Kubva vanhu vakatarisa kudenga vakatanga kuziva mapatani pakati penyeredziPfungwa yekunyora uye kuvatsanangura zvishoma nezvishoma yakatora chimiro. Nekufamba kwenguva, rondedzero idzi dzakashanduka kuita makatalogi akawedzera atino shandisa kuona, kutsvagisa, uye kuronga teresikopu zviri nyore zvinoshamisa.
Kana iwe uchinetseka kuti nei kune akawanda mazita uye manhamba echinhu chimwe chete, mhinduro pfupi ndeyekuti imwe neimwe nguva, chiridzwa, uye chirongwa chasiya chayo. sky recordMumitsara iyi tinoongorora kushanduka kwavo, tsanangura kuti katalog yega yega ndeyei uye tinokupa makiyi anoshanda kuti uvazive uye utore mukana iwo nefoni yekutarisa maapplication.
Chii chinonzi catalogue yenyeredzi uye nei paine akawanda kudaro?
Katalog yezvemuchadenga ndeye, kunyanya, a runyorwa rwakarongeka rwezvinhu zvekudenga nezviziviso zvavo, marongero, uye data rekutanga (kupenya, rudzi rwechinhu, chinzvimbo, nezvimwewo). Kusiyana neatlasi-inoratidza mamepu edenga-katalogu inoshanda sedhatabhesi rekuona, kuyera, uye kuenzanisa.
Maobservatories, materesikopu, uye mamishini emuchadenga anovimba nerondedzero idzi chinangwa, ronda, uye ruramisa nemazvoNdicho chikonzero nei kune akawanda: nzira yega yega uye chinangwa chesainzi chimwe nechimwe chinogadzira seti yazvo yezvainopinza, kubva kunyeredzi dzakapenya kusvika kune madiki ari kure kana nebulae chaiyo.
Nekutarisa kwemazuva ese, aya makataiti akakwana segwara: unogona kusarudza zvakadzika-matenga zvinhu, tarisa mazita azvo akasiyana, uye ona kana ari. zvinoonekwa kubva palatitude yakoNhasi, nharembozha dzinokutenderawo kuti uise zita (M42, NGC 869, C106, HIP 70890…) uye ona pachiratidziro pekutarisa.
Kubva pamazita ekutanga kusvika kune makuru akadzika-yedenga catalogs
Matanho ekutanga: Hipparchus, Ptolemy uye al-Sufi
Kare teresikopu isati yasvika, pakanga patova nendandanda dzenyeredzi dzaionekwa nemaziso. Muzana remakore rechipiri BC. Hipparchus akaunza chiyero chehukuru (kubva pa1 kusvika pa6) kuyera kupenya. Mazana emakore mashoma gare gare, Ptolemy akaburitsa bhuku reAlmagest rine nyeredzi dzinosvika chiuru, yaive chirevo chemazana emakore kuMadokero.
MuIslamic Golden Age, al-Sufi yakanatsa zvinzvimbo uye kungwara mukati Bhuku reNyeredzi Dzakasimba, ndichiwedzera mifananidzo uye kugadzirisaMazita aya akanangana nenyeredzi dzakajeka uye akange asati asanganisira "zvakapararira" zvinhu zvakadzika-mudenga zvaizoburitswa neteresikopu.
Messier: yakakurumbira "rondedzero yekusavhiringidzwa nemacomets"
Muzana ramakore XVIII, Charles Messier Akanga achitsvaga comets kubva kuParis uye, kuti arege kuvhiringidzwa nemhepo isina simba, isina kufamba, akagadzira runyoro rwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa nebulousYaro yekutanga (1774) yaive ne45 zvinyorwa; makore mashoma gare gare yakatopfuura zana. Iyo yazvino vhezheni yeMessier Catalog ine 110 zvinhu, kubva kuM1 kusvika kuM110.
Muna Messier tinowana mapoka enyeredzi (se M31, Andromeda), masumbu eglobular (M13), masumbu akazaruka (M45, the Pleiades), emission nebulae (M42, Orion), uye nebulae yemapuraneti (M57, Ring). Yakanakira vanotanga uye yakapa kune vane mukurumbira Messier Marathon, umo chinangwa chiri chekucherechedza nhamba huru yezvinhu muusiku humwe muna March/April.
Seizvo Messier akacherekedza kubva kuParis, rudungwe rwake runofarira nyika yekuchamhembe; matombo anokosha ezasi akafanana Magellanic Clouds kana Omega Centauri Havana kubatanidzwa mukusarudzwa kwavo. Kuganhurirwa ikoko kwakatungamirira, mazana amakore gare gare, kukuwedzera.
Caldwell: iyo yemazuva ano mubatsiri kune ese ari maviri hemispheres
Muna 1995, Patrick Moore akakurudzira Caldwell Catalog semubatsiri kuna Messier. Akashandisa yekutanga "C" ye "Caldwell" (zita raamai vake remusikana) kunhamba 109 zvinhu (C1, C2… C109). Akavarayira nokuderera—kubva kuchamhembe kusvikira kumaodzanyemba—kuita kuti kuronga maererano noupamhi hwomucherekedzi mumwe nomumwe.
Zvizhinji zveCaldwell zvinhu zvinozivikanwa NGC / IC zvinyorwa asi kunze kweMessier. Somuenzaniso, the Flaming Star Nebula (IC 405) iC31, chikamu chekumabvazuva kweChivharo (NGC 6992) iC33, uye North America Nebula (NGC 7000) iC20. Iyo catalogue yakakura mukuzivikanwa pakati peamateur nyanzvi dzenyeredzi pasi rese.
NGC uye IC: musana wedenga rakadzika
Nemateresikopu ane simba rakawanda, William naJohn Herschel vakatungamirira kuongororwa kwakarongeka kwemanebula nemasumbu. J.L.E. Dreyer akabatanidza basa iro mu New General Catalog (NGC) ye1888 iine 7.840 zvinhu, inotsigirwa nembiri indexes (IC, 1895-1908) inokwidza huwandu kusvika pamusoro pe13.000.
Yakawanda yedenga rakadzika inozivikanwa nenhamba yayo yeNGC / IC, uye iyo NGC pachayo inotora zvinhu zveMessier (semuenzaniso, M13 = NGC 6205M27 = NGC 6853, M31 = NGC 224; yeM42, mareferensi akadai seNGC 1976 uye, mune mamwe masosi, NGC 1979 inowanikwa). Aya makataiti ndiwo anonongedzera kune vanocherekedza vepamusoro uye vanoongorora nyeredzi.
Mamwe makatalog akakosha anofanirwa kuziva nezvawo
Pamusoro peiyo "mahombe", kune marepertoire akatarisana nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu. Barnard catalog (B) ine rima nebulae (kusanganisira yakakurumbira B33, Horsehead Nebula). Arp's Atlas yePeculiar Galaxies Inounganidza mapoka enyeredzi anopfuura 300 asina kujairika; semuenzaniso, M51 inoratidzika seArp 85 uye iyo trio NGC 5560/5566/5569 seArp 286.
El Sharpless catalog Nyora 313 H II (Sh2) matunhu, ane mienzaniso yakadai seSh2-45 (Omega, M17) kana Sh2-37 (mudunhu reIC 1284). Mumapoka enyeredzi, the PGC (Principal Galaxies Catalogue) pakutanga yakaunganidza 73.197 uye yakawedzerwa mu2003 kusvika pamusoro pe900.000; Andromeda ndiyo PGC 2557 uye NGC 4631 (iyo Whale), PGC 42637.
For reflection nebulae pane vdB (van den Bergh) ine 158 kupinda mudenga rekuchamhembe (mienzaniso: NGC 2023 = vdB 52 uye Iris Nebula, NGC 7023 = vdB 139). Muzvikwata, the Melotte (1915) inosanganisira 245 zvinhu (M35 = NGC 2168 = Mel 41; M22 = NGC 6556 = Mel 208) uye Collinder (1931) 471 masumbu akazaruka (Cr 419 yakanyorwa chete muCollinder, nepo M21 = NGC 6531 = Mel 188 = Cr 363).
Vaviri vaLynds vanopedzisa mufananidzo: LDN (rima nebulae, 1.791 zvinyorwa, kunyanya pasi kusvika -30 °) uye NBL (bright nebulae, 1.255 zvinyorwa, kufukidzwa kwakafanana). Mienzaniso: LDN 889 (yakasviba muCygnus), LDN 1630 (uyewo Horsehead Nebula, kuwedzera kune B33) uye LBN 135 (yakabatana neNGC 6820).
Makura sei bhuku raMessier: editions gare gare uye akawedzera
Messier akaburitsa account yake yekutanga muna 1774 (inoenderana 1771) ne 45 zvinhu uye tsanangudzo dzakadzama zvechitarisiko, chinzvimbo uye mamiriro, zvakarongwa zvichitevedzana. Ipapo kwakauya shanduro itsva: muna 1783 (ed. 1780) yakawedzera kusvika 68 uye muna 1784 (ed. 1781) yakasvika 103, inova "classics" ine data yakazara.
Chikamu chechina, chakaburitswa muna 1784 (ed. 1787), chakanyanya kudhindwa zvakare zvigadziriso zvidikiNechekare muzana remakore rechi20, vatsvakurudzi vakati wandei vakawedzera zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa mumanotsi netsamba: M104 (Camille Flammarion, 1921), M105–M107 (Helen Sawyer Hogg, 1947), M108–M109 (Owen J. Gingerich, 1953) uye M105 G19 Jones (Kenneng G10), M105–M107 (Helen Sawyer Hogg, 1947), M108–M109 (Owen J. Gingerich, 1953) naMthle6 The Jones 110 yatinoshandisa nhasi.
Zvinonakidza kuti Messier naMéchain vakaronga sei ruzivo: mazuva ekutarisa, mareferensi kune zviridzwa ("telescopes" ye refractors, “telescope” yezviratidziri), zvinyorwa pamusoro pemamiriro edenga uye matafura ane kukwira kwakarurama uye kuderera. Yakapindirwa mukati metsananguro dzave mazwi enhoroondo (semuenzaniso, "Cor Caroli" ye α Canum Venaticorum) uye nzvimbo dzine hukama nedzechinyakare nhamba dzedenga.
Kune zvakare zvinofadza zvemitauro muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano uye shanduro: dzimwe nguva chidimbu cheFrench chinochengetwa "M." ye "monsieur"Mavara ekutanga emuzana ramakore rechi 18 anochengetwa, uye nhamba dzepeji dzinocherechedzwa kuronda matafura akawanda. Zvose izvi zvinobatsira kunzwisisa "sei" uye "nguva" iyo catalog yakagadzirwa.
Sekuda kuziva nezvehupenyu, Messier aive a muvhimi ane hungwaru (Akaona makumi mana nemana uye akawana makumi maviri), ndiye akatanga kunyatsotevera kudzoka kwaHalley's Comet muna 1759, uye akagamuchira Legion of Honor kubva kuNapoleon. Kwemakore, bhuku raakaronga "kudzivisa nyonganiso" rakava suwo rezvinhu zvakadzika-mudenga kuzvizvarwa zvevazivi venyeredzi.
Kubva pagirazi remifananidzo kuenda kunzvimbo: BD, HD, BSC, Hipparcos, Tycho uye Gaia
Kuchinja kwemifananidzo: BD, CD/CPD, HD uye BSC
Kusvetuka kubva pakuona kusvika pakutora mifananidzo kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kutora zviuru zvenyeredzi pandiro imwe chete nemazvo zvisati zvamboitika. Bonner Durchmusterung (BD) Yakanyora nyeredzi 324.000 kusvika pahukuru 9–10; ine maodzanyemba ehemisphere edzedzero (Córdoba Durchmusterung neCape Photographic Durchmusterung) a akawanikwa kekutanga. kufukidzwa kwepasi rose nyeredzi dzinenge mamiriyoni 1,5.
Mukufanana, ruzivo rwenyeredzi rwakatanga kutarisa zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvemuviri. Henry Draper Catalog (HD) yakapihwa mhando dze spectral (O-B-A-F-G-K-M) kune 225.300 nyeredzi uye Bright Star Catalog (BSC) Yakava chirevo chipfupi chenyeredzi dzakapenya kwazvo, dzine zvinzvimbo zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya, ukuru, uye mhando dzinotaridzika.
Shanduko iyi-kubva pamifananidzo mitema nemichena kuita madhatabhesi makuru-yakashandura nzira yatinoshanda nayo uye Kunzwisisa Milky WayMazhinji emazuva ano infographics uye kuenzanisa kunoratidza kuti kusvetuka, kubva pamahwendefa ekutanga kusvika kunguva yemateresikopu emuchadenga.
Astrometry kubva muchadenga: HIP, TYC uye Gaia
Kukunda kukanganiswa kwemuchadenga, Europa yakatanga Hipparcos (1989-1993), mishoni yekutanga yakatsaurirwa kuyera zvinzvimbo uye mafambiro nemazvo. The katalogi HIP Iine 118.000 nyeredzi (semuenzaniso, HIP 70890 is α Centauri A), uye data yayo yechipiri yakatungamira kuTycho neTycho-2, ine nyeredzi dzinosvika mamirioni maviri nemazana mashanu akanyorwa se. TYC.
Gaia, ari mubasa kubvira 2013, akatora basa iri kune rimwe danho: rinenge 1,8 bhiriyoni nyeredzi nezvinzvimbo, kupenya, mafambiro akakodzera, uye fungidziro yezvimiro zvemuviri. Ndiyo inonyanya kushuvira 3D mepu yegirazi redu.
SIMBAD uye "rondedzero inovaunza vese pamwechete"
Chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kuoneka nacho mazita akawanda Zvinoenderana nekabhuku, Barnard's Galaxy, semuenzaniso, yakanyorwa seNGC 6822, IC 4895, uye Caldwell 57. Kuyambuka-identification, nharaunda inoshandisa database yeSIMBAD (Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data), inochengetwa neCDS muStrabourg.
SIMBAD inoita senge index yepasirese: inounza pamwechete ese zviziviso zvinozivikanwaInopa zvakakosha kurongeka uye paramita, uye zvinongedzo kune zvinyorwa zvesainzi. Ndicho chishandiso chakakosha chekuona kuti mazita maviri akasiyana anoreva chinhu chimwe chete uye chekufamba pakati pekare neazvino makatalog (Messier, NGC/IC, 2MASS, SDSS, Gaia, nezvimwewo).
Maitiro ekushandisa catalogs mukuita
Kuti utange mukutarisa kwekuona, nzira iri nyore ndeyekutanga ne Messier anopikisaIvo vanopenya zvakanyanya, vari nyore kuwana, uye vanokweretesa ivo pachavo kuamateur mafoto. Kubva ipapo, Caldwell anovhura nharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere uye ye "vane mukurumbira vasipo" vasingaonekwe munaMessier.
Paunenge wagadzirira dambudziko rakakura, iwo makata NGC/IC Ane makumi ezviuru zvemapoka enyeredzi, masumbu, uye nebulae. Vanoda denga rakasviba kana zvimwe zvinoda midziyo, asi inzvimbo yechisikigo yevanoongorora nyeredzi dzepamusoro dzeamateur uye astrophotography.
Kana kufarira kwako kuri mu kuziva nyeredzi mudenga usiku -ruvara rwayo, tembiricha, kana spectral kirasi-, HD uye BSC ishamwari dzako. Kune madaro uye mafambiro ane millimeter chaiyo, Gaia (uye yaimbova Hipparcos) ndiyo bhenji.
Waita dambudziko nechiziviso? Visit SINBADMumasekonzi, unotarisa mazita ese ane chekuita nechinhu uye bhaibheri malink awo. Ndiyo inokurumidza nzira yekusimbisa tsamba uye kudzivirira kuvhiringidzika mumazita pakati pemakatalog.
Kutsvaga zvinhu mudenga chairo, maapplication akadai Star Walk 2 Uye Sky Tonight inoita basa rakaoma kwauri. Zvinosanganisira Messier, Caldwell, NGC/IC, HIP, HD, Tycho-2, nevamwe, uye nekuisa zita (M42, NGC 869, C106…) vanoratidza kupi uye nguva yekucherekedza, vachisefa zviripo. pamusoro pako zvichienderana nenzvimbo yako uye nguva.
FAQ
Ndezvenyanzvi chete? Kwete Messier naCaldwell vakagadzirwa kuti vatarise zvinoonekwa uye vanotariswa zvakanyanya nemabhainokura kana materesikopu madiki. Iwo "mahombe" emakatalog (NGC, HD, Gaia, nezvimwewo) anopa mamwe data anobatsira pakutsvagisa, asi anobatsirawo kune vepamusoro vanoongorora nyeredzi.
Messier kana NGC? Messier is a compact kusarudzwa kwe110 "classics," kunyanya kubva kumusoro denga; NGC/IC inovhara denga rese nemakumi ezviuru zvezvinyorwa uye ndiyo chiyero mune zvese zvesainzi uye pakati pevacherechedzi vari kutsvaga kuenda mberi. kupfuura zvekutanga.
Ndeipi katalogi yakandikodzera? Zvekutarisa zvinoonekwa: Messier/Caldwell. Yekutarisa kwakadzika-kudzika kwedenga: NGC/IC. Kune nyeredzi uye spectra: HD/BSC. Kune chaiyo nzvimbo uye madaro: Gaia/Hipparcos. Uye kana iwe uchida kuyambuka-reference mazita, SIMBAD ndiyo. universal reference.
Chii chinoonekwa kubva kune yangu latitude? Izvo zvinoenderana nekabhuku uye nzvimbo yako. Mesiya akatsauka kurutivi rwokumusoro; Caldwell inosvika kumaodzanyemba. NGC/IC/HD/Gaia inofukidza denga rose, asi kutarira kwako kunoraira maonero. NeSky Tonight, unogona kuona nekutarisa kuti ndezvipi zvinhu kubva pakatalog yega yega zvinoonekwa. zvinoonekwa nhasi kubva panzvimbo yako.
Zvimwe nezveMessier: nhoroondo zvinyorwa uye curiosities
Apo bhuku rake raiva nezvinhu 45 (1771), Messier akaripa kuParis Academy of Sciences; nokufamba kwenguva zvakava kuwedzera zvinyorwa Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi20 apo nyanzvi dzakati kuti dzakawedzera dzakashaikwa nokuda kwamanotsi namanyoro. MuVirgo, somuenzaniso, Messier akashamiswa ne“boka guru” rema<em>nebula (nhasi tinoziva kuti mapoka enyeredzi), uye akatowana zviwanwa zvisere munharaunda iyoyo muusiku humwe.
Tsananguro dzake dzinodzikisirwa zvinofadza nemaitiro anhasi: nezve M65 akanyora chimwe chinhu chakapfupika se "yakanyanya kupera simba nebula, isina nyeredzi"...apo nhasi tinoziva kuti ine mabhiriyoni. Akanga ari munhu ane mukurumbira (Mambo Louis XV akamutumidza zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "ferret of comets") uye ane mwedzi wegomba rakatumidzwa zita rake, pamwe neasteroid 7359 Messier.
Paive zvakare nekukuvadzwa kwemukurumbira: mushure mekugamuchira Legion of Honor, akaburitsa memoir yakatsaurirwa kuna Napoleon umo akataura kuti comet ya1769 yaive rudzi ziviso yenyeredzi yekuzvarwa kwamambo. Chiito ichocho, nguva yacho yakawanda, hachina kumubatsira mune mamwe masayenzi.
Mabhuku ese aya — kubva kuHipparchus kuenda kuGaia, anosanganisira Messier, Caldwell, NGC/IC, BD/HD/BSC, PGC, uye SIMBAD — vanogadzira network ye mazita uye data izvo zvinotibvumira kufamba mudenga nekusimba kwenhoroondo uye nemazvo ehunyanzvi. Neserura uye teresikopu diki, isu zvino tine mazana emakore eruzivo rwenyeredzi muchanza cheruoko rwedu.
Yeuka kuti bhuku rimwe nerimwe rakabva pachinodiwa chaicho: kudzivisa kuvhiringa makometsi ane nebulae, kuronga mapoka enyeredzi, kuronga nyeredzi maererano nokuwanda kwadzo, kuyera nzvimbo nemazvo kwazvo, kana kuti. batanidza zvitupa pakati pe databases. Kusiyana ikoko ndiko kusimba kwaro.
