Nyika, nekuoma kwenzvimbo uye mamiriro ekunze, yagara ichida masisitimu chaiwo kuti awane chero nzvimbo pamusoro payo, kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze, uye kuronga hupenyu hwemagariro nehupfumi. Meridians, pamwe chete nedzakafanana, dzinoumba hwaro hweiyo geographic coordinate system inoita kuti zvikwanisike uye yakakosha pakusarudza nguva, kufamba, uye mamiriro ekunze.
Nhasi, kunzwisisa basa remameridians kunodarika nemusoro mitsara yekufungidzira papasi: zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze, kutarisisa pamepu, kana kunzwisisa kuti sei nguva ichichinja kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe. Mumitsetse inotevera, tichaongorora zvakadzama mabviro, basa, uye kukosha kwemameridians mujogirafi nemamiriro ekunze, tichigadzira zvese zvinovaita chikamu chakakosha chekushanda kwenyika.
Chii chinonzi meridians uye nei chiripo?
Mameridians mitsetse yekufungidzira inotenderera nyika kubva kuNorth Pole kusvika kuSouth Pole, ichiipatsanura kuita zvidimbu zvelongitudinal. Kusiyana nedzakafanana, dzakachinjika uye dzakatenderedza Nyika kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero, mameridians anotambanuka uye ese ane hurefu hwakafanana nekuti anosangana pamatanda ese, achigadzira masemicircle akakwana.
Chinangwa chepakutanga chemeridians chaiva chekushanda sechirevo chekuyera geographic longitude.. Kuyera uku kwaive kwakakosha pakufambisa, kugadzira mepu dzakarurama, uye kuronga kwenzvimbo uye nzira dzekutengeserana. Asi kukosha kwavo kwakawedzera zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva, sezvavakaitawo kuti zvikwanise kutsanangura nzvimbo dzenguva uye kuronga hupenyu hwezuva nezuva nehupfumi pamwero wepasi rose.
Mavambo uye nhoroondo yekushanduka kwemameridians
Pfungwa yemeridian inobva kuLatin "meridies", zvinoreva masikati, sezvo zuva richisvika pakakwirira pane yakapihwa meridian masikati ezuva. Kubva magariro ekare, akadai semaGiriki, kuedza kwakaitwa kuti pave nemitsara yereferensi kuti tinzwisise pakamira nzvimbo maererano nekufamba kwezuva. Eratosthenes, semuenzaniso, akatopa zano rekutanga meridian muna 200 BC.
Pamberi pezana ramakore rechi 19, pakanga pasina chibvumirano chepasi rose pamusoro pekuti zero kana referensi meridian yaizovei. Nyika imwe neimwe yaigona kusarudza nzira yayo yekudhirowa mepu uye kutsanangura marefu, izvo zvakakonzera nyonganiso, kunyanya sezvo kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika uye kufamba kwakawedzera. Semuenzaniso, France yakashandisa Paris meridian, nepo dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mareferensi akasiyana.
Musangano weInternational Meridian Conference we1884, wakaitirwa muWashington DC, wakave shanduko: Nyika 25 dzakabvumirana kutora seprime meridian iyo inopfuura nemuGreenwich, sabhabhu yeLondon uko Royal Astronomical Observatory yaive. Chibvumirano ichi chaireva kuti Greenwich meridian yaizova inonongedza pasi rose, ine longitude 0º, uye mamwe mameridians ese aizoyerwa nemadhigirii ekumabvazuva kana kumadokero kusvika ku180º. Sarudzo iyi yaive inoshanda uye yakapindura chokwadi chenguva yacho: nzira zhinji dzekutakura uye masisitimu enguva aitoshandisa Greenwich senzvimbo yavo yekutanga.
Chimiro cheiyo geographic network: Meridians uye parallels
Iyo geographic coordinate system yakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa wemeridians (longitude) uye parallels (latitude). Kufanana, kunoyambuka Pasi kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero, kunotarisisa chinhambwe kubva kuequator (latitude), nepo meridians inosarudza chinhambwe kubva kuGreenwich meridian (longitude).
- Meridians: Kune 360, 180 kumabvazuva uye 180 kumadokero kweGreenwich meridian. Mameridians ese anosangana pamatanda uye anopatsanura Nyika kuva kumabvazuva nekumadokero hemispheres.
- Kufanana Iwo madenderedzwa akachinjika anodzikira muhukuru paanoswedera pamatanda. Equator ndiyo huru parallel (latitude 0º).
Mharadzano pakati pemeridian uye parallel inotsanangura nzvimbo chaiyo yepoindi paNyika, iyo inogona kuratidzwa nekubatanidza kwayo (latitude, longitude).
Iyo Greenwich Meridian uye Nguva yeNyika
Greenwich meridian (0º longitude) ndiyo inoreva kumisa nzvimbo dzenguva padanho repuraneti. Kubva pairi, misiyano yenguva inotarwa muzvikamu gumi neshanu, zvakaenzana neawa imwe, zvichipihwa kuti Nyika inotenderera 15º mumaawa makumi maviri nemana. Nekudaro, nguva yega yega nzvimbo inovhara angangoita 360 madhigirii ekureba, kunyangwe mukuita miganhu yenzvimbo inogadziriswa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvenzvimbo kudzivirira kupatsanura nyika kana matunhu.
Kugamuchirwa kwemeridian yakajairwa inotenderwa kuwiriranisa nguva dzepasi rose, izvo zvaive zvakakosha mukuchinja kwemaindasitiri, kuwedzera kwenzira dzenjanji uye kuvandudzwa kwekufambiswa kwemashoko. Kare, guta rega rega raigadzirisa wachi yaro zvichienderana nemasikati ezuva, izvo zvakakonzera mutsauko mukuru. Kusikwa kwenguva yepasirese (Greenwich Mean Time kana GMT) uye kubatanidzwa kwakazotevera kweCoordinated Universal Time (UTC) kwakaita kuti ndege dzepasi rose, kurongeka kwesainzi, uye kutengeserana kwepasi rose kugoneke nhasi.
Iyo International Date Line uye iyo Antimeridian
Kune mhiri kweGreenwich Meridian, pa180º longitude, pane antimeridian, inozivikanwawo seInternational Date Line. Mutsara uyu unomhanya mhiri kwePacific Ocean uye ndiyo nzvimbo iyo zuva rinochinja zviri pamutemo: kuyambuka kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva kunobvisa rimwe zuva, uye kuyambuka kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero kunowedzera rimwe zuva. Izvi zvinochengetedza kuenderana mukarenda yepasi rose.
Mune mamwe matunhu, akadai seSamoa neTokelau, gadziridzo nemaune dzakaitwa kunzvimbo yemutsetse uyu kuti ienderane nezvido zveupfumi uye kuwiriraniswa zviri nani nevadyidzani vavo vakuru vekutengesa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzira zvakare inotsauka kuremekedza miganhu yenyika uye kudzivirira mamiriro asina musoro senge nyika imwe chete ine mazuva maviri akasiyana mukati menharaunda yayo.
Meridians, parallels uye climatic zones
Kufanana, pamwe chete nemeridians, kunokamura Nyika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemamiriro ekunze dzinotarisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze edunhu rega rega. Latitude, ndiko kuti, chinhambwe kubva kuequator, chinopesvedzera zvakananga mamiriro ekunze, kureba kwemwaka, uye kuitika kwechiedza chezuva.
- Intertropical zones: Pakati peequator neTropics yeCancer neCapricorn (23,5º kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba). Inzvimbo dzinodziya, dzine kushomeka kwekushisa kwepagore uye kunaya kwemvura nguva zhinji.
- Nzvimbo dzakadzikama: Pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa uye polar denderedzwa (66,5º kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba). Vane mwaka yakawanda yakanyorwa uye mamiriro ekunze akasiyana.
- Polar zones: Mhiri kweArctic uye Antarctic madenderedzwa. Phenomena senge polar husiku uye pakati pehusiku zuva rinoitika pano, ine misiyano mikuru mukupenya uye yakanyanya kuderera tembiricha.
Kufanana kunocherekedza miganhu yemamiriro ekunze aya, asi mameridians akakoshawo pakuona kuti maawa ezuva nenguva yemuno zvinosiyana sei pamusoro penyika.
Zviitiko zvechisikigo zvakabatanidzwa kune parallels uye meridians
Ruzivo chairwo rwekufanana uye meridians rinotsanangura kutaridzika kwezvinoitika zvakasarudzika senge pakati pehusiku zuva uye polar husiku, izvo zvinoitika pedyo nepolar denderedzwa. Zviitiko izvi zvinoitika apo kurereka kweaxis yePasi kunodzivirira zuva kuti risanyura kana kubuda munguva dzakati dzenguva, zvichigadzira mazuva ose echiedza kana rima munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwepasi.
Zvakare, Tropics yeCancer neCapricorn ndidzo chete nzvimbo idzo zuva rinosvika pakakwirira (yakatwasuka) muzhizha kana muchando solstice, chiitiko chakakosha pakudzidza mwaka uye karenda rekurima.
Geographic coordinates: chaiyo nzvimbo yechero nzvimbo
Kutenda kunetiweki yemeridians uye yakafanana, chero nzvimbo pasi rose inogona kuwanikwa nenzira kwayo uchishandisa iyo geographic coordinate system. Kurongeka kwega kwega kune maitiro maviri:
- Latitude: inoyera chinhambwe kubva kuequator, kubva pa0° kusvika pa90° kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba.
- Nguva refu: Inoyera chinhambwe kubva kuGreenwich meridian, kubva pa0° kusvika pa180° kumabvazuva kana kumadokero.
Iko kusanganiswa kwemaitiro ese ari maviri kunotibvumira kuona yakasarudzika chinzvimbo chemaguta, geographical maficha kana nzvimbo dziri kure papasi.
Zvishandiso zvemazuva ano: GPS, kufamba uye mepu yedhijitari
Azvino masisitimu ekufambisa, ese ari maviri masisitimu eGPS atinoshandisa munharembozha nemotokari uye ayo anoshandiswa mundege uye kufamba kwemugungwa, anobva pahurongwa hwekubatanidza hunotsanangurwa nemeridians uye kufanana. Kutenda kune iyi network yepasi rose, masetelliti anogona kuona nzvimbo yeanogamuchira nechero yekukanganisa yemamita mashoma.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) uye mamepu edhijitari, ari maturusi akakosha mukutonga kwenzvimbo, kuronga kwemadhorobha, uye kuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza, vanoshandisawo kurongeka kwenzvimbo kumiririra dhata nezviitiko.
Hukama huri pakati pemeridians, parallels uye social and economic organization
Kubatanidzwa kwehurongwa hwenguva kuburikidza nemeridians kwaive kwakakosha mukusimudzira nzanga dzemazuva ano. Kubva pakuwiriranisa kutakura njanji kusvika pakuronga misika yepasi rose nezviitiko zvemitambo, nguva yakajairwa inoitwa kuti igoneke nekupatsanurwa kwepasirese kuita nzvimbo dzenguva zvichienderana nemeridians.
Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kwemameridians uye kuenderana mumifananidzo kwakabvumira kuronga kuwedzera kwemaguta, kuganhura miganhu, nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvekutengeserana kwepasirese. Zvibvumirano zvemazuva ano, zvakadai sekusarudza kweGreenwich Meridian kana kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo dzenguva kune zvematongerwo enyika, zvakafambisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kubatana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Kusiyana kwemeridians: yemunharaunda meridian uye magnetic meridian
Pamusoro peGreenwich meridian, pane pfungwa ye "local meridian," inova meridian inopfuura nepanzvimbo ipi neipi iyo mucherechedzi aripo. Iyi pfungwa inobatsira pakuona masikati ezuva munzvimbo yega yega uye kugadzirisa wachi tsika.
Kune rimwe divi, iyo "magnetic meridian" inoshandiswa mukufambisa kambasi, ichitora magineti Maodzanyemba sereferensi. Musiyano weangular pakati peiyo geographic uye magineti meridian inodaidzwa kuti magineti declination uye yakakosha kune vafambisi vezvikepe, sezvo ichikanganisa musoro nekutarisa pasi.
Mienzaniso inoshanda yekushandiswa kwemeridians uye kufanana
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kukosha kwemazano aya, zvakakwana kutarisa mashandisiro azvo anoshanda:
- Mukufamba nendege uye mugungwa, vatyairi nevafambisi vezvikepe vanoverenga nzira zvichienderana nelatitudo uye kureba, kugadzirisa nzendo uye kudzivirira njodzi.
- Mazhinji ekukurumidzira uye masisitimu ekununura anoshandisa geographic coordes kuwana nemazvo vanhu vari voga kana nzvimbo.
- Mundima yedzidzo, mamepu echikoro nemaglobhu anosanganisira network yemeridians uye parallel kudzidzisa vadzidzi nezve chimiro chepasi.
- Muchidzidzo chemamiriro ekunze, kupatsanurwa nekuenderana kunobatsira kutsanangura nzvimbo dzekurima dzakachinjirwa kune akasiyana emamiriro ekupisa uye ezuva.
Kudzidza uye kushandiswa kwemameridians haisi nyaya yedzidzo chete; Icho chikamu chisinga patsanurike chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakushanda kweInternet uye satellite kusvika kune mamiriro ekunze uye kutonga nguva mumakona ese epasi. Sezvo tekinoroji inofambira mberi uye kudyidzana pakati pematunhu kuwedzera, basa remeridians, pamwe nekuenderana, riri kuwedzera kusimbiswa seimwe yehukuru hunyanzvi kugadzirwa kwevanhu kwekunzwisisa nekuronga nyika yatinogara.
