Taura nezve Mario Molina Zvinoreva mumwe weakanyanya manhamba muLatin America nesainzi yepasirese, ane basa rakashandura zvakanyanya maonero evanhu nezvekuparara kwemhoteredzo uye kuita pamwe chete mukutarisana nematambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza. Hupenyu hwake, basa uye nhaka zvakabatana zvakanyanya nenhoroondo yekuchengetedzwa kwe ozone rukoko, nhovo isingaoneki inodzivirira hupenyu paNyika kubva kune zvinokuvadza zve ultraviolet mwaranzi kubva kuZuva. Kuwanikwa kwaakaita nevaaishanda navo vakaita saFrank Sherwood Rowland hakuna kungomutsa shanduko yesainzi, asi kwakaratidzawo kuti kutsvagisa kwakaomarara uye kumanikidzana munharaunda kunogona kuita sei zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinoponesa hupenyu nemagariro.
Muchinyorwa chino, tinoongorora chimiro uye mipiro yaMario Molina, tichiongorora zvakakosha zvebasa rake uye nehunyanzvi, nhoroondo yaakashanda, matambudziko aakatarisana nawo pamwe nevaaishanda navo, mhedzisiro yetsvakiridzo yake, uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, mhedzisiro inogara nhaka yake ichiri kuramba iine sainzi, diplomacy yepasi rose, uye kurwisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvose izvi, zvakaswededzwa kubva kune zvakasikwa, zvinodzidzisa uye zvakadzama.
Mavambo uye kudzidziswa kwedzidzo kwaMario Molina
Mario Molina akaberekerwa mukati Mexico City, muna 1943, mukati memhuri yaiziva nzira yekukurudzira kuda kuziva kwake kwesayenzi. Vanoti, semwanawo zvake, akanga ava kutozvivaraidza nokuongorora zvinhu zvisingaoneki nemaziso, kunyange kushandura imba yokugezera yemhuri kuva rabhoritari yechinguvana. Ichi chishuwo chekutanga chesainzi Zvakamuperekedza muupenyu hwake hwose uye zvakaonekwa muchisarudzo chake chokudzidza Chemical Engineering paFaculty of Chemistry yeUNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico), kwaakapedza kudzidza muna 1965. Gare gare, akawedzera maonero ake nezvidzidzo zvepashure paYunivhesiti yeFreiburg (Germany) uye akazowana doctorate yake mu. Physical Chemistry kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley.
Nhanho iyoyo Berkeley Yakaratidza kutanga kwebasa remeteoric mumunda wemakemikari emuchadenga. Ndiko uko Molina akasangana neboka remupurofesa George C. Pimentel uye akazobatana nechikwata chaitungamirira Frank Sherwood Rowland, waaizogovana naye zvakawanwa zvaizochinja zvachose maonero evanhu nezvemhoteredzo yepasi.
Kuwanikwa kwakachinja nhoroondo: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) uye gomba re ozone
Mumakore ekuma70, nzanga yesainzi uye nzanga yakanga iri kure nekunzwisisa kukanganisa kwemakemikari anogadzirwa nevanhu pamhepo. Imwe yeiyi makomisheni, iyo chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), yaishandiswa pasi rose sefiriji uye inosimudzira aerosols. Dzaionekwa sedzakachengeteka, dzakagadzikana, ‘nezvishamiso,’ uye dzaitodiwa pane dzimwe nzira dzine chepfu. Zvisinei, vose Molina naRowland vakatanga kushamisika kuti chii chaizoitika kwavari inert magasi yakamboburitswa mumhepo.
Mushure memwedzi yekunyatsoongorora uye kuenzanisa, in 1974 yakabudiswa mumagazini 'Nature' nyaya yechimurenga umo vakanyevera kuti maCFC anobudiswa pamusoro aigona kusvika mu<em>stratosphere, uko mwaranzi ye<em>ultraviolet yakaaparira kuora, ichibudisa maatomu e<em>chlorine. Aya maatomu akashanda sevaurayi chaivo ve ozone, kubvira Atomu rechlorine rimwechete rinokwanisa kuparadza mamorekuru eozone anosvika 100.000 XNUMX., nokudaro zvichideredza dziviriro yakasikwa yepasi panjodzi yemwaranzi yezuva reUV.
Kuwanikwa uku, uko kungaita sezviri pachena nhasi, kwakasangana nekukahadzika uye kunyange kurambwa neindasitiri yemakemikari nemamwe madenderedzwa esainzi. Mamiriro ezvoupfumi akanga akakura, sezvo maCFC aigadzirwa pamwero weindasitiri uye akaita mhindu huru. Nekudaro, kutsungirira uye kuomarara kwekuferefeta kwe Molina naRowland Vakazopedza kuputsa zvirambidzo izvi.
Kubva kuSainzi kuenda kuChiito chepasirese: The political and social impact
Kuburitswa kwechidzidzo cha1974 kwaisangova chiitiko chikuru chedzidzo, asi zvakare kwakamutsa kufamba kwepasirese kusati kwamboitika munhoroondo yesainzi yezvakatipoteredza uye mutemo. Nekufamba kwenguva, tsvagiridzo yaMolina naRowland yakasimbiswa nekuongorora kwakazvimiririra, uye mukutanga kwema80, a. kutetepa kwakanyanya kwe ozone layer muAntarctica, inonyanya kuzivikanwa se 'ozone hole'.
Muna 1982, masayendisiti eBritain akayera kuti ozone layer kuSouth Pole yakanga yadzikira ne20%, uye gore rakatevera, nhamba yacho yakanga yasvika 30%. Humbowo ihwohwo hwakabvisa nharo dzekupedzisira dzevashori uye hwakaratidza humboo chaihwo uye hune ngozi hwedambudziko. Kusaita zvinhu kungadai kwakatungamirira ku dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza pasi rose nemhedzisiro yakakomba kune hutano uye ecosystems.
Asi hondo yacho yakanga yakaoma. Makambani makuru emakemikari, akadai saDupont, akaedza kushora Molina nechikwata chake, achitombobvunza hwaro hwekutsvagisa kwavo. Hondo iyi yaivewo yezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo kubvumirana kwenyika dzakawanda kwaidiwa kuisa mutemo uye kurambidza makomisheni anokonzera kukanganisa. Apa ndipo pane kugona Kunyengetedza kwaMolina, kuratidzira, uye kusimba kwehungwaru chaikosha. Haana kungotungamira mishandirapamwe yesainzi nemakakava, asi akakurudzirawo masangano epasi rose nehurumende kuti vatore matanho anoshanda.
Iyo Montreal Protocol: Kuchengetedza Ozone Layer
En 1987, nyika dzepasi rose dzakatora danho renhoroondo nekusaina gwaro re Montreal Protocol, chibvumirano chekutanga chikuru chepasi rose chezvakatipoteredza chine chinangwa Pedzisa kushandiswa nekugadzirwa kweCFC uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinopedza ozone. Chibvumirano ichi chakatara nguva dzakasiyana dzenyika dzakasimukira nedziri kusimukira, ichikurudzira kufambiswa kwezviwanikwa uye tekinoroji kuitira kuti shanduko iende kuzvinhu zvisingakuvadze.
Iyo Montreal Protocol yakava a International benchmark yezvakatipoteredza diplomacy uye muenzaniso wakaisvonaka wekushandira pamwe kwenyika yose. Haina kungokwanisa kudzoreredza kukuvadzwa kweozone layer, asi zvakare yakagonesa kupora kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma, maitiro akasimbiswa nezvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakasiyana. Ozone pamusoro peNorthern Hemisphere inotarisirwa kupora zvizere panosvika gore ra2030, uye pamusoro peAntarctica kusvika muna 2060, chero zvipikirwa zvakaitwa zvikachengetwa.
Basa raMolina raive rakakosha mukusimudzira nekubudirira kwechibvumirano ichi, chakaonekwa seimwe yebudiriro huru munhoroondo yezvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvezvakatipoteredza. Mumashoko ake pachake, the kuchengetedzwa kwe ozone layer Inomiririra kuratidzwa kwakajeka kuti chiito chakarongeka chinogona kudzosera kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwaiita sekusagadzirisika.
Mibayiro uye Kuzivikanwa: Mubairo weNobel uye Kupfuura
Kukosha kwebasa re Mario Molina yakazivikanwa mukati 1995 apo, pamwe chete naSherwood Rowland naPaul Crutzen, akagamuchira Mubairo weNobel muChemistry. Crutzen, nokuda kworutivi rwake, akanga aratidzira makore akanga apfuura migumisiro inoparadza yemamwe magasi paozone layer. Mubairo uyu wakaziva kuedza kwakabatana kwemasayendisiti akati wandei kunzwisisa nekurwisa dambudziko iri repasi rose.
Molina akagamuchira mimwe mibairo yakawanda uye mibairo, senge Tyler Award, the Esekeb Award and the NASA menduru kubudirira kwesainzi, kuwedzera pakuzivikanwa kubva kuUN uye kuwanda kwezvikoro zvedzidzo. Zvinokoshawo ndezvokuti Kigali amendment, iyo muna 2016 yakawedzera hurongwa hweMontreal Protocol kuti ibatanidze kurwisa kudziya kwepasi nekutsiviwa kwemahydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), rimwe danho rekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze.
Beyond the Nobel Prize: Activism, outreach, uye social kuzvipira
Basa raMario Molina rakanga risingangori mumarabhoritari uye makirasi eyunivhesiti. Yaiva a asinganeti anodzivirira dzidzo yesainzi uye ruzivo sezvishandiso zvekugadzirisa matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Akakurudzira zvirongwa muMexico zvekuvandudza mhepo mumaguta makuru, kunyanya mu Metropolitan Nzvimbo yeMupata weMexico, uye yakakurudzira kubatana kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwemaguta uye kukanganisa kwezvisikwa mumamiriro epasi rose.
Kuratidzira kwake kwakamuita kuti ashandise dzvinyiriro nepesvedzero kuhurumende uye kutora rutivi mumasangano enyika. Haana kuzeza kutaura kuti kugadzirisa matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza harisi basa remasayendisiti chete, asi renzanga yese. Sayenzi, maererano naMolina, inozivisa matambudziko uye inopa humbowo, asi zviri kune vezvematongerwo enyika uye vagari vemo kuita sarudzo nekuita..
Molina airatidzwawo nekuzvininipisa kwake, kujeka kwepfungwa uye kugona kunoshamisa kwe kurerutsa nyaya dzakaoma uye kuazivisa kuruzhinji rwevanhu. Aive akazvipira kuunza sainzi kunharaunda yese, aine chokwadi chekuti mugari ane ruzivo ndiye kiyi yekufambisa shanduko dzinodiwa.
Kubata kwake munharaunda kunoratidzwa muzvinyorwa zvepasi rose, nhevedzano, uye kubvunzurudza, senge "Murume Akaponesa Ozone Layer," "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey," uye kutora chikamu kwake muzvirongwa zveBBC. Zvose izvi zvakabatsira kusimbisa basa resayenzi mutsika dzakakurumbira uye kusimudzira ruzivo pakati pezvizvarwa zvitsva.
Kukosha kwenhaka yaMolina muhondo yepasi rose yezvakatipoteredza
Nhaka yaMario Molina inoenda kure kupfuura kuburitsa njodzi dze CFC. Hupenyu hwake hunoratidza kuti sainzi nezvematongerwo enyika zvinokwanisa kunzwisisana uye kubatana, kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunzwisisa uye zvinopokana. Kudzivirirwa kwe ozone rukoko yakamaka pamberi uye shure: kutyisidzira kwepuraneti kwakadzoserwa shure kusunga zvibvumirano, hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji uye kubatana kwenyika dzese.
Molina ainyanya kutsoropodza zano rekusiya mhinduro kumatambudziko ezvakatipoteredza mumaoko ekuzvipira kwemunhu kana makambani. Akataura kudiwa zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvakasimba, seMontreal Protocol kana Chibvumirano cheParis, kuti uwane shanduko dzinoshanda uye dzinogona kuyerwa. Akasimbisawo kuti kubudirira mukuchengetedza ozone layer inogona kuva muenzaniso kune mamwe matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, akadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Maitiro akaitika pakudzoreredza ozone anoratidza kuti kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kubatana kwenyika dzakawanda Hungu, vanogona kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakaoma zvemhoteredzo. Nepo panyaya yeCFCs, kuita kuti mamwe makambani atange kushanduka kwainge kwakakwana, panyaya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, dambudziko iri rakakura zvikuru uye rinoda kudyidzana pasi rose.
Matambudziko azvino uye kukosha kwemuenzaniso waMario Molina
Nhasi, sainzi yakatarisana nematambudziko akadai sekusavimbika kunobva muzvematongerwo enyika uye mishandirapamwe yedisinformation inotungamirwa nezvido zvehupfumi. Molina akachema kuti, kufanana nefodya, mamwe masekete akadyara panikiro pamusoro pebvumirano yesayenzi, achinonotsa zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zviri madikanwa. Nekudaro, aigara aine tariro uye akasimbisa kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu nevesainzi vanotsigira chiito kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kumwe kutyisidzira.
Chimiro chake chinoramba chiri muenzaniso wezvizvarwa zvitsva, izvo zvinoda zvakasimba kuita chiito nokukurumidza kumisa kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Akaona zvakakosha kuti vechidiki, vachitungamirwa nenhamba dzakaita saGreta Thunberg, vade kuzvidavirira kubva kuvatungamiriri uye vatore chikamu muzvisarudzo zvine chekuita nepasi.
MuLatin America, Molina akakurudzira kuti hurumende dzisangosaina zvisungo zvepasi rese, asiwo kuti dziite uye nguva nenguva dzisimbise mitemo yezvakatipoteredza. Kwaari, chete kuburikidza dzidzo, tsvakiridzo uye mugari ane ruzivo uye anoshanda tinogona kuenda kune ramangwana rakagadzikana.
Kwaakaberekerwa kuMexico, Mario Molina akasiya mucherechedzo usingadzimiki, kwete chete nekuda kwekubudirira kwake kune dzimwe nyika, asi nekuda kwekugara achifarira. Kuvandudza dzidzo yesainzi uye mhando yemhepo mumaguta eMexico. Akatungamira mapurojekiti, akaraira hurumende, uye aive izwi rakasimba mukudzivirira ruzivo. Nyanzvi dzakawanda, dzakaita saGerardo Ceballos naCarlos Amador Bedolla, vanomutora semutungamiri ane tsika nesainzi anodiwa nesainzi yeMexico uye anosuwa zvakanyanya mushure mekufa kwake muna 2020.
Pamusoro pekutsvagisa kwake pamusoro pemhepo, Molina ainetsekana nezve kuchengetedzwa kwe ecosystem, kuderedza kusvibiswa uye shanduko yekuchenesa uye kudzokororwa simba. Akaona zvakakosha kudzikisira kutsamira paoiri nemamwe mahydrocarbons, ayo anokonzera kukuvadza kwakawanda, kuitira kuti tiende kuhunyanzvi hwakasimba.
Nhaka yake yezvizvarwa zvinotevera iri mukukurudzira kuti Sainzi uye tekinoroji zvinofanirwa kushanda kusimudzira nyika. Iko kudana kune mutoro uye kushanda pamwe chete, hunhu hwakaiswa naMario Molina muhupenyu hwake hwese.
Tichifunga nezvemipiro yake uye shanduko yaakatanga, zvakaoma kuwedzeredza kukosha kwenhoroondo yaMario Molina. Kubva paudiki hwake, paakagadzira marabhoritari epamba, kusvika pakuva baba vehana yepasirese yezvakatipoteredza, basa rake rairatidzwa neshungu, kutsungirira, uye kuzvipira kune zvakanaka. Nyaya yake inotiyeuchidza kuti shanduko yepasi rose inogoneka kana sainzi uye nzanga inoshanda pamwe chete, uye inotikurudzira kuti tirambe tichirwira nyika ine hutano uye yakaenzana kune vese.
