Kushandiswa kwemamepu kwakatanga kare, apo vanhu vekutanga vakatanga kuongorora nekunyora zvakavapoteredza. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda vanoshamisika mepu yekutanga yakabuda rinhi uye mafambisirwo akaitwa katutu nekufamba kwenguva.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze pakabuda mepu yekutanga, maitiro ayo aive akaita sei uye kuti akakosha sei pakushanduka kwemunhu.
Mepu yekutanga yakabuda rini?
Mepu yekutanga inozivikanwa munhoroondo iMepu yeTurin, iyo yakatanga kusvika 1150 BC uye yakagadzirwa mubudiriro yeEgypt. Mepu iyi yakawanikwa muna 1824 muguta reItaly reTurin, uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakashandiswa kutungamira nyika uye kuronga maguta muEgypt yekare. Mepu yeTurin yakagadzirwa nenhokwe uye yakareba mamita 1,70 kureba nemita imwe yakafara. Inoratidza Nile Delta nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza guta reThebes, ine mazita enzvimbo uye kupatsanurwa kwekutonga, chinomiririra chinogona kuenderana ne mapping sokuranga.
Mumwe muenzaniso wekutanga wemamepu ndeyeImago Mundi Mepu, yakagadzirwa makore akapoteredza 600 BC muBhabhironi rekare. Iyi mepu yevhu inomiririra chikamu chenyika chaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, kusanganisira maguta, nzizi, uye makomo.
Kubva kare, mepu dzave dzichishandiswa pakufamba, kuongorora, hondo, kuronga maguta, uye kudhirowa kwesaenzi. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakabvumira kugadzirwa kwemepu dzakanyatsojeka uye dzakadzama, kubva kumepu dzakanyorwa nemaoko kuenda kune geographic information system (GIS) uye mamepu epamhepo anodyidzana anoshandiswa nhasi, seanowanikwa pa. synoptic mepu.
Kukosha kwemepu
Mamepu aive maturusi akakosha munguva dzekare nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Chekutanga, mamepu aibatsira vanhu kunzwisisa nekufambisa zvakavapoteredza. Mamepu aikwanisa kuratidza nzvimbo yenzizi, makomo, maguta, uye zvimwe zviratidzo., iyo yakabatsira vanhu kuti vazvitungamirire munzvimbo dzavaigara uye kuronga nzira dzekufamba.
Uyezve, mamepu aibatsira hurumende nemauto. Mepu dzaigona kushandiswa kuronga mazano echiuto uye pakubata ivhu nezviwanikwa. Vakabvumirawo hurumende kuti dzidzore uye dzitungamirire ndima yadzo zvakanaka. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewe mapoka emaodzanyemba, iyo inopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve geography yenzvimbo uye yakaita basa rakakosha mukutarisira panguva yekushanduka kwemamepu.
Mepu dzaive dzakakoshawo kuchitendero nengano. Mutsika dzakawanda dzekare, mepu dzaishandiswa kumiririra cosmology uye zvitendero zvechitendero zvenzanga. mamepu aya vaigona kuratidza nzvimbo yavamwari nemidzimu, pamwe chete nechimiro chechisiko chapose pose maererano nezvinodavirwa nenzanga.
Mamepu aive maturusi akakosha munguva dzakare nekuda kwekugona kwavo kubatsira vanhu kunzwisisa nharaunda yavo, kuronga mafambiro nemazano echiuto, uye kumiririra zvitendero zvenzanga nezvengano. Mepu dzakaramba dzakakosha munhoroondo yese uye dzinoramba dziri maturusi akakosha nhasi pakufamba, kuronga maguta, kudhirowa kwesaenzi, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve , iwe unowana ruzivo runobatsira.
Mepu yekutanga yakabuda rini uye ndedzipi dzakaitevera?
Zvakaoma kusarudza mamepu akakosha pasi rose, sezvo kwave kune mepu dzakawanda dzinokosha munhoroondo yese. Nekudaro, mamwe eanonyanya kukosha mepu anosanganisira:
- Mepu yeTurin: Sezvandambotaura, Mepu yeTurin ndiyo yekare mepu inozivikanwa munhoroondo uye yakakosha nekuti inoratidza kugona kwebudiriro yeEgipita kugadzira mepu dzakadzama uye dzakakwana.
- Mepu yaPtolemy: Muzivi wenyeredzi wechiGiriki uye nyanzvi yejogirafi Claudius Ptolemy akasika mamepu akati wandei muzana ramakore rechipiri AD, asi mepu yake yenyika, inoratidza nyika yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, inonyanya kukosha pakurongeka kwayo uye kupesvedzera kwayo pamifananidzo yakazotevera, yaunogona kuverenga zvakawanda pamusoro payo. basa raAnaximander.
- Mepu yeFra Mauro: Yakagadzirwa muXNUMXth century neVenetian monk Fra Mauro, iyi mepu inoratidza nyika yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, kusanganisira nezvenzvimbo netsika. Izvo zvakakosha nekuti ndeimwe yemamepu ekutanga kuratidza mahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweAfrica nemazvo.
- Mepu yeMercator: Yakagadzirwa neFlemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator muna 1569, mepu iyi ine mukurumbira nekuda kwe cylindrical fungidziro inobvumira kufamba kwakaringana pamakungwa makuru. Ndiyo imwe yemepu dzine simba zvikuru munhoroondo uye ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi.
- google pasi mepu: Iyi mepu inodyidzana yepamhepo, yakatangwa muna 2005, yasandura nzira iyo vanhu vanowana nekushandisa ruzivo rwenzvimbo. Yakakosha nekuti inobvumidza vanhu kuongorora nekunzwisisa nyika nenzira itsva uye yakave nemhedzisiro yakakosha padzidzo, kuronga maguta uye mepu.
Aya angori mashoma eanonyanya kukosha mepu munhoroondo, asi kune mamwe akawanda anga akakoshawo pakuita kwayo, pesvedzero, uye hunyanzvi hwekushandisa tekinoroji.
Evolution yemamepu munhoroondo yese
Cartography yakashanduka zvakanyanya munhoroondo yese, kubva pamepu dzakareruka dzekare kusvika kune yakaoma mepu uye maturusi ekuona data anhasi. Iko kushanduka kwekatuni kwemazana emakore kunotsanangurwa muchidimbu pazasi:
- Zvekare: Sezvandambotaura, mepu dzekare dzinozivikanwa dzinotangira kuIjipiti neBhabhironi yekare. Zvisinei, munguva dzekare, vaGiriki nevaRoma vakagadzira nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzekugadzira mepu, kusanganisira mepu dzenyika nemamepu enzvimbo.
- Middle Ages: Munguva yeMiddle Ages, kudhirowa kwemifananidzo kwainyanya kutarisana nekusikwa kwemamepu echitendero uye engano airatidza maonero enyika echechi yechiKristu. Nekudaro, mamepu akanyanya kunaka akagadzirwawo kuitira zvinangwa zvinoshanda sekufamba uye kutonga kwenyika.
- Nguva Yekuwanikwa: Mukati mezana ramakore rechigumi namashanu neregumi namatanhatu, kunzvera kweEurope nokuita koloni muAfrica, Americas, uye Asia zvakatungamirira mukuputika kwemifananidzo. Vagadziri vemapepu vekuEurope vakagadzira mepu dzakanyatsojeka uye dzakadzama dzematunhu aya, kusanganisira machati emugungwa ekufambisa pamakungwa makuru.
- The Scientific Revolution: Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX, kudhirowa kwemapuraneti kwakabatsirwa nokufambira mberi kwesayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, zvakadai se<em>trigonometry uye kuyerwa kwelongitude uye latitude. Mepu dzakava dzakanyatsojeka uye dzakadzama, uye matekiniki ekugadzira mepu akagadzirwa kuratidza data chairo, senge huwandu hwevanhu uye geology.
- Nguva yedhijitari: Nekuuya kwekombuta uye ruzivo rwemichina muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kudhirowa kwemakadhi kwakachinja zvakanyanya. Geographic information systems (GIS) yakagonesa kuunganidzwa nekuongororwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwedata renzvimbo, uye mepu dzedhijitari dzakagonesa kuumba mepu dzinodyidzana uye dzemunhu kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa, kubva pakufamba kuenda kuhurongwa hwemadhorobha uye manejimendi.
Nhasi, mepu inoramba ichishanduka, ichitungamirwa nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza matekinoroji matsva uye kuwedzera kuri kuda kweiyo data yegeospatial chaiyo uye yemazuva ano. Mamepu anoramba ari chishandiso chakakosha pakunzwisisa nekutonga nyika yakatitenderedza, uye kudhirowa kwematapu kucharamba kuine basa rakakosha mukuita sarudzo nekuronga munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
