Pakati pevadzidzi vakapira zvakawanda kusainzi mumazana emakore apfuura isu tine Rutherford. Zita rake rakazara ndiIshe Ernest Rutherford uye akazvarwa musi waNyamavhuvhu 30, 1871. Aive nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuBritain uye nyanzvi yekemesitiri akabatsira zvakanyanya kupasi rose resainzi. Akazvarwa muNelson, New Zealand. Imwe yezvipo zvake zvakakosha kusainzi ndeye Rutherford atomic modhi.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve hupenyu hwaRutherford uye biography.
Rutherford biography
Aive mwanakomana waMartha Thompson naJames Rutherford. Ivo baba vaive murimi weScotland uye makanika uye amai vake mudzidzisi weChirungu. Aive wechina pavanegumi neumwe hama uye vabereki vake vaigara vachida kupa vana vavo dzidzo yepamusoro. Kuchikoro mudzidzisi akafara zvakanyanya nekutendeuka kuve mudzidzi akangwara. Izvi zvakatendera Ernest Ini ndaigona kupinda muNelson koreji. Iyo koreji ine cache yakakura kune vakawanda vane tarenda vanhu. Iye aikwanisa kuvandudza hunhu hukuru hwerugby izvo zvakamuita iye anozivikanwa kwazvo pachikoro chake.
Mugore rake rekupedzisira akaisa chinzvimbo chekutanga muzvidzidzo zvese uye akakwanisa kupinda kuCanterbury koreji. Gare gare kuyunivhesiti iye akapinda mune dzakasiyana zvesainzi uye zvekuratidzira makirabhu asi haana kuregeredza rake rugby maitiro. Makore gare gare akawedzera zvidzidzo zvake mumasvomhu nekuda kwechidzidzo chakawanikwa kuYunivhesiti yeNew Zealand. Gare gare akamira pakuda kuziva kwake uye kugona kwake kugadzirisa akasiyana makemikari uye masvomhu matambudziko. Naizvozvo, anogona kuve mudzidzi mukuru kuCambridge.
Kutanga kuferefeta
Kuferefeta kwekutanga kwaRutherford kwakatanga kuratidza kuti simbi inogona kuvezwa nemagetsi nenzira dzakakwira zvakanyanya. Mhedzisiro yake yepamusoro yezvidzidzo yakamutendera kuti aenderere mberi nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana uye kuferefetwa kwemakore. KuCambridge Cavendish Laboratories akakwanisa kuita zvaaiita achitungamirwa neakafumura elektroni Joseph John Thompson. Maitiro acho akatanga kuitwa kubva mugore ra1895.
Asati atanga rwendo rwake rwekutsvaga, akavimbisana naMary Newton. Makore akati kuti gare gare, nokuda kwebasa rake, akagadzwa kuva purofesa paMcGill University kuMontreal. Uku kwaive kuCanada. Makore gare gare, paakadzokera kuUnited Kingdom, akabatana nevashandi vekudzidzisa paYunivhesiti yeManchester. Apa ndipo paakatanga kudzidzisa physics yekuedza. Pakupedzisira Thompson akadzika semutungamiriri weCavendish laboratory kuCambridge University uye Rutherford akamutsiva.
Chimwe chezviitiko zvakatanhamara zvesayendisiti chinotevera:
"Kana kuyedza kwako kuchida zviyero, zvingadai zvakafanira kuita kuyedza kuri nani." Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford kuwanikwa
Pakazosvika 1896, radioactivity yakanga yatowanikwa, uye kuwanikwa uku kwakabata zvikuru musayendisiti uyu. Nokudaro, akatanga kuongorora uye kuita tsvakurudzo, achipedza nguva achiedza kuziva zvikamu zvikuru zvemwaranzi. Akaratidza kuti alpha particles ari helium nuclei uye akashamisa nyika yese yesainzi nekugadzirwa kwedzidziso yeatomu chimiro, iyo ine hukama ne. Semubairo, akasarudzwa Shamwari yeRoyal Society muna 1903 uye gare gare Mutungamiriri wayo.
Iyi yemaatomu modhi yakatsanangurwa muna 1911 uye yakazokwenenzverwa na Niels Bohr. Ngatione kuti ndedzipi nhungamiro huru dzeratomu modhi yaRutherford:
- Zvikamu zvinechaji yakanaka mukati meatomu iwo akarongedzwa muvhoriyamu diki kwazvo kana tikachienzanisa nehoriyamu yakazara yeatomu rataurwa.
- Hunenge huremu hwose hune atomu hunowanikwa muvhoriyamu diki yataurwa. Huru hwemukati uhu hwainzi nucleus.
- Maerekitironi ane mhosva dzisina kunaka ivo vanowanikwa vachitenderera vakakomberedza kosi.
- Ma electrons anotenderera nekumhanya kwakanyanya kutenderedza nucleus uye anozviita munzira dzakatenderedzwa. Nzira idzi dzinonzi orbits. Gare gare anovaziva se orbitals.
- Ose maerekitironi ane chaji isina kunaka uye nucleus ine positive chaji yeatomu anogara akabatwa pamwechete nesimba re electrostatic attraction.
Zvese izvi zvakaratidzirwa kuyedza uye zvakabvumidzwa kumisikidza dhayidhi dhizaini yekuwedzera kweiyo nyukireya nucleus. Ernest akagadzira dzidziso pamusoro peiyo radioactivity yechisikigo yaive yakabatana nekushandurwa kwepamoyo kwezvinhu. Dai akararama semubatsiri mukiraidhi yemagetsi nekuda kwebasa rake mumunda weatomic fizikisi. Saka, anokudzwa semumwe wemadzibaba edzidziso iyi.
Mubayiro weNobel muKemistry
Mipiro yesainzi yakabatsira zvakanyanya muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Uye zvaive zvichibvira kuita zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuonekwa kwezvikepe zvepasi pemvura kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemafungu ekurira. Iyi ndiyo yaiva yekutanga kumberi kune zvidzidzo, kunyange zvazvo kukakavadzana kwapera, kutanga kwekutanga kuchinjwa kwemakemikari zvinhu kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekubhomba kweatomu yenitrogen se alpha particles. Ese emabasa makuru aRutherford achiri kushandiswa nhasi mumaraibhurari nemayunivhesiti pasi rese. Mazhinji emabasa ake zvine hukama ne radioactivity uye radiation kubva kune radioactive zvinhu.
Nekuda kweruzivo rwakawanikwa mukuferefeta kwake maererano nekuparara kwezvinhu, akakwanisa kuwana mubairo weNobel mu chemistry muna 1908, asati aburitsa yake yemhando yeatomu. Element 104 yetafura ye periodic yainzi Rutherfordium mukukudzwa kwake. Nekudaro, isu tinoziva kuti hapana chisingaperi uye, kunyangwe uyu musayendisiti akapa kufambira mberi kukuru kune sainzi, akafa muna Gumiguru 19, 1937 kuCambridge, England. Zvisaririra zvake zvekufa zvakafambidzana muWestminster Abbey uye ikoko vanozorora pamwe neve Sir Isaac Newton naIshe Kelvin.
Sezvauri kuona, kune akawanda masayendisiti akapa ruzivo rwakawanda uye ruzivo kune iyo nyika yesainzi uye, pamwe chete, vari kutiita kuti tizive zvakanyanya uye nekuwedzera. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve iyo biography uye mabasa aIshe Ernest Rutherford.