Kupisa kwekuita mumakomo anoputika: zvitubu, magiya, uye geological process

Kupisa kwemoto mumakomo anoputika ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa uye zvinonakidza zvechisikigo papasi redu. Kubva kuzvitubu zvinopisa zvichitubuka kusvika kumagiza anopfura makoramu emvura nemhepo mudenga, maitiro aya anotipa hwindo mukati mesimba remukati mePasi, uye chiratidzo chinooneka chekupisa kwakanyanya kwepasi pevhu kunotutira pasi petsoka dzedu.

Kana tichitaura nezve mazwi akaita sezvitubu zvinopisa, magiya, uye makomo anoputika, tiri kureva boka rezviratidziro zvepasi izvo, pamusoro pekupa runako, zvine kukosha kukuru kwesainzi, dzidzo, uye simba. Muchinyorwa chino chese, uchaona maumbirwo avanoita, zvakavanzika zvekushanda kwavo, kukosha kwavo kwezvakatipoteredza, uye mashandisirwo avakaitwa nevanhu, pamwe nenjodzi dzine chekuita nekushandisa kwavo kana kushanya.

Hotspots: Sei zviitiko zvekupisa zvichiitika?

Kunobva kwese kwese kupiswa kwemoto kunoputika kuri mukati mePasi, uko simba regeothermal rinobva mukuora kwezvinhu zveradioactive uye kupisa kwasara kubva pakuumbwa kwepasi. Simba iri rinofamba richienda kumusoro kuburikidza nekuita uye convection process kuburikidza nematombo. Nekudaro, hadzisi matunhu ese epasi anoratidza maitiro ekupisa akafanana. Aya maratidziro akanyanya kuwanda munzvimbo dzakatsemuka ganda rePasi kana pedyo ne magma, ndiko kuti, munzvimbo dzine kuputika kwemakomo munguva pfupi yapfuura, tectonic plate boundaries, uye nzvimbo dzinopisa.

Musoro weNyika unoratidza kupisa kwepasi kuburikidza nekutaura kwakasiyana-siyana: magiya, zvitubu zvinopisa, fumaroles, madziva edhaka uye pasi rinopfuta. Vese vakafanana kuvapo kwekupisa kwemukati memvura, mvura, uye network yemafisu anopinza anobvumira mvura inopisa kana mhute kukwira. Mienzaniso inomisikidza yenzvimbo idzi iYellowstone (USA), El Tatio (Chile), Iceland, New Zealand uye dunhu redunhu rePacific rinozivikanwa seRing of Fire.

Zvitubu zvinopisa: kuratidzwa kwakapararira

Zvitubu zvinopisa, zvinozivikanwawo sezvitubu zvinopisa, zvinomiririra kuratidzwa kwekushisa kwakanyanya pasi rese. Aya ndiwo mapoinzi apo mvura yepasi, mushure mekupiswa pakadzika kwemakiromita akati wandei (zvichida nekusangana ne magma, matombo anopisa, kana yakajairika geothermal gradient), inosimuka nekubuda pamusoro, ichibuda patembiricha yakakwira kupfuura avhareji yenzvimbo.

Tsanangudzo yemazuva ano yechitubu chinopisa inotaura kuti tembiricha yaro inofanirwa kunge iri 5 ° C yakakwirira kupfuura yeavhareji yekushisa yenzvimbo. Zvisinei, Tembiricha inogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya: kubva panyoro kusvika pakupisa, inopfuura 90 ° C mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakanyanya.. Pamusoro pezvo, iwo maumbirwo emakemikari anosiyanawo: kune acidic, alkaline, kana zvitubu zvisina kwazvakarerekera, zvinoenderana nepH yemvura, uye anogona kuverengerwa zvinoenderana neakanyanya makomisheni (bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, nezvimwewo).

Chinhu chinonakidza chezvitubu zvinopisa ndiko kuwanda kwemaminerari akanyungudika avanotakura. Aya maminerari akaiswa munzvimbo yakatenderedza, achigadzira maturu e silica, carbonates, uye mamwe maumbirwo anoshamisa, akadai seanozivikanwa Grand Prismatic Springs muYellowstone kana echisikigo spas ePamukkale muTürkiye.

Zvitubu zvinopisa zvakaitawo basa guru mutsika neutano hwevanhu. Mvura yaro ine mineral-rich yakashandiswa kubvira kare kwekurapa uye kugezesa kwekurapa, uye nanhasi ndiyo inonyanya kukwezva yeakawanda spas uye nzvimbo dzevashanyi pasirese.

Geysers: chiratidziro che geological in eruption

Pakati pezviratidziro zvese zvinopisa, magiya ane nzvimbo yakasarudzika nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hunoshamisa. Geyser itsime rinopisa rinopisa rinokwanisa kupfura nguva nenguva jeti dzemvura inopisa uye mhute kusvika pakakwirira. Zvisinei, kuvapo kwavo hakuwanzoitiki: vashoma pane chiuru vanozivikanwa munyika, uye vose vanogovana nhevedzano yemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo e geological uye hydrogeological.

Mageyser anoshanda sei? Chinokosha chiri mumusanganiswa chaiwo wekupisa kwepasi pevhu, mvura yakawanda, uye network yenzira nhete, dzakavhiringika dzepasi pevhu. Mvura, inopinzwa kubva pamusoro, inodzika kunzvimbo dzinopisa uko inovharirwa mumakomba pasi pekumanikidzwa uye inopisa nekusangana nemagma kana matombo anopisa. Kana tembiricha yadarika painofashaira pasi pemamiriro ekudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro, imwe mvura inoerekana yashanduka kuita mhute, ichisundidzira yasara kumusoro mukuputika kwechisimba kunogona kusvika makumi emamita pakureba.

Iyo eruptive cycle ndeye cyclical: Mushure mekuputika kwega kwega, geyser inofanira kuzara nemvura, kuvaka kumanikidza uye kupisa kusvika pakuputika kunotevera. Iyi nzira inogona kudzokororwa maminetsi mashoma, maawa, kana mazuva, zvichienderana negeyser chaiyo.

Mhando dzemagiya

• Cone geysers: Vanodzinga majeti emvura uye mupfunga kazhinji uye vanogadzira murwi wakakonisika wemaminerari, kunyanya silica, wakatenderedza muromo wavo.
• Fountain geysers: Zvinoratidzira zvinoputika uye zvisingawanzo kuputika, zvinoputika mumadziva emvura akapoteredza kwete kuburikidza nekoni.

Mienzaniso ine mukurumbira inosanganisira Old Akatendeka muYellowstone, ine mukurumbira nekugara kwayo, Steamboat (yakareba kwazvo pasi rose pamamita makumi mapfumbamwe nerimwe), uye El Tatio geyser munda muChile. Dzimwe nyika dzine magiza akakosha dzinosanganisira Iceland, Russia, New Zealand, neJapan.

Geyser kunze kwePasi: Sezvineiwo, magiza ekunze akaonekwawo pamwedzi yakaita seTriton (Neptune) uye Enceladus (Saturn). Muzviitiko izvi, havadzingi mvura yemvura, asi kuti nitrogen kana mhute yemvura kuburikidza ne cryovolcanoes, inotungamirirwa nedzimwe nzira kunze kwekupisa kwekuputika kwemakomo asi zvakafanana zvinonakidza.

Fumaroles, solfataras uye mamwe gaseous kuratidzwa

Pamusoro pemvura nemhepo, nzvimbo dzinoputika dzinoratidza kupukunyuka kwakananga kwemagasi kuburikidza nefumaroles. Aya mafambiro emhepo uye gasi anosanganisira kwete mhute yemvura chete, asiwo sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide (H.₂S), CO₂ nemamwe macommunication anopisa. Iyo oxidation yehydrogen sulfide inokonzera mavara akasimba uye yero sulfur deposits inotenderedza fumaroles mazhinji, akadai seaya ari kuIceland kana muItaly solfatara minda.

Dzimwe nguva, kana boric uye hydrogen sulfide acids inotungamira, iyo fumaroles inogona kupihwa chaiwo mazita sofioni uye solfataras, zvichiteerana. Iyo yakanyanya kuita kemikari ye fumaroles inogadzirisa nharaunda ine matombo, ichigadzira surreal landscapes uye kushandura iyo pamusoro mineralogical kuumbwa.

Madhaka madziva uye vaporizing pasi: madhaka simba

Madziva edhaka uye pasi rinopfungaira zvakafanana mashoko anofadza ekuita kwehydrothermal. Kana mvura inodziya ishoma, asi chiutsi chinopisa chepasi pevhu chakawanda, chiutsi ichi chinosimuka, chichinyungudutsa matombo akapoteredza nekuashandura kuita ivhu uye silica. Mvura uye zvicherwa zvakanaka zvinosanganiswa kuita yakakwira kana yakaderera viscosity sludge, kuenderana uye ruvara rwayo zvinoenderana nemvura, sarufa, uye iron oxide zviri mukati. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kutubuka kwedhaka kunobudisa makomo maduku anoputika.

Ivhu rinopfungaira, kune rumwe rutivi, ivhu rakazadzwa nemhute kubva pakadzika. Dzinogona kuva nengozi, sezvo pamusoro pacho panogona kuparara uye kuparara nyore, uye tembiricha ingangoita masendimita mashoma kubva pasi inogona kudarika 90°C. Naizvozvo, Kuongorora nzvimbo idzi kunoda kungwarira kwakasimba uye kazhinji kuvepo kweakakosha madhairekitori.

Geological maitiro uye zvinodiwa mamiriro

Kuti kuratidzwa kwekupisa kwepamusoro kuvepo, nhevedzano yezvinhu zvakakosha zve geological inofanirwa kuve iripo:

• Kunobva kupisa Kazhinji magma kana matombo anopisa ane chekuita negomo rinoputika kana kuti geothermal gradient.
• Kuvapo kwemvura: inopihwa nekusefa kwekunaya kwemvura, nzizi kana madhamu epasi pevhu.
• Permeable duct uye fissure masisitimu: Vanobvumira kutenderera uye kuunganidza kwemvura kunzvimbo dzinopisa, pamwe nekudzoka kwayo kumusoro.
• Yakakodzera kudzvanywa uye hydrodynamic mamiriro: zvakakosha kuti kufashaira kwakamwe kamwe uye kuputika kuitike mune zvemagiza.

Mapombi akavharirwa pakati pematombo asingapindiri mukati mematombo ndiwo akakosha pakuwanda kwekumanikidza kunokonzeresa kuputika kwegeyser nguva nenguva. Kuchinja mune chimwe chezvinhu izvi, kana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvepanyama kana zvevanhu, zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya maitiro kana kudzima zviratidzo zvekupisa.

Hukama pakati pechiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo uye geothermal masosi

Matunhu ane kuputika kwemakomo anonyanya kutarisana negeothermal vents uye basa rekupisa nekuda kwekuvapo kwevadiki kana kutonhora magma makamuri. Kupisa kunoburitswa kunodziya mvura yepasi, iyo inokwira semhute kana mvura yemvura. Saka, Kuputika kwemakomo munguva pfupi yapfuura, pamusoro pekugadzira kuputika uye nzvimbo itsva, inogara ichidyisa aya mamineral- uye simba-rine hydrothermal system.

Kuparadzirwa kwepasi rose: Ndokupi kwaungawana izvi zvinoshamisa?

Kugoverwa kwezviitiko izvi hakuna kufanana. Ivo vanonyanya kuiswa mu:

• Subduction zones uye miganhu yeplate inoparadza: Kufanana nePacific Ring yeMoto, iyo Andes, Japan, kumadokero kweNorth America, nezvimwe.
• Hotspots uye mirwi yepakati pegungwa: Iceland, Hawaii uye pasi pegungwa reGulf of California zvinopa mienzaniso inokatyamadza.
• Makondinendi masisitimu makuru: Yellowstone muU.SA, iyo El Tatio geothermal munda muChile, uye magiza ekuNew Zealand ndiyo mienzaniso inoyevedza.

Pauriri hwegungwa, kuita kwehydrothermal kunogadzira chimney dzepasi pemvura dzine tembiricha dzinopfuura 300°C, dzichigadzira yakasarudzika ecosystem pakadzika hukuru.

Ecological impact uye yakabatana biodiversity

Mamiriro ekunze anopisa anokatyamadza hotbeds yezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, kazhinji inotongwa neextremophile bacteria uye tupukanana tunojairwa kune yakanyanya tembiricha uye kuumbwa kwemakemikari. Idzi nharaunda dzinoumba rubatsiro rwekutanga rwecheni dzechikafu dzakaoma, zvese pamusoro (senge pamicheto yezvitubu) uye munzvimbo dzakadzika dzegungwa (tubeworms, mollusks, hove, mabhakitiriya anogadzika mahydrocarboni kana zvicherwa).

Iwo akaiswa mineral compounds, tembiricha uye pH inotaridza hupenyu, ichiona kuti ndiani anogona kurarama uye ndiani asingagone. Semuenzaniso, dzvuku, orenji, uye girinhi mavara muYellowstone anopisa zvitubu ndiwo mhedzisiro yeakasiyana mabhakitiriya uye algal pigments.

Magiya uye zvitubu zvinopisa sezvitubu zvesimba

Chimwe chezvikuru zvazvino zvinofarirwa nebasa rekupisa ndiko kushandiswa kwegeothermal simba kugadzira magetsi uye kudziyisa zvine mwero. Zvidyarwa zveGeothermal zvinotora mvura inopisa uye chiutsi kubva kune aya epasi masisitimu ekutyaira maturbines kana kupa kupisa kwakananga. Nyika dzakaita seIceland, Italy, New Zealand, Mexico, Chile, United States, neKenya dzakagadzira zvivakwa zvakakosha zvegeothermal, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinoputika.

Zvakanakira zve volcanic geothermal simba:

• Inovandudzwa uye haina kuenderana nemamiriro ekunze.
• Inoburitsa huwandu hwakaderera kwazvo hwemagasi egreenhouse, zvichibatsira kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
• Inobvumira kugadzikana uye kuenderera mberi kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi.
• Inoderedza carbon footprint kana ichienzaniswa nemafuta efossil.

Zvisinei, hazvisi pasina njodzi: kuputika kwemakomo kusingatarisirwi, kudengenyeka kwenyika, kuburitsa gasi rine muchetura kana kuchinjwa kwenzvimbo.

Zvemagariro, zvetsika uye zvekurapa

Pamusoro pekukosha kwavo kwesainzi, zvitubu zvinopisa zvakagara zvichishandiswa mukurapa nekuvaraidza zvinangwa. Mazhinji maspas muEurope, Asia, neAmerica ari padyo nezvitubu zvinopisa zvechisikigo, zvichitora mukana wehupfumi hwemamineral hwekugezesa ekurapa kurapa majoini, ganda, uye mhasuru.

Kukwezva kwevashanyi kwenzvimbo idzi kwakakura. Mapaki emarudzi akaita seYellowstone, mapaki egeothermal muIceland, uye maJapan osen anopisa zvitubu anogamuchira mamiriyoni evashanyi gore negore. Hunhu hwayo hwetsika uye hwemweya hunoumbawo chikamu chenhaka isingabatike yevanhu vazhinji.

Ngozi, kuchengetedza uye kutyisidzira

Kuratidzwa kwekushisa kunogona kuva nengozi sekunaka kwavo. Kupisa kwakanyanya, mvura ine acid uye ivhu risina kugadzikana zvinogona kukonzera tsaona dzakakomba kana kuuraya. Zvakakosha kutevedzera mirairo yekuchengetedza mumapaki uye kugara munzira dzakatarwa.

Izvi zvishamiso zvomusikirwo zvinotyisidzirwa nokushandisa zvisina kufanira, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kusvibiswa. Kuchera kukuru kwemvura yepasi kunogona kukonzera kutsakatika kwemagiza (sezvakaitika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeNew Zealand kana Nevada, USA). Mapurojekiti mahombe emagetsi emagetsi, kuchera matsime emvura, uye kusadzora kushanya kusingadzoreki zvinogona kukanganisa chiyero chakatetepa chinochengetedza masisitimu aya.

Nechikonzero ichi, nyika zhinji dzakapa dziviriro chaiyo kune idzi enclaves, dzichiti mapaki enyika kana nzvimbo dzesainzi. Kugara kutariswa, kudzorwa kwekushanya, uye manejimendi akasimba kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekurarama kwayo kwenguva refu.

Kuchinja uye kushanduka nekufamba kwenguva

Thermal chiitiko haina kumira. Mageyser anogona kushandura frequency, nguva, uye kusimba kwekuputika kwawo nekuda kwekuchinja kwechisikigo muhydrogeological system kana mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nevanhu. Zvinogona kutopera uye kubuda zvakare mushure memakumi emakore ekusaita basa, zvichienderana nekusiyana kwemvura, kudzvanywa kwemvura yepasi, kana kupinza kwekupisa kwe magmatic.

Kudzidza kwenguva refu kweaya masisitimu kunopa data rakakosha pane zvakadzika geological maitiro, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo, uye mhedzisiro yezviitiko zvekudengenyeka kana kuputika kwemakomo pamhepo yekupisa.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa pamusoro pekushanda kwekupisa mumakomo anoputika

Chii chinonzi geyser? Chitubu chinopisa icho, nekuda kwekuungana kwekumanikidza uye kupisa, nguva nenguva inoburitsa jeti dzemvura uye chipfunga kuburikidza nepaburi riri pamusoro.

Ndekupi kune mamwe magiya anoshanda? Yellowstone Park imusha kune hukuru hukuru hwemazaya echando munyika, asi Iceland, Chile, Russia, Japan, neNew Zealand dzinozivikanwawo.

Mageyza nezvitubu zvinopisa zvine ngozi here? Hongu, kupisa kwayo kwakanyanya, acidity, uye ivhu risina kugadzikana zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba. Zvakakosha kuremekedza zviratidzo uye kutevera mitemo yekuchengetedza.

Simba rezviitiko izvi rinoshandiswa sei? Kuburikidza nezvinomera zvegeothermal, zvinotora chiutsi nemvura inopisa kubva mumadziva emvura yakadzika yekugadzira magetsi nekudziya kwedunhu.

Mageyza anogona kutsakatika here? Inogona kunyangarika nekuda kwekuchinja kwechisikigo mumasisitimu epasi pevhu kana nekuda kwekuita kwevanhu, sekunyanya kushandiswa kweaquifers kana shanduko mukuyerera kwemvura.

Anogona kuwanikwa kune mamwe mapuraneti here? Hongu, kunyange zvazvo ichisundwa nemimwe michina, “magiya” akaonekwa pamwedzi ine chando mugadziriro yezuva seEnceladus neTriton.

Geological uye hydrogeological zviratidzo: izvo geyser zvinoratidzwa

Kuvapo kwemagiza uye zvitubu zvinopisa zvinoratidzira zvakadzika uye zvinoshanda geological process. Vanobvumira geologists ku:

• Ziva nzvimbo dzezvinoputika zvinoputika kana tectonic chiitiko.
• Delimit heat sources inogona kushandiswa kune geothermal simba.
• Dzidza kuchinjwa kwematombo uye kuumbwa kwemaminerari matsva.
• Tarisa shanduko yezvakatipoteredza, sezvo ivo vanonzwa nekusiyana kwekunaya kwemvura, seismic mafambiro, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Mienzaniso, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye zvinonakidza chokwadi

Pasi rose kune akawanda mapoinzi ekufarira akabatana neiyo geothermal chiitiko:

• Yellowstone, USA: anopfuura mazana mashanu emagetsi anoshanda uye zviuru zvezvitubu zvinopisa.
• El Tatio, Chile: nzvimbo huru yegeyser iri kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, pakukwirira kwepamusoro pe4.000 metres.
• Dolina Geiserov, Russia: mupata une magiza zana mukati meKamchatka Peninsula.
• Iceland: nharaunda inotambudzwa nezvitubu zvinopisa, magiza engano seaya anopa mazita avo kune ese (Geysir) uye yakakura yenyika geothermal network.
• New Zealand (Taupo/Rotorua): Nzvimbo yaunofanirwa kuona kune avo vanoda kuona minda inopfungaira, madhaka anotubuka, zvitubu zvine mavara, uye kuputika kunogara kuchiputika.

Kushanda kweaya masisitimu kwakatetepa zvekuti shanduko diki mupombi yemvura kana chimiro chemigero inogona kuita kuti geyser ivhare, ichinje kuyerera kwayo, kana kuve tsime rinodziya.

Kushandisa zvine mutoro uye ramangwana rechiitiko chekuputika kwegomo

Kuzvipira kune geothermal simba sesimba rinogara riripo riri kukura gore negore. Kuti uwane budiriro yakaenzana, zvakakosha kubatanidza kushandiswa kwehupfumi kwezviwanikwa nekuchengetedza nharaunda dzechisikigo uye tsvakiridzo yesainzi.

Dambudziko nderokuona kuti nzvimbo idzi dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoramba dzichishanda zvisina kuchinjwa uye dzinokurudzira zvizvarwa zvinotevera, zvichipa hutano, simba rakachena, uye kunzwisisa kune zvakadzama maitiro epasi redu.

Kupisa kunoitwa munzvimbo dzine makomo anoputika muenzaniso unokatyamadza wekubatana pakati pemaitiro emukati mePasi nehupenyu huri pamusoro. Kubva kuzvitubu zvinopisa kusvika kune zvinokatyamadza geyser uye geothermal exploration, kusvika pakukosha kwezvakatipoteredza uye njodzi dzakabatana, zviitiko izvi zvinotiyeuchidza kuti pasi redu mhenyu uye kuti ruremekedzo uye kuda kuziva ndizvo zvishandiso zvakanakisa zvekuiongorora nekuichengeta.