Matter anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaunganidzwa, kusanganisira dzakaoma, magasi uye zvinwiwa; Nekudaro, kune mamwe marudzi ezvishoma-zvinozivikanwa nyika, imwe yacho inozivikanwa se Bose-Einstein condensate, inofungidzirwa nevakawanda vemakemikari, masayendisiti uye fizikisi sechishanu mamiriro ezvinhu.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti Bose-Einstein condensate chii, maitiro ayo, mashandisirwo uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi Bose-Einstein condensate
A Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) inzvimbo yakaunganidzwa yenyaya, seyakajairwa inoti: gasi, mvura uye yakasimba, asi. Inoitika patembiricha yakaderera zvakanyanya, padyo neabsolute zero.
Iyo ine zvimedu zvinonzi bosons izvo, pakupisa uku, zvinogara munzvimbo yakaderera simba quantum state inozivikanwa sepasi pasi. Albert Einstein akafanotaura izvi muna 1924 mushure mekuverenga bepa pamafoton manhamba akatumirwa kwaari neIndia fizikisi Satyendra Bose.
Hazvisi nyore kuwana tembiricha inodiwa kuumba Bose-Einstein condensates murabhoritari, chikonzero nei kusvikira 1995 zvakanga zvisingabviri kuva nemichina yaidiwa. Gore iroro, mafizikisi eAmerica Eric Cornell naCarl Wieman uye muGermany wefizikisi Wolfgang Ketterle vakakwanisa kuona yekutanga Bose-Einstein condensates. Masayendisiti eColorado akashandisa rubidium-87, nepo Keitel akaiwana kuburikidza negasi rakanyoroveswa kwazvo remaatomu esodium.
Nemhaka yokuti kuedza uku kwakazarura musuwo wendima itsva yefundo yezvimiro zvematter, Kettler, Cornell, uye Wieman vakagamuchira Mubairo weNobel muna 2001. Imhaka chaiyoiyo yetembiricha yakaderera zvikuru iyo maatomu egasi ane zvimwe zvinhu anoumba nyika yakarairwa, zvese izvo kukwanisa kuwana simba rakaderedzwa rakafanana uye kukurumidza, izvo zvisingaitiki muzvinhu zvakajairika.
Mhando huru
Sezvambotaurwa, nyaya haingove nematunhu matatu emvura, yakasimba, uye gasi, asi zvinopesana, kune yechina uye yechishanu mamiriro ayo ari plasmatic uye ionized. A Bose-Einstein condensate imwe yeidzi nyika uye ine akati wandei maitiro:
- Iyo inyika yakaunganidzwa inogadzirwa nemuunganidzwa wemabhosoni ari ekutanga zvimedu.
- Inofungidzirwa sechishanu mamiriro ekuunganidza ayo zvinhu zvinogona kufungidzira.
- Yakatanga kucherechedzwa muna 1995, saka itsva.
- Iine condensation process padyo neabsolute zero.
- Iine super fluid, zvinoreva kuti ine simba rekubvisa kukweshana.
- Iyo superconducting uye ine zero yemagetsi kuramba.
- Iyo inozivikanwawo se quantum ice cube.
Kwakabva Bose-Einstein condensate
Kana gasi rakavharirwa mumudziyo, zvimedu zvinoumba gasi zvinowanzo chengetwa zviri chinhambwe chakakwana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe zvekuti pane kudyidzana kushoma, kunze kwekuroverana pano neapo uye nemadziro emudziyo. Saka iyo inozivikanwa yakanakira gasi modhi inotorwa.
Nekudaro, zvimedu zviri mukupisa kwekusingaperi, uye tembiricha ndiyo inogadzirisa parameter yekumhanya: kana tembiricha yakakwira, inokurumidza kufamba. Kunyangwe kumhanya kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe kuchigona kusiyana, avhareji yekumhanya kweiyo system inoramba yakamira pane yakapihwa tembiricha.
Chinhu chinotevera chakakosha ndechekuti nyaya inoumbwa nemhando mbiri dzezvimedu: fermions uye bosons, inosiyaniswa nekutenderera kwavo (intrinsic angular momentum), iyo yakazara quantum muzvisikwa. Semuenzaniso, maerekitironi mafermions ane hafu-integer spins, nepo bosons ine integer spins, izvo zvinoita kuti maitiro avo ehuwandu akasiyana.
Fermions vanoda kuve vakasiyana uye saka teerera mutemo waPauli wekubvisa, maererano nekuti mafemu maviri ari muatomu haakwanise kuva nechimiro chakafanana chehuwandu. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei maerekitironi ari mune akasiyana maatomu orbitals uye saka haatore yakafanana quantum state.
MaBosons, kune rumwe rutivi, haateerere chirevo chekudzosa uye saka haapokane nekugara iyo yakafanana quantum state. Chikamu chakaoma chekuedza ndechekuchengeta sisitimu ichitonhorera zvakakwana kuitira kuti de Broglie wavelength igare yakakwirira.
Masayendisiti eColorado akazadzisa izvi nekushandisa laser yekutonhodza sisitimu inosanganisira kurova atomic samples musoro-pamusoro nematanho matanhatu laser, zvichiita kuti vadzike kamwe kamwe uye nokudaro kuderedza zvakanyanya kukanganisa kwavo kwekupisa.
Maatomu anononoka, anotonhorera anovharirwa musimba remagineti, zvichiita kuti maatomu anokurumidza kubuda kuti aenderere mberi nekutonhodza hurongwa. Maatomu akavharirwa nenzira iyi akakwanisa kuumba bhurobhu diki reBose-Einstein condensate kwenguva pfupi, iyo yakagara kwenguva yakakwana kuti inyore mumufananidzo.
Applications
Imwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa mashandisirwo eBose-Einstein condensate iri mukati kusikwa kwemichina chaiyo yekuyera nguva uye kuonekwa kwemasaisai emagetsi. Nekuda kwekuti maatomu ari mukufamba kwecondensate sechinhu chimwe chete, ane hunyanzvi kupfuura wachi dzeatomu dzemazuva ese uye anogona kushandiswa kuyera nguva nemazvo zvisati zvamboitika.
Chimwe chinhu icho iyi yechishanu mamiriro ezvinhu inogona kushandiswa iri muquantum computing, iyo inogona kubvumira kusikwa kwemakomputa ane simba zvakanyanya uye anobudirira kupfuura emazuva ano. Maatomu mune condensate anogona kushandiswa se qubits, zvivakwa zvekuvaka zve quantum komputa, uye huwandu hwadzo hunogona kugonesa kukurumidza uye kwakaringana kuverenga kupfuura zvinogoneka nemakomputa akajairwa. Ichi ndicho chikonzero kune zvakawanda zvekutaura nezve quantum makomputa mazuva ano.
Pamusoro pezvo, iyo Bose-Einstein condensate inoshandiswawo mukutsvaga zvinhu zvefizikisi uye mukugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvine zvinoshamisa zvimiro. Somuenzaniso, yakashandiswa kugadzira superconducting zvinhu zvinogona kushandura indasitiri yemagetsi uye bvumira kugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvakanyanya uye zvine simba.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Bose-Einstein condensate, maitiro ayo uye mashandisirwo.
