita kuputika, pamwe nekuwanda kwekuiswa kwemakomo uye njodzi dzinoenderana. INSIVUMEH, sangano rinotungamira munyika, rinochengetedza masisitimu anoenderera mberi ekutarisa pamakomo anoputika uye inoshandisa kudzivirira uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvehuwandu.
Kupesvedzera kwemakomo anoputika uye geology pane Guatemalan nharaunda uye nzanga
Kupfuura njodzi, makomo anoputika akabatsira mukuumba mamiriro uye kukura kwevanhu muGuatemala. Boka rinoputika rinoumba nzvimbo yacho, rinosarudza mamiriro okunze, rinopa ivhu rakaorera rakanakira kurima, uye ndiro rinopa simba nezvicherwa.
Kuorera kwevhu uye kuwanikwa kwemvura yepasi munzvimbo ine makomo anoputika zvakatsigira kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzemaguta makuru, asi zvinowedzerawo njodzi kunjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.
Aquifers uye zviwanikwa zvemvura zvine chekuita nevolcanic geology
Guta reGuatemala, semuenzaniso, zvinoenderana neiyo aquifer yeMupata weGuatemala and the Atescatempas aquifer. Ose ari maviri anodyiswa nemvura inonaya uye nzizi dzinoyerera nomunzvimbo dzinoputika. Hunhu uye huwandu hwemvura yepasi hunoenderana zvakananga nechimiro uye kuumbwa kweivhu rinoputika.
Njodzi dzinoputika pasi rose: mareferensi uye zvidzidzo zveGuatemala
Nhoroondo yepasi rose inoratidzwa nekuputika kwemakomo kunoparadza. Zviitiko zvakadai sekuputika kweGomo reVesuvius muna 79 AD, kuputika kweKrakatoa muna 1883, kana kuputika kweNevado del Ruiz muna 1985 (Colombia) mienzaniso yemigumisiro yemagariro evanhu uye yezvakatipoteredza izvo zviitiko zvepanyama zvinogona kuunza. Guatemala, nekuputika kweSanta Maria muna 1902, zvinosuruvarisa seimwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kuputika zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Kuziva uye kutarisisa kwemakomo anoputika chinhu chakakosha mukuderedza njodzi nekuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji. Zvakaitika kune dzimwe nyika zvakakurudzira kugadzirwa kwezvirongwa zvechimbichimbi, zvibooreso, uye gadziriro dzokunyevera—zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokudzivisa ngwavaira kuti irege kuitika zvakare.
Guta reGuatemala nenzvimbo dzakaripoteredza pasi peiyo geological wachi
La Guatemala City Iri mukati mebheseni rakakomberedzwa nemakomo nemakomo, pane akaturikidzana emakomo anoputika uye pyroclastic kuyerera kwakaona kunoramba kuchiitika tectonic uye kuputika kwemakomo kwemamiriyoni emakore. Ikozvino kusununguka, mamiriro ekunze uye hydrography ndiyo yakananga mhedzisiro yeiyi geological nhaka.
Kuvapo kwemakomo anoputika akadai seAgua, Atitlán, Fuego, Acatenango, uye Pacaya hakungogadziri maonero eguta chete asiwo kunoratidza kusakanganiswa kwaro nekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuputika. Kutarisira njodzi uye kuchinjika kune geological nharaunda kunofanirwa kuve mbiru dzekuronga maguta uye dzidzo yevagari.
Kudzivirira uye kuderedza matanho kurwisa njodzi dze geological
Chiitiko chakawanikwa mushure menjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga chakakurudzira kuvandudzwa kwemitemo mitsva yekuvaka, hurongwa hwekunyevera kwekutanga, zvirongwa zvekubuda, uye mishandirapamwe yekuzivisa pakati pevagari venzvimbo dzine njodzi. Nhasi, muguta guru uye munzvimbo dziri pedyo zvikuru nemakomo anoputika, mune zvinodzora kuvaka, zviboorero zvenguva dzose, uye tsinhirano huru pakati pezviremera nenzanga.
Zviremera uye masangano ehunyanzvi, akadai seINSIVUMEH nemayunivhesiti akasiyana siyana, vanoshanda vakabatana neruzhinji kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo uye kuchengetedza hupenyu nemararamiro kubva kunjodzi inogara ichikonzerwa nekuputika kwemakomo uye kudengenyeka kwenyika.
Nhoroondo uye zuva razvino reGuatemala rakanyatso cherechedzwa nekuputika kwemakomo uye tectonic chiitiko. Makomo anoputika haana kungoumba nzvimbo yenyika, mamiriro ekunze, uye ivhu rakaorera chete, asi akaunzawo matambudziko anoramba achienderera mberi maererano nekudzivirira uye kutarisisa njodzi dzepasi. Kuumbwa kweketani yemakomo, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakomo anoputika, hupfumi hwezvigadzirwa zvemakomo uye kuwanda kwekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuputika kunoita kuti nguva dzose kutarisa uye kudzidza kwezviitiko izvi zvakakosha. KuGuatemalans, kugara pasi pemumvuri wemakomo anoputika ichokwadi chinosanganisa zvisikwa, njodzi, uye mukana, zvinoda kuenzana pakati pekuyemura runako rwechisikigo uye mutoro wekugara wakagadzirira.