New Zealand inyika yakazara nemasikirwo kumativi ese, uye nhoroondo yayo ye geological ine simba semamiriro ayo. Nzvimbo shoma pasi pano dzinopa musanganiswa unoputika wesimba remakomo anoputika uye kunaka kwepasi, zvichigadzira nzvimbo dzinoita sedzimwe nyika. Kubva pamakomo anokwira pamusoro pemadziva eturquoise kusvika kunzvimbo dzinopfungaira dzinopfungaira uye minda yevhu, kuputika kwemakomo kwakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pakuzivikanwa kwekona iyi yeSouth Pacific.
Muchinyorwa chino, tichanyura takananga munyika inonakidza yemakomo anoputika eNew Zealand. Tichaongorora kuti akaumbwa sei, ndeapi marudzi emakomo anoputika aripo, ndeapi ari kushanda pari zvino, njodzi nenjodzi dzawo, nzvimbo dzawo, uye chimiro chemunhu, kusanganisira kuputika kwazvino uye nzvimbo dzakanakisa dzekuyemura simba rechisikigo iri. Zvisungei nebhanhire, nekuti nyika inogara pasi petsoka dzenyu.
Geology yeNew Zealand: Iyo Volcanic Origin yeNyika Inoshamisa
Iyo geology yeNew Zealand Iyo inoratidzirwa nenzvimbo yayo yakarongeka mune inonzi Pacific Ring yeMoto, inzvimbo iyo Pacific, Indo-Australian, uye mamwe madiki etectonic plates anogara achipindirana. Uku kudhumhana kunotyisa kwemaplateti kunogadzira chiitiko chakanyanya chekudengenyeka uye nekuputika kwemakomo, zvichiita kuti New Zealand ive imwe yenzvimbo dzakasimba dze geological papasi.
Nyika haina mukurumbira chete nekuda kwemakomo asingaverengeki, asiwo inodada makomo, mazaya echando nezvikanganiso kuratidzira mamiriyoni emakore ekushanda kwemukati. Chiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo chinoramba chakajairika muNorth Island, kunyanya, nepo South Island ichitongwa nemasara akaparara emakomo anoputika uye nhongonya dzakakwirira dzakaumbwa nekudhumhana kwetectonic.
Mhando dzemakomo anoputika muNew Zealand nenzvimbo dzawo huru dzinoputika
MuNew Zealand vanowanikwa stratovolcanos, calderas, cinder cones, monogenetic fields, uye nhovo inoputika. Inosimbisa iyo Taupo Volcanic Zone seyakanyanya kushanda uye inozivikanwa kwazvo, ichitambanuka nepakati peNorth Island. Vazhinji makomo anoputika, macaldera uye zvitubu zvinopisa, kugadzira mikana isingaperi yevaongorori nevashanyi. Kuti unzwisise zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviyeuchidzo zvepanyama, unogona kubvunza kupatsanurwa kwemhando dzemakomo anoputika pasi rose.
Kunze kwenzvimbo huru inoputika, kune zvakare minda ichangoburwa yemakomo seAuckland, iyo inosanganisira makoni nemakoronga munzvimbo yemaguta, uye zvakasara zvehofori dzekare paSouth Island, senge makomo anoputika eBanks Peninsula neOtago.
Makomo anoputika zvikuru emuNew Zealand
- Gomo reRuapehu: Inoshanda stratovolcano uye nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro paNorth Island (2.797 m), ine mukurumbira nekuda kwesimba rayo rakasimba, dhamu rayo, uye mazaya echando, akasiyana pachitsuwa. Kuputika kwekare muna 1995, 1996, uye 2007 kwakafukidza materu ayo ari madota, kunyevera zviremera uye masayendisiti anogara achiongorora. Iri zvakare kumusha kune dzinozivikanwa kwazvo ski resorts munyika.
- Mount Ngauruhoe: Iyi stratovolcano yechidiki, 2.291 m kureba, chikamu cheTongariro National Park uye inozivikanwa nekutaridzika kwayo uye kugara ichiputika. Kuputika kwaro kekupedzisira kwaiva muna 1977, uye kunyange zvazvo yakabatana neTongariro, inowanzoonekwa segomo rakasiyana. Yakashanda seyakakurumbira "Mount Doom" muna The Lord of the Rings trilogy.
- Taranaki/Egmont Volcano: Iri kumadokero kweNorth Island, inomira kunze kune yayo inenge yakakwana symmetry uye urefu hwe2.518 m. Iyo idiki uye inoshanda stratovolcano, kunyangwe pasina marekodhi echangobva kuitika ekuputika kukuru. Kunetseka pamusoro pezvingabvira kuputika mune remangwana kunoita kuti masayendisiti arambe akasvinura, ayo anozviona achishandisa seismographs uye masystem eGPS.
- Gomo reTongariro: Pamwe chete naNgauruhoe naRuapehu, vanoumba mwoyo unoputika weNorth Island. Tongariro volcanic massif inogara makoni nemakoronga akawanda, nekuputika kwenguva pfupi yapfuura kwakafanana neayo muna 2012.
- White Island/Whakaari: Iri gomo rinoputika, rinoonekwa sechitsuwa chinoputa fodya muBay of Plenty, nderimwe reanotariswa zvakanyanya munyika, kunyanya mushure menjodzi ya2019 apo kuputika kwakasiya vanhu vakati wandei vafa. Parizvino yakavharwa kuvashanyi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza.
Pamusoro peaya makomo anoputika, kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa asi dzinokosha zvakaenzana, dzakadai se Kermadec Islands, nhevedzano yezvikepe zvepasi pemvura uye makomo anoputika anosvika kuTonga, uye akati wandei monogenetic kuchamhembe kwenyika.
Makomo anoputika uye nzvimbo: kushanya uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika
Kuputika kwemakomo kwakaumba mamwe enzvimbo dzinoshamisa dzeNew Zealand.MuTongariro National Park, nzira dzine mukurumbira dzakaita seTongariro Alpine Crossing dzinopa maonero ezvisingagoneke mavara ane mavara, madziva eturquoise, uye fumaroles inoshanda. Gomo reTaranaki, rakakomberedzwa nemasango akasvibira neminda, rinomira pachena nokuda kwechimiro charo chinoyevedza uye nzira dzinofamba dzakaripoteredza.
Nzvimbo dzine geothermal dzeRotorua neTaupo, dzine magiyiza, madziva anodziya, uye madhaka anotubuka, dzinokwezva zviuru zvevashanyi gore rega rega vachitsvaga kusangana nemasikirwo akasiyana. Unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve geological phenomena pa iyo yekutarisa kuputika kwemakomo uye kutyisidzira gwaraIyi dunhu zvakare inopupurira kugarisana kwechiMaori tsika uye pesvedzero yesimba re geological, musanganiswa usinga patsanurike wekuzivikanwa kweNew Zealand.
Maumbirwo anoputika muNew Zealand: tarisa kune tectonics
Kwakabva New Zealand makomo anoputika anonzwisiswa nekuda kwe kuderedzwa kwePacific Plate pasi peIndo-Australian PlateIyi nzira inokonzeresa kunyunguduka kwezvinhu zvakadzika, izvo zvinosimuka nekuungana mumakamuri magma, zvichipa kuumbwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemakomo anoputika zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwemagma uye rudzi rwekuputika. Mhedzisiro ndeyekusiyana kwemakomo anoputika, kubva zvinoputika stratovolcanoes ane akadonha craters, kuminda monogenetic conesKana iwe uchida kupinda zvakadzama mukudzidziswa kwemhando idzi, bvunza kupatsanurwa kwemhando dzemakomo anoputika.
Chiitiko chekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuputika kwemakomo kunofambidzana muNew Zealand. Kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakadai seNapier Earthquake (1931) uye kuputika kwenhoroondo kwakaratidza ndangariro yenyika, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekutarisa njodzi uye manejimendi.
Mhando dzekuputika uye njodzi dzekuputika kwemakomo: kunze kwechiratidziro
Hazvisi zvese zvine runako munyika inoputika. Kuputika muNew Zealand kunogona kuputika zvakanyanya. uye kukonzera njodzi dzakasiyana siyana:
- Pyroclastic inoyerera: Makore anopisa emagasi nezvimedu zvinodzika materu acho achimhanya zvikuru, achiparadza zvose zviri munzira yawo. Inouraya uye yakaoma kufanotaura, inoda kubviswa nekukasira.
- Lahars: Madhaka anoputika anogona kuyerera nemumipata makumi kana mazana emakiromita kubva pagomba, kazhinji zvichikonzerwa nekuputika, kunaya kwemvura zhinji, kana dhamu regomba rinofashukira.
- Ballistic projectiles: Matombo nezvimedu zvakakandwa nechisimba kubva mugomba, zvine ngozi munzvimbo yakapoteredza.
- Volcanic ash: Zvimedu zvakanaka izvo mhepo inogona kutakura madaro marefu, zvichikanganisa zvivakwa, zvirimwa uye hutano hwekufema yevanhu nemhuka, uye kunyange ndege.
- Volcanic magasi: Kubuda kwesulfur dioxide, mhute yemvura, uye carbon dioxide, iyo inokuvadza muhuwandu hwepamusoro uye inogona kufamba mazana emakiromita nemhepo.
- Lava inoyerera: Kunyange zvazvo dzichinonoka uye dzisingaurayi pane dzimwe njodzi, dzinoparadza zvose zviri munzira yadzo uye dzakaumba nzvimbo yakawanda yeNew Zealand.
- Sectoral collapse: Kuputsika kwezvikamu zvegomo rinoputika, kunowanzokonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika, kunogona kukonzera kuondomoka kwevhu uye kunyange tsunami kana zvikaitika pedyo negungwa.
Minda yemakomo uye makomo ekare
El Auckland volcanic munda Ndiyo monogenetic, zvinoreva kuti mhepo yega yega inowanzoputika kamwe chete. Muguta racho uye munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, mune zvakawanda zvemakoronga, makoni, uye madhamu akasiiwa nokuputika kwakapfuura. Gotwe uye rakakurumbira zvikuru iRangitoto, chitsuwa chinoputika chakavapo makore 600 kana 700 chete apfuura.
In the South Island Kuitika kwekuputika kwemakomo chinhu chekare, asi maitiro anokatyamadza senge Banks Peninsula (zvisaririra zvemakomo ekare akaputika Akaroa neLyttelton), Otago neTimaru, uko zvikomo nezviteshi zvezvikepe zvakasikwa nekukukurwa kwemakomo akaparara zvinochengetedzwa.
Kumaodzanyemba kwenyika, nzvimbo inoshandurwa nezvitsuwa zvesubantarctic uye Ross Dependency muAntarctica, ine makomo anoputika akadai seMount Erebus, achiri kushanda uye nyaya yekutsvagisa kwenyika.
Nhoroondo yekuputika muNew Zealand: epoch-making zviitiko
Mumakore 1800 apfuura, New Zealand yakasangana nekuputika kwakasiyana-siyana. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Yasvika pahunhu hwakanyanyisa, hwakadai sekuputika kwegomo reTaupo makore akapoteredza 230 AD (IEV 6), rinoonekwa serimwe remhirizhonga zvakanyanya munhoroondo yevanhu.
Kumwe kuputika kunoshamisa kunosanganisira Mount Ruapehu muna 1995, 1996 na2007, kuputika kweWhite Island muna 2019, uye Mount Tarawera muna 1886, iyo yakaparadza musha weMāori weTe Wairoa uye yakafukidza nzvimbo dzakakura dzenyika mumadota. Matambudziko aya akasiya mavanga akadzama uye akakurudzira kuvandudzwa kwe kutarisa uye kugadzirira njodzi dzekuputika kwemakomo.
Volcanic njodzi manejimendi: kutarisa, modhi uye ruzivo rwenzvimbo
Volcanic njodzi manejimendi muNew Zealand yakakwira uye yakabatanaMamodheru ekufanotaura uye masisitimu ekunyevera ekutanga, akabatanidzwa neruzivo rwechinyakare Māori, anoshandiswa kunzwisisa zvirinani mapatani uye kutarisira kuputika kungangoita. Monitoring masisitimu anosanganisira seismographs, GPS, uye satellite, ayo anogona kuona shanduko muchiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo munguva chaiyo. Kuti uwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweaya masisitimu, ona Volcanic chiitiko muJava uye kutarisa kwayo.
Nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda seAuckland dzine zvirongwa zvechimbichimbi, uye nharaunda dzemunharaunda dzinotora chikamu muzvirongwa zvedzidzo uye kugadzirira kuderedza kukuvadzwa kana pakaitika kuputika.
Kukanganisa kwemakomo anoputika pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva nekushanya
Kupfuura njodzi, Makomo anoputika chikamu chakakosha chenyika yeNew Zealand, tsika nehupfumi.Vanokwezva vashanyi, masayendisiti, uye vafambi vanofarira kukwira makomo, kutsvedza, uye kuona magiza nezvimwe zviitiko zve geothermal. Zvivakwa zvevashanyi zvakagadzirirwa kupa zvakachengeteka uye zvedzidzo zviitiko, kusimudzira kwezvakatipoteredza uye tsika kuziva.
Rondedzero yemakomo anoputika muNew Zealand
| zita | Altitude (m) | Nzvimbo | kuputika kwekupedzisira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruapehu | 2797 | North Island, Tongariro NP | 2007 |
| Ngauruhoe | 2291 | North Island, Tongariro NP | 1977 |
| Taranaki/Egmont | 2518 | North Island, Egmont National Park | 1755 |
| Tongariro | 1968 | North Island, Tongariro NP | 2012 |
| White Island/Whakaari | 321 | Bay of Plenty | 2019 |
| Rangitoto | 260 | Auckland | 1350 |
| Tarawera | 1111 | Taupo Volcanic Zone | 1886 |
| Akaroa | - | Banks Peninsula (South Island) | Miocene |
| Otago | 680 | East Coast, South Island | Makirioni matatu emakore apfuura |
Kudyidzana pakati peMaori tsika nemakomo anoputika
Kune vanhu veMaori, Makomo anoputika haasi enzvimbo chete, asi zvisikwa zvipenyu uye zvinoyeraMakomo anoputika akawanda ane nhoroondo dzemadzitateguru nemazita anoratidza kukosha kwawo pamweya. Hukama hwavo nenyika uye kunzwisisa zviitiko zvechisikigo kuburikidza netsika dzepamuromo zvakabatsira nharaunda kurarama nenjodzi idzi neruremekedzo.
Sayenzi uye remangwana rekutarisa kwekuputika kwemakomo
Kutariswa kwevolcano kunoramba kuchishanduka nguva dzose, ne Zvitsva mumamodheru ekufungidzira uye masisitimu ekunyevera ekutangaKudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda uye ruzivo rwemadzitateguru zvinosimbisa kukwanisa kupindura kune zvingangoputika. Nhoroondo yeGeological inoratidza kuti, kunyange zvazvo nguva iri pakati pekuputika inogona kuva yakareba, basa regomo rinoputika chikamu chenyika yeNew Zealand uye tsika, saka kungwarira uye kugadzirira kunofanira kuchengetedzwa nguva dzose.
