Chile, pasina kupokana, inyika yakanyatsozivikanwa nekuputika kwemakomo. Inyika shoma pasi rose dzinogona kudada nekuva nemakomo anoputika anopfuura 2.000 XNUMX mundima yadzo yose., iyo isina kungoumba nzvimbo yayo inoshamisa, asiwo nhoroondo, tsika uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vayo. Kubva kunzvimbo dzakaoma dziri kure kuchamhembe kusvika kunyika dzinotonhora dzekumaodzanyemba, the Chilean volcanic geology inoratidza hupfumi hwakakosha uye kuoma, mhedzisiro yemamiriyoni emakore e tectonic uye magmatic process. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa ongororo yakadzama yekusiyana uye kugovaniswa kwedunhu kwemakomo anoputika muChile, zvaanoreva nezve geological, kuongorora kwavo, uye kudyidzana kwavo nenharaunda.
Mumitsara mishoma inotevera, tichanyura mukati Geological nhoroondo yenyika, tichaongorora nzvimbo huru dzemakomo, tichaziva zviratidzo zvinoputika uye tichanzwisisa zvinokanganisa sei mhoteredzo uye upenyu hwevaya vanogara mumumvuri wavo. Zvose izvi pasina kuregeredza basa rinokosha resainzi, kuongorora, uye kudzora njodzi, zvinhu zviri kuramba zvichikosha munyika umo kuputika kwemakomo kuri chinhu chezuva nezuva muupenyu.
Geological mamiriro: nheyo dzekuputika kwemakomo muChile
Iyo geology yeChile yakabatana zvakanyanya neiyo dynamism yePasi crust.. Nyika iri pane inonzi Pacific Ring of Fire, imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kushanda pasi pano maererano nekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuputika. Simba rekufambisa riri shure kwechiitiko ichi kushamwaridzana pakati peNazca Plate neSouth America Plate, apo iyo yekare inonyura pasi pekupedzisira mune imwe nzira inonzi subduction. Iyi geological process Zvinokonzera kuumbwa kwemakomo anoyevedza eAndes uye kugadzirwa kwemaketani akakura emakomo anoputika.
Kudzvinyirirwa uye kupesana pamuganhu weplate fambisa chikamu fusion yecrust, zvichiita kuti magma akwire, ayo paanosvika pamusoro, anoita kuti pave nekuputika kwemakomo. Saka, Kusununguka kwemakomo, kudengenyeka kwenyika nguva dzose uye kuwanda kwekuputika kwemakomo migumisiro yakananga yeiyi tectonic dynamic..
Mudungwe wemakomo anoputika unobva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, uchipfuura nemunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro okunze. Makomo anoputika akarongwa maererano nebasa rawo seanoshanda, akarara kana kupera., uye vazhinji vanoramba vachitariswa nguva dzose, zvichipiwa kuswedera kwehuwandu hwevanhu uye zviwanikwa. Kusiyana kweaya makuru emoto anoratidza mamirioni emakore ekushanduka kwe geological, anoratidzwa nekutama kwe magmatic arcs, tectonic deformations, uye yakaoma kuunganidza uye kuputika maitiro.
Nzvimbo dzemakomo dzeChile uye kugoverwa kwedunhu
Chilean volcanism haina kufanana, asi yakarongeka munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzakasiyana., imwe neimwe iine maitiro ayo uye zviratidzo zvekuputika kwemakomo. Aya mazoni anoratidza zvese shanduko ye geological uye pesvedzero yedunhu tectonics.
Mukondinendi Chile zvinotevera zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa:
- Central Andes Volcanic Zone (ZVAC): Iri kure nechekuchamhembe, inofukidza nzvimbo yakakwirira uye inosvika kuchamhembe kweAtacama Region. Pano unogona kuwana makomo anoputika akadai Lascar and the maziso ane munyu, iyo yekupedzisira iri iyo yakareba kupfuura dzose munyika.
- Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ): Inofukidza Metropolitan Region kumaodzanyemba, kusanganisira Araucanía neLos Lagos, uko makomo anoputika akapararira uye ari nyore kusvikirwa nevanhu, senge Villar Africa, Llaima, Osorno, calbuco y Chaiten.
- Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ): Iri muPatagonia, imusha kune makomo anoputika asingasvikike uye asingadzidzwe, asi ane kuputika kukuru kunogona kuitika uye nzvimbo dzine mhandara.
Mukuwedzera, pane iyo yakasiyana ye Oceanic Chile, inomiririrwa nezvitsuwa zvinoputika zvakadai seRapa Nui (Easter Island) uye Juan Fernández, zvakaumbwa pandiro yeNazca.
Nhoroondo yeGeological uye kutama kwemakomo anoputika
Nhoroondo yemakomo eChilean zvakare inhoroondo yeanoteedzana tectonic uye magmatic nhanho. izvo zvakamaka nharaunda kubva kuPrecambrian kusvika nhasi. Kukamura kwemakomo kwakasiyana-siyana, uye pamwe chete nawo, kuparadzirwa uye rudzi rwekuputika kwemakomo.
Munguva yeJurassic uye Cretaceous, Iyo magmatic arc yakatama kubva kumahombekombe emakomo kuenda kune yazvino makomo marefu. Uchapupu hwekuchinja uku hwakanyorwa mumatombo eplutonic uye volcanic emujinga uye makomo emahombekombe, pamwe chete nematarenda uye maumbirwo akabatanidzwa.
Kutama uku kunokonzerwa ne maitiro akaoma e tectonic erosion uye shanduko mukurerekera kweiyo subduction angle, iyo inowedzerwa deformations yecrust uye kuvapo kwezvikanganiso zvakakura senge Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault and the Atacama Fault. Aya maumbirwo anodzora kukwira kwemagma uye anotsanangura kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzakawanda dzemakomo.
Mhando dzemakomo anoputika uye kupatsanurwa kwavo muChile
Makomo anoputika eChile anopa mhando yakakura yetypological, iyo inopindura zvose kune nhoroondo yayo inoputika uye kumamiriro enzvimbo ye geological.
- stratovolcanoes: Ndiwo akanyanya kuwanda, hombe colossi ine yakakwirira profiles, inoumbwa nealternating layers yemadota, lava uye pyroclastic deposits. Mienzaniso yakatanhamara ndeiyi Villar Africa, Llaima y Osorno.
- Monogenetic cones: Maumbirwo ekuputika kwenguva pfupi, anowanzo diki uye anoonekwa anoenderana munzvimbo dze tectonic extension. Nyaya inocherechedzwa ndiyo yakaoma ye Lonquimay, ine makoni akati wandei anobatanidzwa.
- dzivirira makomo anoputika: Ishoma kazhinji, ine maprofile akatsetseka uye makuru ekuwedzera. Mamwe anowanikwa kuchamhembe uye munzvimbo yegungwa.
Ivo vanokamurwa zvichienderana nebasa ravo kuita:
- Makomo anoputika: Nekuputika kwazvino kana chiitiko chakanyorwa munhoroondo yenguva. Chile ine makomo anoputika makumi matanhatu muchikamu ichi, kusanganisira Villar Africa y Llaima.
- Makomo anoputika: Hapana kuputika kwechangobva kuitika, asi nekugona kugadziridzwa, senge yakaoma Nevados de Chillán.
- makomo anoputika: Avo vasina kuratidza chiitiko munguva dzenhoroondo uye vane hunyanzvi hwekuita zvekare, kunyangwe zvisingaite.
Chilean stratigraphy inoratidza kugarisana kwezvikamu zve geological zvemazera akasiyana uye zvinyorwa.: kubva pamatombo akaumbwa muPrecambrian, kuburikidza neMesozoic uye Cenozoic intrusive complexes, kusvika kumakomo anoputika uye Quaternary landforms ichiri kutonga kununura.
Makomo anoputika: hofori dzeChilean geography
Pakati peanopfuura zviuru zviviri zvemakomo akapararira munyika yose, Vamwe vanomira pakukura kwavo, basa ravo uye kukosha kwetsika kana kwesainzi.. Ngatitarisei zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kukosha:
- maziso ane munyu: Iyo yepamusoro-soro munyika kunze kweHimalayas (6.893 metres), pamuganhu neArgentina. Gomba rayo rinogara dziva repamusoro-soro panyika.
- Villar AfricaInonyanya kuzivikanwa nedhamu rayo uye kuputika kunogara kuchiputika, ndeimwe yemakomo anoputika muSouth America uye nzvimbo yekushanya kwekushanya.
- Llaima naLonquimayDziri muAraucanía, dzinopa zviitiko zvinoputika uye nzvimbo dzerunako rukuru rwechisikigo.
- calbucoInozivikanwa nekuputika kwayo muna 2015 iyo yakagadzira makore edota uye kutamiswa kwevanhu.
- Chaiten: Iyo protagonist yekuputika kunoshamisa muna 2008, chiyeuchidzo chekudiwa kwekutarisa nekutarisa njodzi.
- Nevados de Chillán: Boka rinoputika rinogara richiita uye rinokwezva vashanyi.
Gomo reLonquimay, kunyanya, yave iri nyaya yezvidzidzo zvakadzama pamusoro pechimiro chayo, kuumbwa uye njodzi. Iyi stratovolcano nemakoni ayo monogenetic anoratidza zvakanaka kuti tectonics, ine simba re Liquiñe-Ofqui mhosva, inokanganisa morphology uye nzvimbo yenzvimbo dzinoputika.
Muenzaniso wekudzidza: gomo reLonquimay nenzvimbo dzakaripoteredza
El Lonquimay volcano Inowanikwa muSouthern Volcanic Zone uye inoita muenzaniso weparadigmatic wekudyidzana pakati pe geology, tectonics uye volcanism. Chivako chayo chikuru, pamwe chete nemakoni echipiri akaumbwa panguva yeHolocene, inopindura kune NE-SW mhando yemaitiro ekudzora, akabatana nezvikanganiso zvedunhu.
Iyo volcanostratigraphy yeLonquimay inosiyanisa pakati pehombe stratovolcano uye monogenetic cones.. Matombo ekare anosanganisira kunyanya basaltic andesites, nepo macones ane akati wandei akasiyana. Mineral textures uye geochemical analysis inoratidza magma kusanganiswa, fractional crystallization, uye yakaoma magmatic dynamics, apo kushamwaridzana pakati peganda, ndiro yeNazca, uye jasi rinoita basa rinokosha.
ari kumanikidza uye tembiricha mamiriro Kufungidzira kwemakamuri emagma kunoratidza kuti kune dziva dzakati wandei pakadzika kwakasiyana, izvo zvinotsanangura chikamu chepamusoro chekuputika uye kuumbwa kwemakoni matsva anoenderana netectonic chimiro. Lonquimay inoramba ichitariswa kuitira kuti pave nekuputika kwemunguva yemberi uko kunogona kukanganisa nzvimbo, vanhu vakatenderedza, uye zvipenyu.
Basa rekutarisa uye sainzi mukutonga kwenjodzi yekuputika kwemakomo
Munyika umo njodzi yekuputika kwemakomo inogara iripo, Kuongorora kwesainzi kwakakosha kuderedza njodzi uye kugadzirira nzanga. National Geology uye Mining Service (Sernageomin) neNational Volcanic Surveillance Network vane basa rekutarisa zviitiko zvemakomo makuru.
Zvipuka izvi zvinoshandisa a sisitimu yezviteshi zvinorekodha kudengenyeka kwenyika, kuburitsa gasi, uye kupisa kana topographic shanduko. Iyo data inoongororwa munguva chaiyo, ichibvumira zvinogona kuputika kuti zvitarisirwe uye yambiro yekutanga kupihwa inogona kuponesa hupenyu. Basa raSernageomin rinowedzerwa nezvidzidzo zvemumunda, kuvandudzwa kwemepu dze geological, uye kudzidziswa kwenyanzvi mumaguta akasiyana siyana munyika yose.
Kudzivirira hakungogumiri pakutarisisa chete, asiwo kudzidzo yenharaunda nekugadzirira.. Zvirongwa zvekubuda uye zviboorero zviri kuitwa, pamwe nehurongwa hweruzivo kuitira kuti nharaunda dzinotambura dzigone kuziva njodzi uye kuziva mapinduriro kana pakaitika njodzi yekuputika kwegomo.
Zvakatipoteredza, zvemagariro evanhu uye zvetsika zvinokonzerwa nekuputika kwegomo
Kuputika kwemakomo kwakasiya chiratidzo chakadzama panhoroondo, tsika, uye nharaunda yakasikwa yeChile.. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kuberekesa ivhu uye kuparara, kuchinjwa kweecosystem, uye kukanganiswa kwemaruva nemhuka ndezvimwe zvinokonzerwa nekuputika kwegomo.
Somuenzaniso, kuraswa kwemadota Inogona kukanganisa hutano hwemhepo uye hutano hwevanhu nemhuka, pamwe nekugadzirisa hydrological cycles uye goho rekurima. Zvisinei, Madota anopfumisa ivhu kwenguva, kukurudzira kuvandudzwa kwemafuro kana masango mushure mekuputika.
Kubva pakuona kwevanhu, Nharaunda dzinogara pedyo nemakomo anoputika dzakadzidza kurarama nengozi. Izvi zvinoshandura kuita tsika yekuremekedza, ngano, uye ngano nezve hofori idzi, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwehupfumi uye zviitiko zvevashanyi zvakatenderedza makomo anoputika.
Kushanya kwekuputika kwemakomo kwazova manyuko ebudiriro inoenderera, nezviitwa zvakadai sokufamba mumakomo, kutsvetera, uye kushanyira zvitubu zvinopisa nemapaki enyika. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Villarrica National Park nePuyehue National Park, iyo inosanganisa runako rwechisikigo, kunakidzwa, uye kudzidza nezvezviitiko zvinoputika.
Iyo geological macro-units uye kusiyana kwemaitiro
Iyo yakaoma geological nhoroondo yeChile yakapa kune kushamisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwema macro-unit uye maumbirwo.:
- Andean basement: Precambrian uye Paleozoic cores, ine metamorphic matombo kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, iyo Araucanía Region uye Atacama.
- Mesozoic uye Cenozoic intrusive complexes: Granitic, granodioritic uye monzonite matombo anogara munzvimbo dzakakura, dzakadai seTorres del Paine nzvimbo uye Coquimbo Region.
- Mesozoic volcanic arcs uye marine series: Humbowo hwemagmatic arcs ekare uye marara emugungwa anoratidza kutama kwechiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo.
- Continental uye marine akateedzana eCenozoic: Paleogene neNeogene sedimentary uye volcanic sequences munzvimbo dzegungwa nemakomo.
- Quaternary volcanism: Mabhandi azvino anoputika muAltiplano, Araucanía nePatagonia, ane mienzaniso yakadai se antuco, Llaima y Lonquimay.
- Quaternary landforms: Glacial erosion, fluvial terraces uye salt crusts, zvakadai seaya akaonekwa muAtacama Desert uye mawere eValparaíso Region.
- Oceanic ChileZvitsuwa zvine kuputika kwemakomo zvakaumbwa pamawere endiro yeNazca, mienzaniso yacho iRapa Nui, Juan Fernández uye Salas y Gómez.
Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuumbwa kwe geological ndezvekuti matombo ezera rakafanana uye kuumbwa anowanikwa munzvimbo dziri kure., kuratidza ukuru hwemaitiro akaumba nharaunda yeChilean ikozvino.
Kukosha kwekutsvaga, dzidzo uye kuparidzira
Chile yanga iri nzvimbo yekufambira mberi kwakakosha mukudzidza kweiyo volcanic geology., nekubatana kunobudirira pakati pemasangano ehurumende akadai seSernageomin, mayunivhesiti uye masangano enyika. Tsvagiridzo inotangira pakusarudzika kwekuputika kwenhoroondo kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemitoo mitsva yekutarisisa nguva chaiyo.
. Zvirongwa zvechikoro nemayunivhesiti zviri kuwedzera kudzidzisa zvizvarwa zvitsva nezvenjodzi yekuputika kwemakomo uye manejimendi aro. Symposia, makonferensi, uye zviitiko zvekuparidzira zvinounza sainzi pedyo neveruzhinji, ichivandudza kusimba kune zvakasikwa.
Kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda yesainzi kunoratidzwa mukubatanidzwa kwedata mumepu uye masisitimu ekunyevera, pamwe nekushandira pamwe nemasangano ekunze kusimudzira tekinoroji yekuongorora kuputika kwemakomo.
Kuongororwa kwenjodzi yekuputika kwegomo, kuchengeteka, uye kugadzirira
Kuongorora kwekuputika kwemakomo muChile ndeimwe yeakanyanya kufambira mberi muLatin America.. Kutevera zviitiko zvakadai sekuputika kweChaitén mu2008, yambiro yekutanga uye maitiro ekupindura zvakasimbiswa.
National Volcanic Monitoring Network ine zviteshi zvinoona kudengenyeka kwenyika, kubuda kwegasi, uye deformation mumakomo anoputika. Kuvepo kweruzivo rwenguva chaiyo kwakakosha pakuita sarudzo dzinoderedza mhedzisiro yekuputika.
Vakuru vanoshanda pamwechete nenharaunda kugadzira zvirongwa zvekubuda, kuita zvibooresa, uye kusimudzira dzidzo mukudzivirira njodzi yekuputika kwemakomo. Pamusoro pezvo, kune nzvimbo yekuzivisa kuputika kwemakomo kwaunogona kutarisa mamiriro emakomo makuru enyika.
Monitoring inotarisawo kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuronga kwezviitiko zvehupfumi, sekurima kana kushanya, zvinoenderana nekugadzikana kwe geological.
Makomo anoputika seinjini dzehupenyu, tsika nekusimudzira
Makomo anoputika eChile, kure nekungotyisidzira, Vagara vari manyuko ekurudziro, mukana nebudiriro. Vakagadzirisa nzvimbo, ivhu rakagadzirwa uye vakagadzira ecosystem yakasarudzika. Kuputika kwaro, kunyange zvazvo kune ngozi, kwakabatsirawo pakuvandudzwa kwevanhu uye kugadzirisa.
Kubva kutsika dzechivanhu kusvika kutsika dzakakurumbira, makomo anoputika anoumba hukama hwehukama nenzanga, hunoratidzwa mungano, ngano, uye tsika dzetsika. Pari zvino, Volcanic tourism inomiririra mukana webudiriro inoenderera, ichikurudzira kuchengetedza uye kuremekedzwa kwehofori idzi dziri chikamu chinokosha chenhaka yenyika uye yetsika.
Kuputika kwegomo reChile kunotiyeuchidza nezve kugona kunoshamisa kwePasi kuzvivandudza nekushandura hupenyu. Kuburikidza nekudzidza, kudzivirira, uye kugara pamwe chete zvine ruremekedzo, tinogona kutora mukana wehupfumi hwenhaka iyi yechisikigo, kuderedza njodzi uye kusimudzira mikana yekugara zvakanaka kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.