An alluvial plain inzvimbo yepasi yakati sandara inogadzirwa nekuiswa kwesediment inotakurwa nenzizi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinodzikira kuyerera. Vanhu vazhinji havazive kukosha kwemapani aya kune ecosystem uye kuchengetedza kwayo.
Naizvozvo, mune ino chinyorwa tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve mafashamo, maitiro ayo, kukosha uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi floodplains?
Bani remvura, kana mafashama, inzvimbo yakakura yevhu rakati sandara yakagadzirwa nekuiswa kwesediment (alluvium) nerwizi. Mvura yenzizi inotakura marara aya, ayo anoungana mumahombekombe, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaderera apo kumhanya kwemvura kunodzikira.
Kazhinji, Mafashamu ane nzvimbo yakada kufanana, inoperekedza nzizi uye inogona kuzara kana kuti chikamu chemvura munguva yemafashamo.. Mafashamu anoratidzirwa nemamiriro adzo ane simba uye asina kugadzikana, akaumbwa nekushandurwa kwemaitiro edimentation, fluvial maitiro, zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze uye zviitiko zvevanhu. Izvi zvinokonzeresa zvinotungamira mukusiyana kwetopography, kuzadzazve kwekudya kwevhu uye kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosimudzira hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana, zvese izvi zvichivaita panjodzi yemafashama.
Munguva yemafashamo, nzvimbo ine mafashamo inogona kunge yakanyura zvizere kana kuti zvishoma. Hunhu hunocherechedzwa hwemafashama hunosanganisira hunhu hwawo hune simba uye husina kugadzikana, kuwanda kwesevhisi ecosystem yavanopa, hupfumi hwavo hwakasiyana-siyana uye kubereka kwakanyanya kwevhu ravo, pakati pezvimwe hunhu. Mhando dzakawanda dzemaruva nemhuka dzinowana mukati memafashamu nzvimbo inotsigira kukura nekukura kwadzo.
Hunhu hunokosha hwemafashamo
Mapani ealluvial anoratidzirwa nekubereka kwawo kunoshamisa, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nzvimbo dzinobereka zvakanyanya. Madhaka akaiswa munzvimbo idzi akapfuma mukudya kunotakurwa kubva kumativi akasiyana erwizi, ayo inodziita nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzemabasa ekurima nekugadzwa kwenharaunda dzevanhu.
Aya mapani anopa huwandu hwemasevhisi ecosystem, anoshanda semasefa echisikigo anobvisa zvinosvibisa nharaunda, kuchengetedza mvura kudzivirira mafashama, kutora uye kuchengetedza kabhoni kubatsira kudzikamisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, nekugadzira nzvimbo dzakapfuma uye dzakasiyana dzezvipenyu zvakawanda.
Pamusoro pezvo, vakashanda senzvimbo dzinogara vanhu. Kubva makarekare, vanhu vakagara munzvimbo dzemafashamo nekuda kwekuwana kwavo zvitubu zvemvura, ivhu rakaorera, mikana yekufambisa kwenzizi, kusimudzira simba uye, gare gare, kuguta. Zvisinei, Shanduko idzi mukushandiswa kwevhu dzinoisa njodzi dzinogona kuitika kunharaunda dzingangosangana nemafashamu.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ari kutaurwa akashatiswa. Mafashama pari zvino ari kukanganiswa nekutevedzana kweanthropogenic kudzvinyirirwa, kusanganisira kupinda kwezviitiko zvekurima, kuwedzera kwemaguta, kusvibiswa, kuunzwa kwemarudzi asiri ekuzvarwa uye kuvakwa kwemadhamu, madhamu uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvinoshandura hutongi hwemvura hwenzizi . Matambudziko aya anoratidza kudiwa kwemaitiro akasiyana uye anoshanda ekuchengetedza uye manejimendi anoenderana nezvinodiwa nevanhu nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzemafashama.
Flora nemhuka dzemafashama
Floodplain ecosystem, inoratidzwa nenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekugara uye zviwanikwa zvemvura zvakawanda, zvinotsigira zvakasiyana siyana zvemaruva nemhuka. Mhoteredzo idzi dzinoita basa rakakosha mukupona kwemarudzi akawanda nekupa chikafu nepekugara.
Floodplain zvinomera Inopa mutsauko wakakura uchikanganiswa nejogirafi, mamiriro ekunze uye kuwanda kwemafashamu. Zvose zvipenyu zvinomera uye zvehuni zviripo munzvimbo idzi zvakagadzira zvigadziriso zvinovabvumira kuti vabudirire muvhu rakazara uye rakazara nemvura, vachitsungirira nguva refu yemafashamo. Saizvozvowo, munzvimbo dzine mvura yakadzikama kana kuti isingayerere, marudzi akawanda emiti inoyangarara kana kuti yakanyura mumvura inokura.
Mbeu dzinowanikwa mumafashamu dzinoshanda kuderedza uye kudzivirira mafashamo kuburikidza nekutora uye kuderedza kuyerera kwemvura, kuchenesa mvura, uye kuderedza kukukurwa kwevhu nekumisa substrate nemidzi yayo.
Mhuka dzinogara mumafashamu dzakasiyana zvakaenzana, kunyanya dzinosanganisira:
- Hove: Zvisikwa zvakawanda zvinogara munzizi uye munzvimbo dzadzo dzine mafashamo, uye dzakawanda dzinotsamira pamafashamo sechinhu chinokosha pakuberekana nokuberekana.
- Amphibians: Zvisikwa izvi zvinokwezvwa kune ese enguva pfupi uye echigarire puddles kuitira kukandira mazai uye kufambisa kukura kwemakonye avo (tadpoles). Mamiriro akagadzirwa nemafashama emwaka akanakira kutenderera kwehupenyu hwavo.
- Zvipuka Vanobatsirwa nemafashamo, ayo asingangopi nzvimbo dzekuvhima chete, asiwo nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dze thermoregulation uye kubereka.
- Acuatic birds: Vanoshandisa nzvimbo idzi dzemafashamo semanyuko ezvokudya uye nzvimbo dzokuvaka matendere, ayo anoshandawo senzvimbo dzinokosha dzokupfuura dzeshiri dzinotama.
- Mammals: Idzo dzinogara munzvimbo dzemafashamo, idzo dzinotambanuka kubva kumhuka huru dzinodya ura kusvika kune dzakasiyana siyana dzemakonzo nemhuka dzinodya nyama, dzinoita mabasa akakosha mukati mezvipenyu izvi. Vanoita sezvikara zvepamusoro zvinotonga huwandu hwemamwe marudzi, kuwedzera pakuita sevaparadzi vembeu uye mapollinator, pakati pemamwe mabasa.
Mabasa emafashamo emvura mune ecosystems
Rimwe remabasa makuru emafashama ndiko kugona kwavo kuita sebuffer zones. Munguva dzemvura zhinji kana kunyunguduka kwechando, izvi Nzvimbo idzi dzinochengeta mvura yakawandisa, zvichideredza kukurumidza uye kusimba kwemafashama enzizi. Iyi nzira haingodziviriri nharaunda dzevanhu dziri pedyo chete, asiwo inodzivirira kukukurwa uye inogadzirisa mazinga emvura munzvimbo yakapoteredza.
Takatoona kuti mapani aya akapfuma mune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Ivhu rakanyorova, rine hupfumi hunogadzira nzvimbo dzekugara dzakanaka kune dzakasiyana siyana dzezvirimwa, mhuka uye tupukanana. Nzvimbo idzi dzinoshanda sehutiziro hwezvipenyu zvinotsamira pazvipenyu zvemumvura nepasi, uye zvinopa mikova yakakosha yezvipenyu zvekutama nekuberekana kwemhuka dzesango.
Rimwe basa rinokosha nderokusefa kwemvura yakasikwa. Sezvo mvura inoyerera nomumafashamo, marara uye tsvina zvinochengetwa nezvinomera uye ivhu. Izvi inovandudza kunaka kwemvura inosvika kunzizi neaquifers, zvichibatsira zvose zviri zviviri zvisikwa uye nzanga dzevanhu dzinotsamira pazviri.
Pakupedzisira, nzvimbo idzi dzakakosha pakufambisa bhasikoro. Mafashamo enguva nenguva anoisa madhamu akapfuma mune organic zvinhu zvinopfutisa ivhu, zvichikurudzira kukura kwezvinomera uye goho rekurima munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve chii chinonzi alluvial plain uye maitiro ayo.