Isu tinoziva kuti tekinoroji iri kufambira mberi zvakanyanya nekusvetuka uye miganhu. Munyika yebiology uye genetics ndizvo zvakare. Panyaya iyi, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii chinonzi CRISPR kana kuti ndechei. Inyanzvi yekugadzira genetic iyo, muchidimbu, inosanganisira kucheka uye kunama majini evanhu. Yakawanikwa nguva refu yapfuura uye yave kutobereka michero mukurapa uye mapurasitiki ezvirwere zvakasiyana uye zvirwere.
Muchikamu chino, tichakuudza kuti CRISPR chii, maitiro ayo ndeapi, uye kuti rudzi urwu rwetekinoroji runoshandiswa sei mune genetics uye biology.
Chii chinonzi CRISPR
CRISPR chidimbu cheClustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. Iyi ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa nemabhakitiriya kuzvidzivirira kubva kumavhairasi uye mamwe mafoni genetic zvinhu zvinoedza kupinda mumasero avo.
Mashandiro anoita CRISPR anonakidza. Kutanga kwazvose, mabhakitiriya anosanganisira zvimedu zveDNA zvevhairasi muDNA yavo, serudzi rwe "immunological memory". Zvimedu izvi zvinonzi spacers. Zvadaro, kana utachiona hukada kupinza utachiona sero, bhakitiriya racho rinobudisa gwara reRNA rinosungirirana neprotein complex inonzi Cas, inocheka nekuparadza DNA yeutachiona. Nhungamiro RNA inogadzirwa kubva kuruzivo rwuri muspacers, ichibvumira bhakitiriya "kurangarira" mavhairasi aakambosangana nawo.
Iyi fomu yekudzivirira kwekudzivirira kwebhakitiriya yakashandiswa kugadzira maturusi ekugadzirisa magene. Nzira inonyanya kufarirwa ndeye CRISPR-Cas9, iyo inoshandisa shanduro yakagadziridzwa yeCas9 protein kuti icheke DNA pane imwe nzvimbo. Shanduko dzinogona kuzoitwa kuDNA, dzakadai sekuwedzera kana kudzima majini kana kugadzirisa zvinoshanduka.
Zvakanakira zve CRISPR tekinoroji
Kubatsira kukuru kwe CRISPR tekinoroji ndiko kurongeka kwayo. Nhungamiro RNA inogona kugadzirwa kuti isungirire kune yakatarwa DNA kutevedzana, zvichireva kuti kugadzirisa kunongoitwa panzvimbo yaunoda. Uyezve, iyo tekinoroji inokurumidza uye yakachipa kupfuura yapfuura gene editing matekiniki.
Kunyangwe tekinoroji yeCRISPR ichivimbisa, inomutsawo mibvunzo yetsika uye yekuchengetedza. Gene editing inogona kushandiswa kurapa genetic zvirwere, asi inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira "tsika" vacheche kana kuti kuita chinjo mumutsara woutachiona unopfuudzwa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. Pamusoro pezvo, kukanganisa mukugadzirisa kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro isingatarisike, senge cancer kana zvimwe zvirwere. Vanhu vazhinji vanozvikurukura sezvinopfuura "kutamba Mwari."
gene editing
Muzvisikwa, zvipenyu zvine ruzivo rwemajini runodzora kukura kwazvo. Gene editing iboka remaitiro anogona kushandiswa kushandura DNA yechipenyu nezvinangwa zvakasiyana. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kugadzirisa hakuna kufanana nekugadzirisa genetic. Chekutanga, DNA kubva kune mamwe marudzi haishandiswe, sepakugadziriswa.
Biogenetics, inozivikanwawo se genetic engineering, chirango chinosanganisa biology uye genetics, uye ine maapplication mumunda webiotechnology. Gene editing inzira iyo chidimbu cheDNA chaunoda kuita pachiri chinoonekwa, yakabviswa uye yakatsiviwa nechikamu chitsva. Zvinogonawo kuitika kuti, kana zvimedu zvinopokana zvabviswa, nharembozha inotora kutonga uye kugadzirisa iyo inoteedzana pachayo. Nemaitiro aya, masayendisiti anogona kuwedzera, kudzima, kana kushandura DNA sezvinodiwa kuti vazadzikise zvavanoda.
Saka, CRISPR inyanzvi yekugadzira gene-editing teknolojia inotsamira pakukwanisa kweCas mapuroteni kutsemura DNA pamberi pekuzivikanwa kwakakodzera RNA. Sezvo RNA ichigona kugadzirwa murabhoritari, mikana yekugadzirisa inenge isina muganho.
Main inoshandisa
CRISPR tekinoroji inoshandiswa kuunza shanduko mugenome nekunyanya kurongeka. Mukushandiswa kwayo kukuru tine zvinotevera:
- zvikumbiro zvekurapa, semiedzo yekubvisa HIV kana kurapa zvirwere zvakaita seDuchenne tsandanyama dystrophy, hosha yaHuntington, autism, progeria, cystic fibrosis, kenza katatu-negative, kana Angelman syndrome. Tsvagiridzo iri kuyedzawo kuona kana inogona kushandiswa seyekuongorora bvunzo kuona
- Kurwisa zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa nezvipembenenesemarariya, zika, dengue, chikungunya kana yellow fever.
- Vegetal biotechnology. CRISPR tekinoroji inogona kushandiswa kugadzira marudzi ezvirimwa anochinjirwa zvirinani kune zvakatipoteredza, anopesana nekusanaya kwemvura kana zvipembenene, zvine chekuita nekutsvaga. mhodzi dzinoramba kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Organoleptic zvimiro zvinogona kugadziridzwa, kusanganisira physicochemical properties, kuti zviite zvakanyanya kukodzera kudyiwa kwevanhu.
Mune tekinoroji yemhuka, inogona kushandiswa kuunza kuvandudzwa kwemarudzi, semuenzaniso kugadzira mombe dzinopesana nezvirwere. Parizvino, hapana matekinoroji eCRISPR anotenderwa kurapa zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nejini rimwe chete rinogona kurapwa kuburikidza neiyi gene editing. Nechikonzero ichi, zvikumbiro zvekurapa ndezve theoretical pane inoshanda domain uye parizvino zvine hwaro hwekuyedza.
CRISPR uye bioethics
CRISPR tekinoroji yekugadziridza majini inopa akati wandei matambudziko ane chekuita nebioethics. Kunyangwe iwo makuru maapplication ari akanaka, Zvimwe zvipingaidzo zvinogona kukundwa mukuita kuti tekinoroji iyi inodhura iwanikwe kune wese.
Kana ari mashandisirwo ekugadzirisa gene mumaindasitiri ekutanga, zvekurima uye zvipfuyo, zvakanaka chero bedzi zvakagadzirirwa kubatsira vanhu. Zvechokwadi, zvakakosha kuongorora nyaya imwe neimwe zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa marudzi emiti kuti asakurira tupukanana chinhu chinofarirwa zvikuru nevanhu.
Pane rumwe rutivi, kana tikarangarira kupindira mugadziriro yezvipenyu, tinofanira kungwarira zvikuru, sezvo chinjo ipi neipi isingakarirwi ingatungamirira kuzvinetso zvakakomba kana kuti zvisingadzoreki.
Panyaya yezvikumbiro zvekurapa, kushandiswa kweiyo gene editing tekinoroji muvanhu kunoda yakanyanya kuchengetedzeka vimbiso, uye inogona kushandiswa chete kune zvirwere izvo pasina ikozvino kurapwa kunoshanda, kana kune zvirwere izvo zvino zvine zvakakosha zvinokonzerwa nemigumisiro. Chekupedzisira, embryo gene editing haikodzeri kubva pamaonero esainzi kana ehutsika.