Taura nezve Indonezhiya Iko kuzvinyudza iwe munyika umo zvisikwa zvinozviratidza mukunaka kwazvo uye zvakare mune yayo isinga fungidzike shanduro. Nyika ino haina mukurumbira chete nekuda kwenzvimbo dzayo dzekunze uye tsika dzekare, asiwo kune yayo kuputika kwemakomo kwakakomba, iyo yakaratidza remangwana renyika dzayo, vagari vemo uye kusiyana-siyana kwayo. Kwete pasina, ivo Java chitsuwa Inoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzinoputika zvakanyanya papasi, ine anopfuura zana anoputika anoputika uye geological kusangana kunotsanangura hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye nzvimbo dzenzvimbo. Kunzwisisa kuti hofori idzi dzinoumbwa sei, nei dzichiramba dzakasimba, uye kuti dzinokanganisa sei hupenyu hwedunhu, hupfumi, uye nharaunda kunonakidza.
Muchikamu chino, tinokukoka iwe kuti uwane zvakadzama makomo anoputika eJava neIndonesia yese: kubva kutsananguro ye geological yekwavakabva, kuburikidza nezviitiko zvenhoroondo zvinokatyamadza, hupfumi hunoyevedza hwavanogadzira, uye matambudziko nemikana yekurarama pasi pemumvuri wesimba ravo rinogara riripo.
Sei Indonesia ichiputika zvakadaro? Iyo geological kiyi yezvitsuwa
Indonezhiya Inowanikwa munzvimbo ine mukurumbira Pacific Ring yeMoto, bhandi rekudengenyeka kwenyika uye rinoputika rakakomberedza nzvimbo yePacific uye rinokonzera chikamu chakanaka chekudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru uye kuputika. Mu "mhete" iyi, goko rePasi riri kuramba richifamba, kubva kune akati wandei tectonic plates: the Indo-Australianla Eurasian, Pacific uye kunyange mamwe madiki.
Chinhu chikuru chinotsanangura kuumbwa kwemakomo akawanda anoputika muIndonesia ndeye subduction. Ndiko kuti, imwe oceanic plate inonyura pasi peimwe, ichigadzira kukweshana, kupisa uye kumanikidzana. Mhedzisiro ndeye chizvarwa che magma pakadzika dzika, iyo inowanzotsvaga nzira yekubuda nayo kumusoro kuburikidza nepakatsemuka uye pakatsemuka, nokudaro ichigadzira makomo anoputika akazara nezvitsuwa. Iyi nzira iri kure nekuve chinhu chekare: inoramba ichishanda, saka zvese zviri zviviri kudengenyeka kwenyika s kuputika Izvo zvinowanzoitika uye kazhinji hazvitarisirwi.
Imwe yemhando dzakajairika dzemakomo anoputika muIndonesia ndeaya stratovolcanoes, makomo ane conical anoumbwa nezvikamu zvakatevedzana zvemabota, madota uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoputika zvinoputika panguva dzekuputika kwakawanda. Ichi chimiro chinopa kusimuka kune zvinokatyamadza zvekuyerwa uye nzvimbo dzakafanana neiyo yeJava.
Makuru anoputika anoputika muJava: mazita uye maitiro
Kana tikataura nezvazvo makomo anoputika akakurumbira muJavaKune mazita akati wandei anomiririra nhoroondo yavo, zviitiko zvavo zvichangoburwa kana kusarudzika kwavo mukati mezvitsuwa zveIndonesia. Zvimwe ndezvimwe zvefungidziro dzakakurumbira dzekuputika kwadzo kunoparadza, nepo kumwe kukwezva zviuru zvevashanyi nevashanyi gore negore, vachikwezvwa nemamiriro avo akasiyana kana zviitiko.
- Gomo reMerapi: Inowanikwa pakati peJava, inoonekwa seimwe ye makomo anoputika akawanda uye ane ngozi zvikuru munyika. Zita rayo muJavanese rinoreva "gomo remoto," uye ine mukurumbira wenguva nenguva kubudisa kuputika kune simba, kazhinji kunoputika uye kunoperekedzwa nekuyerera kwepyroclastic kunoparadza zvose munzira yavo. Mataundi ari pedyo anogara pasi pechimbichimbi nguva dzose uye chirongwa chekutarisa.
- Krakatoa: Kunyangwe iri muSunda Strait, pakati peJava neSumatra, inofanirwa kutaurwa nezvayo. Kuputika kwe1883 kweKrakatoa ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa munhoroondo: yakasimba zvokuti inogona kunzwika zviuru zvemakiromita kure, yakakonzera tsunami inoparadza uye yakashandura mamiriro ekunze epasi rose, zvichiita kuti inozivikanwa se "gore risina zhizha." Nhasi, gomo idzva rinobuda mugomba raro, the Anak Krakatau, mwanakomana wepakutanga Krakatoa uye anoshingaira kusvikira nhasi.
- Gomo reBromo: MuEast Java, mukati meTengger Caldera, Bromo inomira kunze kwete nekuda kwechiitiko chayo chete (ndiro chete gomo rinoputika mucaldera), asiwo kune yaro inoshamisa silhouette uye inoshamisa gungwa rejecha rakarikomberedza. Iyo inzvimbo yakakurumbira yekushanyira vashanyi saiti, kunyanya yekutarisa kwekubuda kwezuva uye yakasarudzika volcanic renje kudzika.
- Ijen Volcano (Kawah Ijen): Iyo icon yeEast Java, ine mukurumbira kune maviri akasiyana maficha: ayo ane turquoise acidic dziva uye inoshamisa "blue mirazvo" chiitiko, chinooneka chete husiku. Uyezve, vashandi vemumigodhi vanoshanda mukati mezuva nezuva kuti vatore sarufa mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka uye akanyanya.
- Semeru: Iyo inozivikanwawo seMahameru, inzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yeJava (3676 m) uye gomo rinoputika zvakanyanya, rine kuputika kwegore negore. Iyo inomira zvine mutsindo muBromo Tengger Semeru National Park, uye inzvimbo yekuenda kune vanokwira makomo uye vanoda zvisikwa.
- Raung: Imwe stratovolcano hombe muEast Java, inozivikanwa nekuwanda kwayo caldera uye kazhinji, kuputika kwekuputika. Yave iri nyaya yechenjedzo dzakawanda dzekuputika kwemakomo uye kubuda kwevanhu muzana ramakore re21.
Rondedzero yacho inogona kuenderera mberi, sezvo Java ichidada neakawanda emakomo akazorora, ari kushanda, kana kuti asingazorori, zvichitiyeuchidza kuti pano pasi harina kumbomira.
Nhoroondo uye ichangoburwa kuputika: kukanganisa uye mhedzisiro
Nhoroondo yeJava neIndonesia inocherechedzwa zvisingadzimiki ne kuputika kwemakomo. Kuputika kwakachinja nzvimbo, kwakaparadza maguta, kwakagadzira nyika itsva, uye dzimwe nguva kwakakonzera njodzi huru dzevanhu nedzemhoteredzo.
Mumakore ane chiuru apfuura, marudzi anopfuura 1 000 akanyorwa muEast Java chete. 280 kuputika. Vamwe, senge avo Raung muna 1593 (yePlinian rudzi uye ukuru VEI 5) kana ichangoburwa muna 2024, inoonekwa serengedzo geological mitsetse. Iye Gomo bromo Yakanga iri chiitiko chekuputika kunoshamisa, sekuputika kwe2010-2011, izvo zvakakonzera kudonha kwedota nguva dzose, kumanikidzwa kubviswa kwendege, uye zvakanyanya kukanganisa misha yakapoteredza uye minda yekurima.
El Gomo Merapi Iyo ine mukurumbira zvinosuruvarisa nekukonzera vanyajambwa vakawanda mumazana emakore apfuura. Mutambo wekuputika kwayo hausi chete mumhirizhonga yekuyerera, asiwo muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu vanogara pamatope ayo. Semuenzaniso, kuputika kwegore ra2010 kwaida kuti vanhu vanopfuura 350.000 XNUMX vabviswe uye mazana afa.
Special kutaurwa kunofanira kuitwa pamusoro Krakatoa uye kuputika kwaro muna 1883. Kuputika uye murwi mukuru wegasi nemadota zvakakonzera tsunami dzakaparadza mahombekombe uye zvakakonzera kufa kwemakumi ezviuru zvevanhu. Guruva rinoputika rakachinja mamiriro ekunze epasi rose, nezvinyorwa zvematenga anoshamisa uye zviitiko zvemuchadenga izvo zvichiri kuongororwa.
Mhedzisiro yechiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo pane mamiriro ekunze uye nharaunda yepasirese
Kuputika kukuru kwegomo rinoputika muIndonesia, kunze kwekuparadza kwakakurumidza, kwakaratidza kugona kwavo kugadzirisa. mamiriro ekunze enyika. As? Kuburitswa kukuru kwemadota, magasi akadai sesarufa nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi mumhepo kunounza mhedzisiro inoparadza. screen kana "maamburera", kuderedza mwaranzi yezuva inosvika pamusoro uye dzimwe nguva ichikonzera tembiricha inodonha zvinoonekwa pachikero chepuraneti.
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kutaurwa ndeye Tambora volcano muna 1815, izvo zvakaita kuti pave negore rakatevera (1816) rinozivikanwa se“gore risina zhizha.” Nzvimbo huru dzeNorthern Hemisphere dzakasangana nechando chakanyanya, kukundikana kwezvirimwa, uye nzara yakabatana nekuvharika kwezuva kwakakonzerwa negore rekuputika kwemakomo. Iye Krakatoa Muna 1883 zvakavawo nepesvedzero yakafanana, nemishumo yenhau yokunyura kwezuva kwakatsvuka uye kusamira zvakanaka kwemamiriro okunze muEurope neAmerica.
Nekudaro, pesvedzero yezviitiko zvegomo rinoputika muIndonesia haina kuganhurirwa kukuputika kukuru kwenhoroondo. Gasi rinoramba richibuda rinogona kuita acidisa kunaya kwemvura, kuita ivhu refetiraiza, kana kushandura ecosystem pamwero wedunhu. Mukuwedzera, maitiro aya anoshingaira kutora chikamu mu kuumbwa kwezvitsuwa zvinoputika uye mukugadzirisa kwenzvimbo itsva nekugara, kushandura dunhu kuita fekitori yechokwadi yezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye ivhu rakaorera.
Java's landscape: makomo anoputika, calderas, uye zvakasikwa zvinoshamisa
Mhedzisiro yezviuru zvemakore zvekuitika kwekuputika kwemakomo muJava ndeye unique landscape, iyo inosanganisa makomo anoyevedza, calderas akakura, madziva ane acidic, mahombekombe ejecha dema uye mipata yekurima yakaorera. Imwe neimwe gomo rinoputika rakaveza nharaunda yaro nenzira yaro yakasarudzika, ichishandura Java kuita mufananidzo wezvipenyu uye geologies yerunako runokatyamadza.
- Tengger Caldera: Inowanikwa muBromo Tengger Semeru National Park, inzvimbo yegungwa rejecha rinoputika rakakomberedzwa nenhongonya nemakoronga. Gomo reBromo rinokwira pamusoro pebani sechiratidzo, nepo Gomo reSemeru, rinoonekwa kumashure, rinoshanda semurindi wedunhu.
- Lake Ijen: PaKawah Ijen volcano, inomira kunze kweruvara rwayo rweturquoise uye yakanyanya acidity. Ndiyo dziva guru reasidhi munyika, rakaumbwa nekuunganidzwa kwe sulfuric uye hydrochloric acid. Husiku, nharaunda yecrater inovhenekerwa nekupenya kwemarimi eblue ane mukurumbira, chiratidziro chakasiyana chemusikirwo chinobva mukupiswa kwemagasi esulfuric pakupisa kwakanyanya.
- Conical makomo nemasango: Materu emakomo anoputika akadai seMerapi neSemeru anoratidza musiyano wakanyanya: nepo pedyo nepamusoro pacho munhu anoona mamiriro ekunze akaoma, emwedzi wechiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo, pasi pawo panobuda masango anoshamisa, minda yemupunga, nenzvimbo dzekurima kunobereka zvibereko zvikuru zvinofarirwa nevhu rakapfuma.
- Gungwa rejecha: Nzvimbo yeBromo ine mukurumbira nekuda kwegungwa rejecha rakanaka rinoputika, rakavhiringwa chete nematemberi echiHindu nenzvimbo diki dzekumaruwa, munzvimbo dzinenge dziri kunze kwenyika.
El Bromo Tenger Semeru National Park Iyo iUNESCO World Heritage Site uye imwe yeakanakisa mienzaniso yepasirese yekudyidzana pakati pemakomo anoputika, nzvimbo, uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana.
Unique phenomena: bhuruu yeIjen uye tsika yemugodhi wesarufa
Pakati pezvakasikwa zvinoshamisa zveJava, the Kawah Ijen zvimwe ndiyo yakasiyana zvikuru. Iri gomo rinogara chimwe chezvinyanya kushamisa uye panguva imwe chete zvinoshamisa izvo zvakasikwa zvinogona kupa: "blue flames."
Icho chiri pamusoro sulfuric gasi hova iyo, kana ichitiza nemumitswe nemumitswe uye ichisangana neokisijeni, inopisa ichiburitsa inooneka neon bhuruu kupenya. usiku chete. Marimi emoto anogona kusvika pamamita mashanu pakureba uye ruvara rwawo rwuri nekuda kwekupisa kwekupisa kwemakomisheni esarufa. Chiitiko ichi chinenge chingori kuIjen chete, uye chaita kuti gomo rinoputika rive nzvimbo inofarirwa nevasainzi, vatori vemifananidzo, uye vanofamba netsoka.
Iyo Ijen crater zvakare inzvimbo yeimwe yeakaomesesa uye echinyakare mabasa emigodhi munyika: artisanal sulfur extraction. Mazuva ese, mazana evacheri vemigodhi vanodzika mugomo rinoputika vaine maturusi ekare uye vakatakura zvidhinha zvesarufa yakasimba kumusana, zvinorema kusvika 90 kg parwendo, vachizviratidzira kumagasi ane muchetura uye kushanda pasina dziviriro yakakwana. Iyo sarufa yakabviswa inoshandiswa kumaindasitiri (fetiraiza, zvinoputika, makemikari) uye zvakare ine zvechinyakare zvikumbiro zvemuno. Kuzvipira uye kusimba kwevashandi vemigodhi ava kwakava chikamu chekuzivikanwa kwevanhu veIjen.
Nzvimbo yeIjen saka inosanganiswa Kunyanya kunaka kwe geological, njodzi dzechisikigo uye mutambo wevanhu, muenzaniso weukama hwepedyo pakati pevanhu nesimba rinoputika.
Volcanism muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva muJava: njodzi, zviwanikwa, uye tsika
Kugara pedyo nemakomo anoputika zvinoreva kugara wakatarisana ne kusava nechokwadi kwekuputika, asiwo farira ivhu rakaorera, mvura yakawanda uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kwezvizvarwa, vanhu veJavane vanga vachigadzira nzira dzekugara pamwe chete uye kuvaka kusimba mukutarisana nekusagadzikana kwechisikigo.
El Indonesia hurumende Yaita imwe yeakanyanya kuputika kwemakomo ekutarisa uye yambiro masisitimu munyika, ine network yezviteshi zvekudengenyeka kwenyika, masatellite, magasi sensors, uye hurongwa hwekubuda kwevanhu vari panjodzi. Nekudaro, kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu munzvimbo dziri padyo nemacraters kunoita kuti kutonga kwenjodzi kuome kwazvo.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, makomo anoputika anokonzera upfumi hwekurima, sezvo ivhu rinobva mumadota nezvinoputika zvinoputika richibudirira zvikuru. Kubereka uku kunotsanangura kuwanda kwakanyanya kweminda yemupunga, minda yekofi uye zvimwe zvirimwa pamawere anoputika eJava.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kushanya kwemakomo inzvimbo yakakosha yekuwana mari. Nzvimbo dzakaita seBromo, Ijen, neSemeru dzinokwezva zviuru zvevashanyi gore rega rega vachishuvira kukwira makoronga, kuona kubuda kwezuva pamusoro pe "gungwa remakore," kana kuona chiitiko chakasiyana che geological. Uku kuvhurwa kwekushanya, zvisinei, kunoda kuchengetedza nharaunda, kudzora mapindiro, uye nekuona kuchengetedzwa kwevashanyi nevagari.
Padanho retsika, ngano dzeJavanese dzakazara ne ngano dzevamwari nemidzimu yemakomo, uye mitambo yakawanda yetsika netsika zvinotenderera pakuremekedza uye kupemberera simba remakomo anoputika.
Kufamba-famba, kushanya uye kugadzikana munzvimbo dzinoputika
Imwe yezvikuru zvinokwezva zveJava uye makomo ayo anoputika ndiko kugona kwe ongorora nzira dzinoshamisa dzekufamba mumakomo y rarama chiitiko chakananga nesimba rezvakasikwa. Kukwira ku Bromine Iyo ingangove inonyanya kufarirwa, uye inogona kuitwa zviri zviviri zvakazvimiririra uye pane zvakarongeka nzendo kubva kumusha uri padyo weCemoro Lawang. Rwendo urwu runosanganisira kuyambuka Gungwa reSand, kukwira nhanho kuenda kugomba, uye, kwekutanga kusimuka, kutarisa kubuda kwezuva kubva pamaonero akadai seMount Penanjakan kana King Kong Hill.
El Kawah Ijen Zvinoda kukwira kwehusiku munzira dzakadzika, dzine matombo, asi mubairo ndiwo maonero edhamu rine acidic uye chiratidziro chebhuruu chegomba. Vashanyi vazhinji vanosarudza kuhaya vatungamiriri venzvimbo, izvo zvinobatsirawo kuhupfumi hwenharaunda dziri pedyo.
Kuvandudzwa kwekushanya kwakatenderedza makomo anoputika eJava kwakasimudzirawo kuwanikwa kwe Nzendo dzinotungamirirwa, nzendo dzetsika uye maworkshops izvo zvinounza vashanyi pedyo nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu vemunharaunda, tsika dzavo, hukama hwavo nenyika inoputika, uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza zviri kuitika.
Kutarisira njodzi uye matambudziko emangwana mugomo rinoputika Indonesia
Dambudziko rekurarama nezvakawanda kupfuura zana rinoputika makomo zvinoda a kutonga kwakadzama kwenjodzi dzekuputika kwemakomo, umo masangano ezvesayenzi, masangano ehurumende uye vagari vomunharaunda vanobatanidzwa. Indonesia ine yakakwirira-yepamusoro seismic uye kuputika kwemakomo maratidziro, masisitimu ekuyambira, maprotocol ekubuda, uye kunyange mishandirapamwe yekuzivisa veruzhinji mapinduriro ekuputika.
Zvisinei, the kuwanda kwevanhu MuJava, izvi zvinonetsa nguva dzose, sezvo nharaunda zhinji dzichigara munzvimbo dzine njodzi nekuda kwekubereka kwevhu uye kudiwa kwezvinhu. Njodzi dzezvakaitika kare dzakashanda kuvandudza nzira dzokudzivirira, asi masayendisiti anonyevera kuti njodzi haigoni kubviswa zvachose.
Rimwe rematambudziko eramangwana kuwana kuenzanisa pakati pekushandisa mukana wehupfumi nekushanya kwemakomo anoputika, kuchengetedza kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, uye kuderedza kutarisana nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.
Kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro emakomo anoputika eIndonesia
Makomo anoputika eIndonesia haasi einjini chete geological dynamism, asi majenareta echokwadi e zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye upenyu. Ivhu rayo rine mamineral-rich rakagonesa kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzekurima nemasango, nepo nzvimbo dzemabota nemadota dzichipa nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemhuka nezvirimwa zvakachinjirwa kumamiriro akanyanya.
Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo idzi dzinoputika dzinoita se ma laboratories chaiwo kwaunodzidza maitiro akadai sekutevedzana kwezvipenyu, biological adaptation uye kukurumidza kushanduka. Kusarudzika kweChitsuwa uye kuenderera mberi kwekusikwa uye kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara kwakagonesa kubuda kwenhamba yakawanda yezvipenyu, mazhinji acho ari panjodzi yekumanikidzwa kwevanhu uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Padanho remagariro, hazvigoneke kunzwisisa nhoroondo, tsika, uye budiriro yehupfumi yeJava pasina kufunga nezve inogara uye dzimwe nguva isingafungidzirwe pesvedzero yemakomo anoputika. Kusimba, kusika, uye zvemweya zvevagari venzvimbo zvakabuda zvakanyanya semhinduro uye kuchinjika kusimba rekutanga rechisikwa, zvese zvinobatsira uye kutyisidzira kwaro.
Kugarisana kwevanhu negomo rinoputika rinoramba riri rimwe rematambudziko makuru uye zvinoshamisa zveIndonesia, nharaunda iyo nyika inoramba ichinyora nhoroondo yayo pachayo uye uko mambakwedza ega ega anogona kusiyana neokupedzisira: dzimwe nguva anopenya, dzimwe nguva akafukidzwa nemadota kana muchiedza chisina kujeka chebhuruu chegomba rinopfuta.
La kuputika kwemakomo muIndonesia, kunyanya pachitsuwa cheJava, chinhu chinoshamisa che geological uye chevanhu. Mhedzisiro yaro inoonekwa kwete munzvimbo nemamiriro ekunze chete, asiwo muhupfumi, tsika, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni evanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti makomo aya anoumbwa sei, magadzirirwo aanoita nyika uye nzanga, uye kuti tingagarisana sei nesimba rawo kwakakosha kune avo vanoda kunyura muzvakavanzika zvenyika inonakidza, mukushandurwa kusingaperi uye muenzaniso mupenyu wesimba rezvisikwa.