Iyo ozone layer inyaya inonakidza uye yakakosha kuhupenyu hwepasi redu. Nzvimbo yayo, kushanda kwayo, uye matambudziko anga ari nyaya yezvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakawanda uye nharo dzeruzhinji mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Kunyatsonzwisisa kuti iri kupi, kuti yakagoverwa sei mu stratosphere, uye nzira dzinotungamirira kuumbwa kwayo uye kuparadzwa kwakakosha pakudzivirira uye kuchengetedza kuenzanisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Muchinyorwa chino, tinopa gwara rakazara rakanyorwa nezwi rakajeka, rinosvikika, uye rakazara, kuitira kuti unzwisise zvese zve ozone layer: kubva kwairi mumhepo uye kukosha kwayo kuhupenyu, kune matambudziko anotarisana nawo, zvikonzero zvekuipa kwayo, uye zviito zvepasi rose zviri kutorwa kuti idzorere. Ngationgororei mune zvese zvakavanzika uye zvishuwo zveiyi nhovo isingaonekwe inotidzivirira mazuva ese.
Chii chinonzi ozone layer?
Iyo ozone layer inzvimbo yemhepo yePasi pano ine huwandu hwakati wandei hweozone mamorekuru (O.3), gasi rinoumbwa nemaatomu matatu eokisijeni. Iyi nzvimbo haisi homogeneous layer kana "inoonekwa" neziso remunhu, asi inzvimbo inotsanangurwa nekukwanisa kwayo kutora ultraviolet (UV) mwaranzi kubva kuZuva. Pasina kuvapo kweiyi ozone yemuchadenga, kunyanya iyo ye stratosphere, hupenyu sezvatinohuziva paPasi hungadai husingabviri; Mwaranzi inokuvadza yeUV yaizofashamira pamusoro, ichiwedzera zvakanyanya njodzi dzegomarara reganda, cataract uye kusagadzikana kwe immune system, pamwe nekukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kumaruva nemhuka.
Mukutaura kwehuwandu, ozone layer inomiririra chikamu chidiki chemagasi anoumba mhepo. Semuyenzaniso, munzvimbo yehukuru hwekusangana kune anenge 2-8 zvikamu pamiriyoni yeozone. Dai ozone yese iripo paPasi yakatsikirirwa kusvika pakutsikirira mwero wegungwa uye tembiricha, ukobvu hwayo hwaizongoita mamirimita matatu chete. Izvi zvinopa pfungwa yakajeka yekuti yakapfava uye yakakosha sei iyi gasi bhendi.
Nzvimbo ye ozone layer mumhepo
Kuti tinzwisise kuti ozone layer iri papi, tinofanira kutanga taongorora muchidimbu chimiro chemhepo yePasi, iyo yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvakati wandei zvinosiyaniswa zvakanyanya netembiricha uye kuumbwa kwavo: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere uye exosphere.. Iyo ozone layer inowanikwa chete mu stratosphere, iri pakati pemakiromita gumi nemashanu ne15 pamusoro pePasi. Zvisinei, nharaunda iyo ozone concentrations inosvika pakukwirira kwayo inowanzova pakati pe50 ne19 makiromita pamusoro pegungwa.
Mu stratosphere, ozone inotora chikamu che90% chehuwandu huripo mumhepo yose. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mamiriro aripo, kunyanya kuvepo kwemwaranzi ye ultraviolet yakanyanya uye kushomeka kwezvinosvibisa, inofarira kuumbwa kwavo nekugadzirisa. Pasi pechitubu ichi, mu troposphere (kubva pamusoro kusvika 10-15 km altitude), ozone iripowo, asi muhuwandu hudiki uye pasi pemamiriro akasiyana.
Iyo stratosphere uye ozonosphere
The stratosphere ndiyo yechipiri mupendero wemhepo, iri pamusoro petroposphere uye inotambanukira kubva pamakiromita gumi nemashanu kusvika pamakiromita makumi mashanu pakukwira. Mariri, kutonhora, panzvimbo yekuenderera mberi kuderera nekukwirira sezvinoitika mu troposphere, kunotanga kuwedzera. Kuwedzera uku mhedzisiro yakananga yekutorwa kwemwaranzi yeUV neozone, iyo inodziya mhepo.
Iyo nharaunda yeyakanyanya ozone concentration mukati me stratosphere inonzi ozonosphere. Kunyange zvazvo ozone ichiparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, iri muozonosphere umo kubatwa kukuru kwemwaranzi yeultraviolet kunoitika. Nechikonzero ichi, iyo ozone layer uye ozonosphere inowanzoshandiswa zvakasiyana, kunyangwe tekiniki ozonosphere chikamu che stratosphere.
Ozone layer inoumbwa sei?
Maitiro ekuumbwa kweozone mu stratosphere kupindirana kunonakidza kwechiedza nemamorekuru, zvichibva mukudyidzana pakati pezuva ultraviolet mwaranzi uye okisijeni yemumhepo. Iyo nzira inotsanangura kugadzirwa uye kuparadzwa kwayo yakatanga kutsanangurwa nesainzi Sidney Chapman muna 1930 uye inozivikanwa se "Chapman cycle."
Zvese zvinotanga apo high-energy ultraviolet mwaranzi (UV-C, ine wavelength isingasviki 240 nm) inorova mamorekuru eokisijeni (O.2), kupatsanura imwe neimwe kuita maatomu maviri akazvimirira eokisijeni. Aya maatomu eokisijeni anoshanda zvakanyanya anosunga nekukurumidza kune mamwe maO mamorekuru.2, kugadzira ozone (O3) Saka, Zuva haringokonzeri kuparadzwa chete asiwo chizvarwa chekudzivirira kwechisikigo kwepasi redu.
Mhinduro yacho inogona kutsanangurwa sezvinotevera:
- Kuparadzaniswa kweokisijeni: O2 + UV mwaranzi → O + O
- Kugadzirwa kwe ozone: O+O2 → O3
Iyo nzira inoenderera uye ine simba, ine ozone kuumbwa uye kuparadzwa kunoitika nguva dzese. Kana ozone ikabata UV mwenje (kunyanya UV-B uye imwe UV-C), inoputsika ichidzokera muO2 I. Izvi zvinochengetedza kuenzana pakati pekuumbwa uye kuparadzwa, izvo zvakakosha kuti dhizaini iite sesefa pasina kuve yakanyanyisa dense.
Iyo poindi yeyakakura ozone chizvarwa iri mu stratosphere pamusoro peequator, uko chiitiko chemwaranzi yezuva chikuru. Mhepo dzeStratospheric dzinobva dzagovera mamolekyulu eozone kunzvimbo dzakakwirira, semapango.
Kugoverwa kwe ozone layer: ndeye homogeneous?
Iyo ozone layer haina yunifomu kana static; Ukobvu hwayo uye kutarisisa zvinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nelatitude, urefu, mwaka, uye kunyange kubva kune rimwe zuva kuenda kune rinotevera. Kazhinji, ozone yakawanda inotangira munzvimbo dziri pedyo neequator, asi iyo yakanyanya kukoshesa inowanzonyorwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwehemispheres, kunyanya pamusoro peSiberia neCanadian Arctic.
Kutenderedza equator, huwandu hweozone hwakaderera nekuti, kunyangwe yakawanda inogadzirwa, inoparadzwa zvakare nekukurumidza nekuita kwakanyanya kwemwaranzi yeUV. Naizvozvo, zvakajairika kuwana yakaderera huwandu hweozone yakatenderedza bhandi reequatorial uye hukuru hwepamusoro padyo nematanda.
Ozone values mumhepo inowanzo ratidzwa muDobson Units (DU), hunova ukobvu uhwo huwandu hwakapihwa hweozone hwaizove kana hukamanikidzwa kune imwe mhepo yekumanikidza uye 0 ° C. Semuyenzaniso, koramu yeozone yakamanikidzwa ye300 DU yaizoenzana ne 3 millimeter sheet yeozone yakachena.
Mabasa uye mabhenefiti eiyo ozone layer kwehupenyu
Basa rinoitwa neozone layer mukudzivirira hupenyu rakakosha chose. Basa rayo guru nderekutora pakati pe97 ne99% yeyakanyanya-frequency ultraviolet mwaranzi inobva kuZuva (kunyanya maUV-C neUV-B mabhendi), ichidzivirira kuti isasvike pamusoro pePasi chaipo. Iyi sefa yechisikigo inochengetedza zvese zvipenyu uye ecosystem. Pasina ozone layer, mwaranzi yeUV yaizokonzera kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwezvirwere zvakaita sekenza yeganda, cataract, uye kuderera kwesimba rekudzivirira muviri muvanhu nemhuka, uye yaizokanganisa zvakanyanya hupenyu hwezvirimwa uye zvipenyu zvemumvura.
Rimwe basa rinokosha re stratospheric ozone kudzora tembiricha yemuchadenga. Nekutora ultraviolet mwaranzi, ozone inodziyisa zvakare stratosphere, ichimisa kudziya kwekupisa kwakakosha kusimba repasi rose. Pasina kudziya uku, mamiriro ekunze uye kutenderera kwemhepo zvaizochinja zvakanyanya.
Zvimwe zvikamu: Ozone mu troposphere
Kuwedzera kune stratospheric ozone, kune zvakare ozone mutroposphere, iyo mhepo yemhepo inotambanukira kubva pamusoro kusvika kune anenge 10-15 km pamusoro pegungwa. Zvisinei, pano ozone inonzi gasi rinosvibisa, rinokuvadza kune utano uye zvakatipoteredza. Zvinozivikanwa se“ozone yakaipa"nekuti haibatsire kusefa inokuvadza solar radiation, asi ine muchetura pakakwirira.
Tropospheric ozone haiwanikwe zvakasikwa muhuwandu hukuru, asi inogadzirwa kubva kune photochemical reactions pakati pekutanga kusvibisa. Magasi akadai senitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH)4) uye kabhoni monoxide (CO) yakaburitswa netraffic, indasitiri uye zviitiko zvevanhu zvinobata pasi pechiito chechiedza chezuva chinogadzira ozone.
Ozone mu troposphere ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera photochemical smog uye iri greenhouse gasi; zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema uye kukanganisa zvirimwa nezvinomera.
Ozone Layer Measurement: Dobson Units uye Controls
Huwandu hweozone mumhepo haiyerwe mumarita, cubic metres, kana magiramu, asi muDobson Units (DU), yakatumidzwa zita remuBritish musayendisiti Gordon Dobson. Imwe DU yakaenzana ne0,01 mm layer yeozone yakachena pakumanikidzwa kwakajairwa uye tembiricha mamiriro. Avhareji yepasi rose kukosha kweozone inowanzotenderedza 300 DU, kunyangwe ichigona kusiyana zvichienderana nekukwirira, latitude, uye mwaka. Huwandu hunobva pa200 kusvika ku500 UD munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.
Zviyero izvi zvave zvichiitwa kwemakumi emakore pachishandiswa spectrophotometers, mabharumu ane probes (ozone sounders) uye satellite. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kukosha kweozone mukudzivirira pasi, ona chinyorwa pamusorozvikomborero zvinopiwa ne ozone layer.
Kuparadzwa kwe ozone layer: zvikonzero nemigumisiro
Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, ozone layer yakatarisana netyisidziro yakakomba nemhaka yokubudiswa kwemamwe makemikoro akagadzirwa, zvikurukuru machlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) nemimwe makemikari ane halogenated. Mishonga iyi, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mufiriji, air conditioning, aerosols, furo dzepurasitiki, uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa, zvinoonekwa nekuve inert mutroposphere uye kuva nekurebesa kwemuchadenga.
Kwemakumi emakore, maCFC nezvimwe zvinobva pazviri zvinokwira zvishoma nezvishoma zvichienda ku<em>stratosphere, uko, pakugamuchira mwaranzi ye<em>ultraviolet, zvinoputsanya ndokubudisa maatomu echlorine nebromine. Aya maatomu anoshanda zvakanyanya anotanga kuita kweketani iyo inoparadza zvine mutsindo maatomu eozone, zvichireva kuti anogona kuparadza asingaverengeki maatomu eozone asati aitwa kana kusagadziriswa.
Mhedzisiro ndeye kusaenzana mukutenderera kwechisikigo kwekuumbwa kweozone uye kuparadza, kuisa chiyero kudzikisa huwandu hwese hwegasi iri mu stratosphere. Aya ndiwo maitikiro akaita chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "ozone hole", kunyanya kuoneka muAntarctica, uko kudzikira kwemwaka kwakakonzera kurasikirwa kwekusvika 50% ye stratospheric ozone mune mimwe mwedzi yegore.
Gomba mu ozone layer: zvikonzero uye peculiarities
Izwi rekuti "ozone hole" rinoreva kudzikira kwekanguva uye kunoshamisa kwemazinga eozone pamusoro penharaunda yepolar, kunyanya Antarctica, munguva yekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere yechando neyechirimo. Chiitiko ichi chakaonekwa muma80 uye chakakonzera maalarm pasi rese.
Hunhu hwegomba reAntarctic ozone zvine chekuita nekutonhora kwakanyanya mu stratosphere, uko tembiricha inodzika pasi -78°C, zvichibatsira kuumbwa kwe stratospheric polar cloud. Pamusoro pemakore aya, mishonga yeklorini nebromine inobva kuCFCs nemahaloni inosangana nemakemikoro anoachinja kuita mafomu akanyanya kusimba. Apo chiedza chezuva chinodzoka muchirimo pashure pechando chepakati penyika, marudzi aya anoita neozone, achiiparadza nokumhanya kukuru.
Gomba reozone rinonyanya kutaurwa uye rinodzokororwa kuSouth Pole, sezvo tembiricha ye stratospheric ikoko yakadzikira pane iri kuNorth Pole. Zvisinei, zviitiko zvakafanana, kunyange zvazvo zvishoma, zvakaonekwawo muArctic latitudes mukati meimwe nguva inotonhora zvikuru yechando.
Migumisiro yekuparadzwa kwe ozone
Kupera kwe ozone layer kunosiya pamusoro pePasi yakadzivirirwa zvishoma kubva kune ultraviolet mwaranzi, ine njodzi kune hutano uye nharaunda. Matambudziko makuru akabatanidzwa ndeaya:
- Kuwedzera kwezviitiko zvegomarara reganda, cataracts, uye kusagadzikana kwezvirwere muvanhu.
- Shanduko mune zvemugungwa ecosystems: kuderera kweoceanic phytoplankton, hwaro hwecheni yechikafu.
- Kurasikirwa muzvinomera zvepanyika, kuchinja kwemaruva uye kukura kwezvirimwa.
- Kukanganisa pazvipenyu, zvepanyika nezvemugungwa, zvine mibairo yenguva refu yezvakasiyana-siyana.
Uyezve, kupera kweozone layer kunogona kuita nenzira isina kunanga kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, sezvo mamwe ezvinotsiva maCFC, akadai sehydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) nemahydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), aine greenhouse effects..
Zviito zvepasi rose kuchengetedza ozone layer
Chibvumirano chikuru chekutanga chepasi rose chekuchengetedza ozone layer yaive Montreal Protocol, yakasainwa muna 1987 uye yakasimbiswa nenyika dzese pasirese. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani zviito zvepasi rose munzvimbo ino, ona chinyorwa pa nhaka yaMario Molina.
Kubudirira kweMontreal Protocol kunocherechedzwa nekumisa nekudzoreredza maitiro ekurasikirwa kweozone mumhepo, kunyangwe maitiro ekudzoreredza ari kunonoka nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu kwemakomponi aya mumhepo (mamwe anogona kugara kusvika kumakore mazana maviri).
Kugadziriswa kwakatevera kwakasundirwawo kuburikidza, seKigali Amendment (2016), iyo inotsvaga kuderedza kushandiswa kweHFCs, ine simba asi kwete ozone-inokuvadza greenhouse gasi. Kuti unyatsoongorora zvinorehwa nezvibvumirano izvi, unogona kushanyira chinyorwa pa.
Kudzorerwa uye remangwana re ozone layer
Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, kutonga kwenyika dzese vakabvumira mazinga eozone kugadzikana uye kutanga kupora munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi. Kuti udzidze nezve kufambira mberi chaiko mukuita uku, ona chinyorwa pakupora kweiyo ozone layer.
Mienzaniso nezviyero zvinoratidza kuti, kana mitemo iripo ikaramba ichienderera mberi, ozone layer inogona kudzokera kune yayo pre-1980 mazinga akapoteredza 2075, kunyange zvazvo nguva iyi inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekubuda kwemangwana uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kupora kunonyanya kuoneka mukuderedzwa kwehurefu uye nguva yegomba reAntarctic ozone, kunyangwe kushanduka kwemwaka kuri kuramba kuchiitika.
Nekudaro, kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa uye kuderedzwa kwekusvibisa kunokonzerwa nevanhu kunoramba kuchikosha.
Chii chatingaita kudzivirira ozone layer?
Kuchengetedza ozone layer kunoenderana nekuita pamwe chete uye sarudzo dzemunhu dzatinoita mazuva ese. Mamwe mazano anosanganisira:
- Tenga zvigadzirwa zvinoratidza pamalebula azvo kuti hazvina maCFC uye zvinhu zvinopedza ozone.
- Dzivisa kushandisa zvinodzimisa moto uye maaerosol ane haloni, maCFC, uye zvinhu zvinorambidzwa.
- Ipa sarudzo kune mafiriji, mafiriza, uye midziyo yekufemesa mhepo inoshandisa ozone-inoshamwaridzika mamwe magasi.
- Deredza kushandiswa kwemotokari uye sarudza nzira dzakasimba dzekufambisa.
- Kurudzira dzidzo yezvakatipoteredza kusimudza ruzivo pamusoro pekukosha kwekuchengetedza ozone layer.
Curiosities uye chokwadi nezve ozone uye kuyerwa kwayo
Ozone yakawanikwa muna 1840 naChristian Friedrich Schönbein, uyo akaziva kunhuwa kwayo panguva yekutinhira. Makore akati gare gare, muna 1913, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzeFrance Charles Fabry naHenri Buisson vakawana stratospheric ozone layer nekuongorora mabatirwo emwaranzi yezuva.
Ozone ine kemikari yakasarudzika: inoshanda zvakanyanya uye, kunyangwe ichionekwa seyakakosha mu stratosphere, inogona kuva nengozi pamusoro pePasi.
Zviyero zvemazuva ano, uchishandisa midziyo yakadai seDobson spectrophotometers uye ozone probes, yaita kuti zvikwanise kuona nekururama kukuru kugovaniswa kwakatwasuka uye kwakachinjika kweozone mumhepo.
Ukama huri pakati pe ozone nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze
Ozone, pamusoro pebasa rayo se ultraviolet mwaranzi sefa, zvakare iri greenhouse gasi, inokwanisa kutora uye kubudisa infrared mwaranzi. Mu stratosphere, basa rayo guru nderekupisa iyo layer uye kutidzivirira kubva ku UV maranzi. Mune troposphere, zvisinei, inobatsira mukudziya kwepasi uye inokanganisa kunaka kwemhepo.
Uyezve, akawanda anotsiva CFC, akadai seHFC, nepo asiri ozone-depleting, anobatsira mukudziya kwepasi.
Iri basa rehuviri rinoreva kuti kuchengetedza ozone layer uye kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kunofanirwa kufambidzana, kusimudzira mamwe matekinoroji akachengeteka kune ese ari maviri matambudziko.
Associated phenomena: polar stratospheric makore uye atmospheric dynamics
Munguva yechando chechando, makore chaiwo anozivikanwa sepolar stratospheric clouds anoumba mu stratosphere, yakagadzirwa neaizi uye nitric acid. Makore aya anopa nzvimbo inodiwa pamusoro pekuita kwemakemikari anoburitsa reactive chlorine uye bromine, ichimhanyisa kuparadzwa kweozone kana chiedza chezuva chadzoka muchirimo.
Kutenderera kweatmospheric, kunyanya mhepo dze stratospheric, Icho chakakosha pakutakura ozone mamorekuru kubva munzvimbo yayo yekugadzirwa kukuru (iyo equator) yakananga pakati nepakati polar latitudes. Shanduko musimba remuchadenga, kungave nekuda kwechisikigo kana anthropogenic zvikonzero, zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kugovera uye kudzoreredza ozone.
Remangwana rekutsvaga kweozone
Sainzi yeOzone inoramba ichishanduka kuti inzwisise zvese zvinokanganisa kugovera kwayo, kupora, uye hukama nemamiriro ekunze epasirese. Masetiraiti matsva nemamodhi ekufungidzira anovandudza kugona kwedu kutarisira zvingangoitika kutyisidzira, sekubuda kwemakemikari matsva kana kukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kugara kutariswa uye kubatana kwenyika kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekubudirira kwemitemo yekudzivirira kwe ozone layer.
Ozone layer, kunyange zvazvo iri nhete uye ichiita seisina kusimba, ndeimwe yepfuma huru kwazvo yepasi redu. Mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, takadzidza kuonga kukosha kwayo uye kutora matanho ekudzivirira kuparadzwa kwayo. Iko kusanganiswa kwekuziva kwevagari, marongero epasi rose, uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji zvichatitendera kuenda kune remangwana rakachengeteka uye rakasimba, kuchengetedza hupenyu hwePasi pasi peiyi nhoo yebhuruu isingaonekwe.
