Mumatanho ekupedzisira enguva ichangopfuura yeaizi, pasi redu rakapinda munguva yakaoma zvikuru umo mazaya echando akakura zvaasati amboita munguva pfupi yapfuura. Iyi nguva inozivikanwa seyekupedzisira Glacial Maximum, nguva iyo mazaya echando akasvika pakukura kwawo uye nyika yakashandurwa kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi maererano nemamiriro ekunze, nyanza, uye nzvimbo. Chiitiko ichocho chakaratidza kutonhora zvakanyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura.kugadzirisa mhenderekedzo dzegungwa, kubatanidza nyika dzava kuparadzaniswa nemakungwa, uye kugadzirisa upenyu hwemarudzi, kusanganisira vanhu.
Izwi rekuti Last Glacial Maximum harina kufanana nekunaya kwemvura muzhinji; rinoreva nguva apo aizi yakasvika kureba nekukora kukuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, kana tichitaura nezvepakati nekumadokero kweEurope, inowanzobatanidzwa neWürm glaciation, iyo ichangopfuura glacial stage yePleistocene. Nyaya yatinotaura pano inotsigirwa nezvidzidzo zve geological, marine, uye speleological. avo vakanatsa mazuva akakosha, ukuru hwekusiyana kwemwero wegungwa, uye shanduko yezvakatipoteredza inotsanangura iyo nyika inotonhora, yakaoma.
Chii chaive Chekupedzisira Glacial Maximum uye iyo Würm glaciation?
Iyo Würm glaciation, nguva yekupedzisira yekutonhora kukuru muAlps nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza, yakagara kwemakumi ezviuru zvemakore panguva yePleistocene. Yakatanga makore angangoita 100 000 apfuura uye yakapera pakati pemakore gumi nemashanu nemakumi mashanu apfuura. Kukwirira kweiyo Alpine glaciation kwakaitika makore zviuru gumi nezvisere apfuura, nguva apo aizi yaidzora nzvimbo huru yokuchamhembe kwehemisphere.
Mukati memireniyumu iwaya, machira akakura echando akafukidza North America kubva kumahombekombe kuenda kumahombekombe, kunze kwedzimwe nzvimbo dzeAlaska, uye akafambira mberi zvakanyanya kuchamhembe kweEurasia. Kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, Antarctica yakaramba yakaomeswa nechando., uye pasi rose rakaona kuderera kwetembiricha yepasi rose kwemadhigirii akati wandei zvichienzaniswa nehunhu hwazvino.
Mukati meiyi hurongwa hwakakura mune Yekupedzisira Glacial Maximum, nguva inotsanangurwa pasi rose uye iyo, maererano nekubatanidza kwezvimedu zveuchapupu hwakawanda, iri pakati pemakore 26.500 apfuura uye angangoita makore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri apfuura. Kwakanga kuri kutambanudza uko mazaya echando ekondinendi aisvika pakakwiriraichifukidza nzvimbo huru dzeEurope, Asia neNorth America, uye ichisiya micherechedzo isingakanganisi pamusoro penzvimbo iyo inogona kuwanikwa.
Yakanatswa nguva uye nzvimbo dzepamusoro muIberian Peninsula
Kurongeka kweiyo Yekupedzisira Glacial Maximum yakanga isiri yunifomu kwese kwese. Panyika yose, nhongonya yemazaya echando akawanda inoiswa makore anenge 20 000 zvisati zvaitika. Zvisinei, imwe ongororo yakatungamirirwa nenyanzvi yepasi Jane Willenbring weUniversity of Pennsylvania yakaratidza kuti mudungwerungwe remakomo eBéjar, Gredos, uye Guadarrama, chando chakakwirira chakaitika anenge makore 26 000 apfuura. Uku kuderera kwedunhu kunoratidza kuti mazaya echando akadavidza kumamiriro enzvimbo pamwe nekumanikidza kwepasirese..
Chimwe chezvimedu zveuchapupu hweiyi miganho yekare yemazaya echando akajairwa muSpain Central makomo makomo ndiko kuvapo kwemaarcs uye zvindori zvematombo uye madhamu anocherekedza mipendero yakasvikwa nechando pakufambira mberi kwayo kukuru. Makomo aya emoraine anoita semahombekombe echokwadi echando., ichitsanangura mwero mukuru wemakomo echando ari mumipata iyoyo yemakomo marefu.
Nzira yekuvakazve chando chakatsakatika
Kunyatso dhiza aya mapundu echando kumberi uye kudzoka, vaongorori vanosanganisa akati wandei matekiniki. Kune rumwe rutivi, vanoshandisa cosmogenic dating pane glacial deposits inoratidza miganhu inosvikwa neaizi-kureva, pamatope anosiiwa neazaya echando pachawo painodzikama kana kuti ichidzokera shure. Iyi nzira inoyera isotopes inogadzirwa nemwaranzi yecosmic pamusoro pematombo.zvichitibvumira kuziva padzakafumurwa uye, naizvozvo, apo nzvimbo yakafumurwa mushure mekunge aizi yadzokera.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mapako ari pedyo anopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwemamiriro ekunze. Munyaya yeSierra de Gredos, iyo oxygen isotope ratio yakaongororwa mune maviri speleothems kubva kuCueva del Águila (Eagle Cave), iri makiromita gumi kubva kumakomo. Speleothems rekodhi, layer by layer, zviratidzo zvekushisa uye kunaya kwemvura yemhoteredzo yadzakaumbwa, uye kududzira kwadzo kwazova chishandiso chikuru pakuvakazve mamiriro okunze ekare.
Simba rekuvakazve uku riri mukubatanidzwa kwe geomorphological uye isotopic humbowo. Nekuyambuka-referencing chiyero che glacial deposits ine zvinyorwa zvemapako, zvinokwanisika kuvaka zvakare kwete chete pakanga paine ice, asiwo mamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze ayo akakura. MuCentral mountain range, nguva yekuwedzera kwemvura inofanotaurwa pakati pe29.000 ne25.000 makore apfuura. mukati memamiriro ekunze anotonhora, pamwe nekuda kwekuchinja kwekumaodzanyemba kweNorth Atlantic Polar Front mukupindura shanduko yeinsolation yakabatana neorbital paramita.
Mwero wegungwa panguva yechando chepamusoro
Mibairo yekukura kweaizi haina kuganhurirwa pamusoro pePasi. Kuwanda kwemvura yakavharirwa muaizi yakaderedza huwandu hwemakungwa, ichidzikisa mwero wayo uye ichifumura masherufu makuru emakondinendi. Ongororo yepasi rese nekutora chikamu kweYunivhesiti yeGranada yakanyatso tsanangura shanduko idzi pakati pe30.000 uye 17.000 makore apfuura zvichibva pane data kubva pasi pegungwa.
Mhedzisiro, yakaburitswa mujenari Nature, inoratidza nhanho mbiri dzakatevedzana dzekuderera. Kutanga, kudonha kamwe kamwe kwemamita angangoita 40 makore anenge 30.000 zvisati zvaitika, zvichiteverwa nechikamu chakagadzikana; zvino, imwe donho pamusoro anenge 20 metres kumativi 22.000 makore apfuura, kusvika pasi rose zvishoma anenge -125 kusvika -130 metres makore 20.500 apfuura. Kubva ipapo, mwero wegungwa wakatanga kukwira zvishoma nezvishoma, iyo yakakurumidza zvikuru kutenderera makore 17.000 apfuura, kudzikamisa zvakare makore anenge 7.000 apfuura uye zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kune tsika dzazvino.
Kuti tisvike pakurongeka kwenguva kwakadai, boka rakadzidza geomorphological and sedimentological indicators of the continental shelf margin of Northeast Australia, mvura dziri kunze kweGreat Barrier Reef, inowedzerwa ne marine paleontology. Kiyi yakarara muzvibhorani makumi matatu nemana zvakacherwa panguva yeExpedition 325 yeInternational Ocean Discovery Program., ine core samples dzakatorwa pakati pe50 ne170 metres pazasi pemwero wegungwa uripo.
Aya masampuli anoumbwa zvakanyanya nereef-kuvaka-makorari akasara uye calcareous algae, zvipenyu zvinokura pakadzika zvishoma maererano nepamusoro pegungwa. Kunyatsoronga misi yezvisaririra izvi kunopa nhanho-ne-nhanho rekodhi yematanho ekare egungwa., iyo inogona kuve yemunharaunda curve uye, mushure meiyo yakakodzera isostatic kugadzirisa, kuvakwazve kwepasirese.
Chikwata ichi chakaita mazana emadhiometric ekufambidzana, akatenderedza mazana mashanu nemakumi masere, achishandisa Carbon-14 uye Uranium/Thorium isotopes. Nekubatanidza nzvimbo ye paleo-bathymetric yenharaunda yega yega yekorari nezera rayo remazuva, rekodhi yakadzama yekusiyana yakaumbwa. Aya macurves kuNortheast Australia anotibvumira kutevedzera chiratidzo chepasi rose kamwe chete kukwidziridzwa uye kudzika kweiyo crust nekuda kwekutakurwa nekuburutswa kweaizi nemvura yegungwa zvakagadziriswa.
Vanyori vakacherekedza kuti kuderera kwakanyanya kwakaonekwa panguva Yekupedzisira Glacial Maximum haina kunyatsoenderana nekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma kunotarisirwa kubva mukunyungudika, CO2 concentration, uye tembiricha yekupisa kwepasi. Izvi zvikamu zvekukurumidza kuderera kunongedza kune yakanyanyisa mamiriro emamiriro ekunze mukuchinja kuri pakati pemamiriro ekunze anotonhora uye anodziya, ayo mafambisirwo ayo achiri kugadziridzwa.
Kudhirowa uye humbowo hunoonekwa hweAustralia margin
Mepu yedhijitari yepasi pegungwa kubva NE Australia inotsanangudza nemasiteki emawere akashanda semagadzirirwo eExpedition 325 kurira. Mukuona, nhevedzano yemabhawa matsvuku anozivikanwa seM0052A kusvika kuM0057A anomaka nzvimbo yemamwe matsime akacherwa. Deck mifananidzo iri muGreatship Maia inoratidza kutorwa kwehusiku kwezvapupu, nepo derrick yekuchera inotonga chimiro chechikepe.
Pakunyatsotariswa kwezvisaririra izvi, mafossilized colonies emakorari uye mateti ecalcareous algae anooneka, zvipenyu zvine basa rekugadzira bioconstruction rakabatana zvakanyanya nehupamhi hunoenderana nehurefu hwegungwa. Nokudaro, kuvapo kwavo chaiko, zera, uye nzvimbo yakatwasuka zvinoratidzira zvakananga mwero wegungwa rekare. panguva yavaigara.
Iko kusanganiswa kwebasa kunowanzo kufananidzirwa nekutenderera kwegungwa repasi rose kwemakore ekupedzisira e35.000, umo kuvakwa kutsva kunopesana nezvirongwa zvekare zvakatorwa kubva mukupindirana. Methodological leap iri pakufamba kubva panzvimbo dziri kwadzo kuenda kune dense uye yakasimba kutevedzana., inokwanisa kuona matanho uye makwikwidzi.
Gungwa rezasi uye makondinendi akasiyana
Nechando chakawanda kwazvo chakaungana panyika, makungwa akawedzera kuchena. Kudonha kwemvura yegungwa kana ichienzaniswa neyazvino yaive yakatenderedza 120 metres pahushoma hwayo hwepasirese, chimiro chinopindirana nehukoshi hwe -125 kusvika -130 metres kubva pachidzidzo chereferensi. Kudonha ikoko kwakashandura mahombekombe egungwa nemakumi kana mazana emakiromita uye vakasiya mabhiriji enyika ari kubuda pakati penyika zvino dzaparadzaniswa nemvura.
Nechokumavirira kumavirira kwePacific, kudududza kwegungwa kwakachinja yava kunzi zvitsuwa zveSoutheast Asia kuva bani rakakura, nzvimbo yakabuda inozivikanwa seSundaland. Nyika iyoyo yakakurudzira ngano uye tsananguro nezvemakondinendi akarasika uye yakagadzirisa biogeography yemhuka nemaruva munzvimbo iyi.
Kumaodzanyemba latitudes, Asia neAmerica zvakabatanidzwa nezambuko revhu rakafara panzvimbo yanhasi yeBering Strait. Iyi corridor yakafambisa kuchinjana kwemhuka uye, maererano nefungidziro inogamuchirwa zvikuru, yakafambiswa nemapoka evanhu vekare panguva yekutama kukuru. MuEurope, zvakare, gungwa rakanyura zvakakwana kubatanidza British Isles kune kondinendi., uye kunyange Ireland yakaramba yakabatana neGreat Britain neaizi uye nyika.
Muenzaniso unoshamisa muNorthwest Pacific yaive shanduko yeGungwa reJapan, iro padanho rakaderera raiita sedhamu uye raive nekubatana nenyika nekondinendi. Mamiriro ejogirafi atinotora seasingakoshi nhasi akange asipo munzvimbo idzodzo, inotongwa nemahombekombe ari kure uye mapuratifomu akabuda.
Mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze epasi panguva yekupedzisira yechando
Nyika panguva Yekupedzisira Glacial Maximum yakanga isiri chete kutonhora; kwainge kwanyanya kuoma. Yakawanda yemvura yakachena yakavharirwa mucontinental ice, iyo yakaderedza hydrological cycle uye yakakonzera kunaya kwakanyanya kushoma, ingangoita hafu yezvazviri nhasi. Avhareji yetembiricha yepasi rose yaive yakaderera madhigirii matanhatu iyo nhasi, inosimbisa kuoma uye kuwedzera nzvimbo dzakavhurika.
Kufambira mberi kwekutonhora nekuoma kwakaita kuti magwenga awedzere uye kutsakatika kana kupera kwenzizi munzvimbo dzakawanda. Pamwero wekondinendi, zhinjisa dzeCanada nekuchamhembe kweEurope dzakafukidzwa neaizi yakakora. United States yakanga yakazara nematombo echando, tundra, uye masango ane sinou., nepo nzvimbo dzave magwenga, dzakadai seMojave, ipapo dzaive nemadziva mazhinji emukati.
MuAfrica, hafu yokumaodzanyemba yairatidzirwa nenzvimbo huru dzemafuro, nerenje rinotonga kuchamhembe; Sahara yakatovapo panguva iyi. MuAsia, magwenga anogara achinaya mvura akawanikwa kumadokero, nzvimbo dzerenje dzemakomo mumativi eChina, uye nzvimbo dzine uswa munzvimbo dzeIndia. Kugoverwa kwemabiomes kwaive kwakasiyana kubva nhasi uye kwaitevera zvirevo zvemamiriro ekunze anotonhora uye akaoma..
Megafauna yaitonga akawanda enzvimbo idzodzo. Mammuthus primigenius, mastodon, giant beaver, uye katsi dzinotyisa dzine mazino anopisa zvose zvakanga zviri chikamu chekukandwa. Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu izvozvo zvakanyangarika kusvika kumagumo ePleistocene, kuchienderana nekudziya uye kuchinja kwepekugara nekukurumidza.
Kunyangwe mazaya echando mazhinji akadzokera kumashure nekunyungudika neshanduko kuenda kuHolocene, zvisaririra zvinoramba zvichirangarira nguva iyoyo. Mazaya echando anotangira panguva iyoyo akaonekwa paAntarctic Peninsula., zvapupu zvisina ushamwari zvenyika isisipo.
Zvinhu zvinofambisa nguva yechando
Nguva dzemazaya echando dzakadzidzwa kwemazana emakore uye zvino dzinotsanangurwa nemusanganiswa wezvikonzero. Atmospheric carbon dioxide mwero, kusiyana kwekutenderera kweNyika, uye shanduko mukugovewa kwesimba rezuva rinotambirwa nePasi zvose zvinopindirana kuwedzera kana kuderedza kutonhora. Pakati peiyo orbital kutenderera, kusiyanisa kwe eccentricity yakatenderedza 96.000 makore inomira pachena.Zvinocherechedzwa kuti kukweva kweJupiter kunokwanisa kufambisa Pasi kubva kuZuva nemanomano, zvichifarira mamiriro ekutonhorera.
Pane yakareba geological scale, kurongeka patsva kwekutenderera kwegungwa kunokumbirwawo. Maererano netsanangudzo dzakabva kumasangano okuongorora oceanographic, mamiriyoni mashoma emakore apfuura nzira yakananga inopisa pakati peAtlantic nePacific yakavharwa nekuumbwa kweIsthmus yePanama, ichimanikidza kutsauswa kwemvura inodziya kuchamhembe. Kuwedzera kupisa uku kwakawedzera kunaya kwechando Munzvimbo dzakakwirira, sinou yakaungana yakawedzera kuumbwa kwemazaya echando uye mazaya echando, kuwedzera albedo uye kusimbisa kutonhora.
Aya marudzi emhinduro zvishwe anobatsira kunzwisisa kuti sei, kana kutonhora kwatanga, sisitimu inogona kudzika nzira inotonhora kudzamara yasvika kumatunhu seyekupedzisira Glacial Maximum. Mamiriro ekunze haapindure nenzira ine mutsara uye ine homogeneous.Uye marekodhi egungwa neaizi anoratidza nhanho dzinongoerekana dzaiswa pamusoro pekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma.
Kubatana, kutama uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana
Kunyatsogadzira macurves emugungwa hakusi kungoitwa kwedzidzo chete. Kunzwisisa nguva uye ukuru hwekusimuka nekudonha kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti zvitsuwa nemakondinendi zvakabatanidzwa kana kuti zvakaparadzaniswa rini. Kubatana uku kwechinguvana kwakaumba nzira dzekuwedzera kwemarudzi uye kutama kwevanhu.kushandura kugoverwa kwemajini netsika.
Saizvozvowo, kunyura nekuyerera kwegungwa kwakagadzirisazve mikoto yezvipenyu nezvipingamupinyi, zvichikonzera kusiyana kwezvipenyu munharaunda. Kunyangarika kwemabhiriji epasi nekukwira kwemazinga egungwa panguva yeHolocene Yakapatsanura huwandu hwevanhu uye yaifarira endemism, nepo panguva yekukwira kwechando panorama yaive yakapesana, ine biotas yakabatana kuburikidza nemabhendi akabuda.
Zvishandiso, mareferensi, uye zvinyorwa
Rumwe ruzivo rwechangobva kuitika pamusoro penyaya idzi rwakaburitswa zvakare nezuva rekugovaniswa kwaChikunguru 01, 2024, ichiratidza chimiro chayo uye yakatarisana neWürm glaciation senguva yekutonhora iri pedyo nenguva. Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvakagoverwa pasi peAttribution-NonCommerce-ShareAlike 3.0 Spain rezinesi., iyo inofambisa kutenderera kwayo uye kushandiswa zvakare neakakodzera maitiro.
Pakati pemabasa akanatsa kutenderera kwegungwa uye simba rekupedzisira Glacial Maximum, chinyorwa chakaburitswa muNature chinomira pachena, chakanzi Rapid glaciation uye nhanho mbiri dzegungwa dzinopinda muLast Glacial Maximum, yakasainwa naYusuke Yokoyama nechikwata chikuru chepasi rose chinosanganisira Muzvinafundo Juan Carlos Braga. Chidzidzo ichi chinonyora kudzika kwematanho maviri kusvika pasi pe -125 kusvika -130 metres uye zvinozotevera zvishoma nezvishoma kusimuka kune tsika dzazvino.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nguva, mamiriro edunhu uye humbowo hwemunda, unogona kubvunza zviri pachena zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi uye zvinodzidzisa. Kune zvinhu zvinodhawunirodwa muPDF fomati ine tsananguro nezve yekupedzisira ice zera. uye kuumbwa kwezvakabuda kubva kumapurojekiti ematunhu ejoloji.
- Dhawunirodha PDF nezvenguva yekupedzisira yechando
- Dhawunirodha PDF ine zvinoenderana ne geological content
Padanho remasangano, Yunivhesiti yeGranada yakashambadzira kutora chikamu kwenyanzvi dzayo mukuongorora uku kusiyanisa kwegungwa uye kukosha kwazvo papaleogeography. Kukosha kwekubatanidza geomorphology, sedimentology, uye gungwa paleontology inosimbiswa. ine high-resolution radiometric dating.
Zvekubvunza zvedzidzo uye kubatana, purofesa weDhipatimendi reStratigraphy uye Paleontology yeUGR, Juan Carlos Braga Alarcón, akanyorwa seanobatika. Reference nhamba yefoni 958242728 uye email kero jbraga@ugr.es Vanosanganisirwa munhaurirano dzine chekuita nechidzidzo.
Tichitarisa kumashure, chikamu chekupedzisira chePleistocene chinopindirana nekuwedzera kweHomo sapiens munzvimbo zhinji dzePasi. Pane geological timescale, iyo Pleistocene yakatangirwa nePliocene uye yakapa nzira kuHolocene, nguva yekudziya yatiri kurarama nhasi. Shanduko pakati penguva idzodzo inoratidzwa nekudzokera shure kweaizi uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa., maitiro akatsanangurazve mahombekombe, mamiriro ekunze uye biotas.
Humbowo hwese uhwu hunoenderana nenyaya yakabatana: nyika yanga ichitonhora kwemamiriyoni emakore, iyo yakaona kuti kusanganiswa kwekumanikidza kwe orbital, magasi egreenhouse uye shanduko yemugungwa kwakasundidzira hurongwa hwakananga kune inotonhora zvakanyanya; mazaya echando akateya mavhoriyamu makuru emvura, akadzikisa mwero wegungwa nenyika dzakabatana; uye kubuda kubva muzera reaizi inoratidzirwa nezvikamu zvekukurumidza kusimuka kwegungwa uye kugadzirisazve ecosystem. Kunzwisisa nguva, ukuru, uye rhythm yeLast Glacial Maximum inovhenekera mhinduro dzemamiriro ekunze kune kukanganisa kwechisikigo. uye inobatsira kududzira, nemaonero, mamiriro azvino uye eramangwana emwero wegungwa.