Antarctica ichagara ichizivikanwa sekondinendi ine chando. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii chinonzi Antarctica uye vanoivhiringidza neNorth Pole. Vanoivhiringa neNorth Pole nekuti ichando chose. Izvi hazvisizvo. Antarctica ikondinendi yepasi yakafukidzwa nemazaya echando nekuda kwekugara kwakadzikama tembiricha gore rese.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti Antarctica chii, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.
Chii chinonzi Antarctica
Antarctica (kana kuti Antarctica mune dzimwe nyika) ndiyo kondinendi yechina pakukura pasi rose, pamwe chete nekondinendi yekumaodzanyemba (yekumaodzanyemba). Muchokwadi, nzvimbo yayo yenzvimbo iri kuSouth Pole yePasi. Nharaunda yaro inenge yakazara (98%) yakafukidzwa nechando kusvika 1,9 km mukobvu. Mumamiriro ekunze ayo akanyanya, zvinonakidza kuziva kuti kudziya kwepasi kunobata sei dunhu rino, sezvo kuchigona kukanganisa zvakanyanya mhuka, sekutsanangurwa kwazvino mu. los pingüinos uye iwe unogona zvakare kubvunza ruzivo nezve kunaka kweAntarctica munjodzi.
Sezvo isu tiri kutaura pamusoro penzvimbo inotonhora, yakaoma uye ine mhepo zvakanyanya paPasi, hupenyu hwakajairwa muAntarctica hunenge husingabviri, ndosaka husina vagari vemo. Inongogarwa chete neakasiyana ekutarisa ezvesainzi mishoni (anenge 1.000 kusvika 5.000 vanhu mukati megore rose) ine mabhesi mukati memiganhu yayo, kazhinji paAntarctic Plateau.
Mukuwedzera, ndiyo kondinendi ichangobva kuwanikwa. Yakatanga kucherechedzwa nomufambisi wengarava wokuSpain Gabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) muzhizha rokumaodzanyemba ra1603. Kusvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1895, apo zvikepe zvokutanga zveNorway zvakamhara pamhenderekedzo yegungwa muna XNUMX.
Kune rimwe divi, zita rayo rinobva kunguva yekare: rakatanga kushandiswa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle (384-322 BC) makore akapoteredza 350 BC. c. MuMeteorology yake, akatumidza matunhu aya "akatarisana nekuchamhembe" (saka zita radzo kubva muchiGiriki antarktikós, "yakatarisana neNorth Pole").
Mhando huru
Antarctica ine zvinotevera maitiro:
- Nzvimbo yekondinendi yakakura kupfuura Oceania kana Europe, uye ndiyo kondinendi yechina pakukura pasirese, ine nzvimbo. inosvika 14 miriyoni mativi emakiromita, iyo chete 280.000 square kilometers isina ice-isina muzhizha uye 17.968 makiromita mativi pamhenderekedzo.
- Boka guru rezvitsuwa rinoumba chikamu chenharaunda yaro, chikuru chiri Alexander I (49.070 km²), Berkner Island (43.873 km²), Thurston Island (15.700 km²) uye Cany Island (8.500 km²).
- Antarctica haina vagari vemo, haina nyika, uye haina matunhu, kunyangwe nyika nomwe dzakasiyana dzichizviti: New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, Great Britain, Argentina neChile.
- Nharaunda yeAntarctic inotongwa neChibvumirano cheAntarctic, chakashanda kubvira 1961, chinorambidza chero nzira yekuvapo kwemauto, kubviswa kwemaminerari, bhomba reatomu uye kuraswa kwezvinhu zvine radioactive, pamwe nemamwe matanho ekutsigira kutsvagisa kwesainzi uye kuchengetedzwa kweiyo ecoregion.
- Iyo ine yakawanda yepasi pemvura yakachena dhipoziti seOnyx (32 km kureba) kana Lake Vostok (14.000 km² nzvimbo). Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo iyi ine 90% yechando chePasi, iyo inosanganisira 70% yemvura yakachena yenyika. Unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve chiitiko ichi mu kunyunguduka kwaLarsen C uye hukama hwake naye chando chinonyunguduka muAntarctica.
Nzvimbo uye mamiriro ekunze eAntarctica
Antarctica inzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwePasi, mukati menzvimbo yeAntarctic neAntarctic Circles, pazasi peAntarctic Convergence Zone, kureva, pazasi latitudes 55° uye 58° Maodzanyemba. Yakakomberedzwa neAntarctic neIndia Oceans, padyo nePacific neSouth Atlantic Oceans, uye inongori makiromita chiuru kubva kumaodzanyemba kumucheto kweSouth America (Ushuaia, Argentina).
Antarctica ine mamiriro ekunze anotonhora kupfuura mamwe makondinendi ese. Tembiricha yaro yakaderera yenguva dzese ndiyo yakaderera zvakarekodhwa pasi rose (-89,2 ° C), uye matunhu ayo ekumabvazuva anotonhora zvakanyanya kupfuura matunhu ekumadokero nekuti akakwira.
Kupisa hushoma hwepagore munguva yechando uye mukati mekondinendi inowanzotenderedza -80 ° C, nepo tembiricha yepamusoro yepagore munzvimbo dzezhizha nemahombekombe ari kutenderera 0°C. Uyezve, ndiyo nzvimbo yakaoma kwazvo paNyika uye mvura yemvura iri kushomeka. Nharaunda dzayo dziri mukati menyika dzine mhepo shomanene ine unyoro uye dzakaoma segwenga rakaoma nechando, nepo nzvimbo dzaro dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzine mhepo yakawanda uye ine simba, inofarira kunaya kwechando. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve kukanganisa kwekudziya kwepasi, ona kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze muAntarctica uye sei aizi inogona kuderedzwa mariri.
Relieve
Nhoroondo ye geological yeAntarctica yakatanga anenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu emakore apfuura nekuparara zvishoma nezvishoma kweGondwana supercontinent. Kune dzimwe nhanho dzehupenyu hwayo hwepakutanga, yakasangana nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe uye mamiriro ekunze anopisa kana anodziya nguva yechando yePleistocene isati yafukidza kondinendi uye yakaparadza maruva nemhuka dzayo.
Kumadokero kwekondinendi iyi kwakafanana nemakomo eAndes, asi zvinogoneka kuti kune humwe hupenyu munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemahombekombe. Kusiyana neizvi, dunhu rekumabvazuva rakakwirira kumusoro uye rinoratidza nzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo, inozivikanwa seAntarctic Plateau kana Geographic South Pole.
kukwirira uku inosvika makiromita anodarika chiuru kuenda kumabvazuva, neavhareji yakakwirira ye1.000 metres.. Nzvimbo yayo yepamusoro iDome A, 4093 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve zvinyorwa zvekushisa muAntarctica.
Antarctic mhuka dzesango
Zvisikwa zveAntarctica zviri kushomeka, kunyanya nezvemhuka dzemuzongoza, dzinofarira zvitsuwa zvesubantarctic zvine mamiriro ekunze akanyorovera. Invertebrates senge tardigrades, inda, nematodes, krill, uye akasiyana ma microorganisms anogona kuwanikwa mukondinendi. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve njodzi yakatarisana nemhuka dzesango dzeAntarctic, tinokurudzira kuti uverenge kunyunguduka kweaizi muAntarctica uye kuti inogona kukanganisa sei mhuka dzesango, pamwe ne curious phenomena izvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa mukondinendi.
Nzvimbo huru dzehupenyu munharaunda dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaderera uye dzemahombekombe, kusanganisira hupenyu hwemvura: blue whales, killer whales, squid kana pinnipeds (sezvisimbiso kana shumba dzegungwa). Kune zvakare akati wandei marudzi emapenguin, pakati pawo emperor penguin, king penguin uye rockhopper penguin inomira.
Nyika dziri muAntarctica
Vazhinji vakasaina kuAntarctic Treaty vane mabhesi ekutsvaga kwesainzi pakondinendi. Mamwe ndeechigarire, ane vashandi vanotenderera, uye mamwe ndeemwaka kana zhizha, apo tembiricha nemamiriro ekunze zvisina hutsinye. Huwandu hwemabhesi hunogona kusiyana gore negore, kukwanisa kusvika makumi mana mabhesi kubva kunyika makumi maviri dzakasiyana (40).
Zvizhinji zvigadziko zvezhizha ndezveGermany, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, United States, France, India, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Russia, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Nheyo dzechando dzeGermany (1), Argentina (7) neChile (11) dzinoramba dziri muAntarctica munguva yechando yakaoma.
Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu runokubatsira kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezveAntarctica, maitiro ayo, uye mhuka dzesango dzinogara mairi.
Zuva nezuva ndinoziva ruzivo rwakakosha rwamunotipa pamusoro peBlue Planet yedu, ndicharamba ndichizvipfumisa navo... Kwaziwai