Kunyangwe vangave vasingazivikanwe zvakanyanya, boreal masango Vanomiririra chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenzvimbo yese yesango paNyika. Iye boreal forest Zvinoshamisa zvemaruva nemhuka zvakagadziridzwa kutonhora mamiriro ekunze. Kufanana nemamwe masango, kukosha kwekusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zvaro zvechokwadi hakuyereki. Uyezve, nzvimbo dzemasango aya dzinoramba dzakasimba, dzisina kugadziriswa nevanhu uye dzinobatsira kuderedza kudziya kwepasi.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti chii chinonzi boreal masango, maitiro avo, maruva nemhuka.
Chii chinonzi boreal masango?
Nharaunda yedenderedzwa inogara kune nzvimbo inoenderera yemasango akasvibira, akasvibira anozivikanwa se. Masango aya anoenderera mberi Russia, Canada, Alaska, Sweden, Norway neFinland, ichigadzira nzvimbo yakakura inofukidza 920 miriyoni mahekita. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekukosha kwavo mukutenderera kwekabhoni uye mukuchengetedza mhando dzakasiyana. Aya masango, anowanzozivikanwa setaiga, anozivikanwa nekubatana kwavo ne terrestrial biome inovatsanangura. Uyezve, vane mutsauko wekunyanya kuchamhembe kwemasango ese ePasi, vachitora nzvimbo zhinji dzeboreal pakati pe50º ne60º kuchamhembe latitude. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti masango aya akasiyana neNorthern Hemisphere, sezvo nyika dzekondinendi dzinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakafanana muSouthern Hemisphere.
Pakuongorora masango emasango, zvakajairika kuisa nharaunda munzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana: maritime, kondinendi, uye kuchamhembe kwekondinendi. Pamatunhu matatu aya, chikuru pakuwedzera kwenzvimbo idunhu rekondinendi. Ngatitarisei zvakadzama kune chaiwo hunhu hwemamiriro ekunze hunogona kucherechedzwa mukati meimwe neimwe yeaya matunhu matatu e.
Mabviro eiyi biome anodzokera kuchikamu chekupedzisira chePleistocene (23.000 kusvika 16.500 makore apfuura), kupera kwekupedzisira Ice Age. Munyika inotonhora, marudzi emiti yavo akaparadzirwa zvakafara kupota nyika, asi apo mazaya echando akatanga kudzokera shure makore 18.000 XNUMX apfuura, nhamba yawo yakaderedzwa kusvika kumiganhu yaanogara nhasi.
masango emvura, Kufanana nemasango anogara achinaya mvura, ndiwo mamwe emapapu epasi. Asi kusiyana neizvi, ivo havana hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana hwemaruva nemhuka, asi muenzaniso wehupenyu hunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze anotonhora, akaoma, uye akaoma, inotangira magwenga akaoma nechando enharaunda dzepolar. Nekudaro, iyo yakakosha sosi yehuni yezvinangwa zveindasitiri.
Climatological zones dzemasango ane boreal
Munharaunda yegungwa, mamiriro ekunze anoramba akadzikama mukati megore rose, uye kazhinji nguva yechando inotonhorera, Dzinosvika tembiricha yakadzika se -3 ºC mumwedzi unotonhora zvakanyanya, uye kutonhora kwezhizha kune tembiricha iri pakati pe10 ne15 ºC. Kune rimwe divi, iyo Continental subzone inosangana nechando chakareba uye chinotonhora, uye tembiricha inowira pakati -20 ºC uye -40 ºC. Snowfall yakawanda uye inofukidza masango kwemwedzi mishanu kusvika ku5, ichiperekedzwa nemhepo yakaoma inorova miti. Zvisinei, muzhizha mu subzone iyi inokonzeresa shanduko yetembiricha, inosvika pakati pe7 ne10 °C.
Kumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi subzone kunosanganisira kumabvazuva kweSiberia neFar East, uye inoratidzwa nekureba kwenguva yechando, isina mvura yechando, uye tembiricha inodzika kusvika -60°C. Kusiyana neizvi, mazhizha munharaunda iyi mapfupi asi ane mwero, kunyange tembiricha dzehusiku dzichigona kudonha pasi pechando.
Flora yemasango emiti
Mukati meiyo ecosystems, mhando dzezvirimwa zvinogara zvakasvibira zvakanyanya, kusanganisira conifers, firs, pines uye thujas. Aya marudzi anosiyaniswa nemashizha awo akafanana netsono uye michero yakaita sekoni uye mhodzi. Zvisinei, Pamwe chete nemiti iyi inogara yakasvibira, miti yakasiyana-siyana inotumbuka, yakadai semabhichi nemipoporo, inogarisanawo zvakanaka. Mhando huru yemiti inowanikwa mumasango eboreal inosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo chaiyo mukati me taiga biome yavanogara. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemiti dzinogona kuwanikwa muNorth America dzakadai seAmerican red pine (Pinus resinosa), the false Canada spruce (Tsuga canadensis), western thuja (Thuja occidentalis), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), American. alder. (Alnus incana), Alaskan birch (Betula neoalaskana) uye North America black poplar (Populus tremuloides). Kune rumwe rutivi, muEurasia kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla), poplar Mongolian poplar ( Populus suaveolens), uye Siebold's poplar (Populus sieboldii).
Hunhu, maruva, uye mhuka dzemasango ane boreal zvakapindirana, uye maruva anoita basa rakakosha mukuumba nzvimbo yezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokura munzvimbo idzi.
Fauna adaptations
Kuti vabudirire munzvimbo dzadzo dzesango, mhuka dzetaiga dzine maitiro chaiwo eanatomical uye maitiro. Imwe yeaya magadzirirwo anocherechedzwa mune inodziya-ine ropa vertebrates, kana endothermic mhuka, idzo dzinokwanisa kuchengetedza kupisa nekuda kwehukuru hwavo hukuru uye kuvapo kwepfupi appendages, senzeve, mhuno, makumbo uye miswe. Izvi inovabvumira kujairana zviri nani kune tembiricha inotonhora uye chengetedza yakanakira pamusoro-vhoriyamu reshiyo.
Pamusoro pezvo, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakagadzira matanda ekudzivirira anoumbwa neminhenga kana blubber, zvichiteerana, izvo zvinowanzowedzera kukora mumwedzi yechando. Pasinei nekuchinja uku kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, mhuka dzinowanzoshandisa dzimwe nzira kudzivirira zvakananga mwaka wechando, sekutama kana shiri kana kunyura mune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Ngationei kuti ndedzipi mhando dzemhuka dzinogara munharaunda yesango reboreal. Mhando dzeshiri dziripo munzvimbo ino dzinosanganisira crossbill, inozivikanwa nemuromo wayo wakasarudzika unobvisa mbeu kubva muconifer cones, pamwe nekaiti yekuchamhembe, osprey, great tit, uye chaffinch. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogara munzvimbo iyi dzinosanganisira caribou, brown bear, lemmings, boreal lynx, moose (mutezo mukurusa wemhembwe), uye wolverines (chipfuwo chikuru pane zvose).
Tupukanana tunowanikwa munzvimbo iyi zvinosanganisira makonye erudzi rweMesopolobus spermotrophus, zvipfukuto (Hylobius abietis) nezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana zverudzi rweDendroctonus, zvimwe zvacho zvinodya maconifers.
