Tinoziva kuti kuda kuziva kwevanhu kudzora zvinhu zvose kwakatungamirira kukuwanwa kwebudiriro huru yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Rimwe rematambudziko makuru akatarisana nevanhu muzana rino ramakore idambudziko remagetsi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvese zvinodiwa pakuita nuclear fusion zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa. Iye china artificial zuva yava pedyo nekuwana nyukireya fusion uye kupedza matambudziko esimba remagetsi.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti zuva rekugadzira muChina chii, maitiro aro ndeapi uye zvakakosha sei kune pasi rose simba paradigm.
Chii chinonzi zuva rekuChina rekugadzira
Vanoridaidza kuti zuva rekugadzira nekuti rinoshandisa simba rimwechete senyeredzi yedu iri pedyo. Ndiyo imwe yebudiriro inovimbisa musainzi, ine zita rehunyanzvi rinonzi fusion: chitubu chesimba chiri pedyo-chakachena icho masimba makuru ave achidzingirira kwemakumi emakore. Zvekuti makore makumi mashanu adarika zvainzi kwasara makumi mashanu chete...
Zvisinei, zvinoita sokuti tiri kuswedera pedyo. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuti China ichangobva kutyora rekodhi yehurefu hwenyukireya fusion reaction: 120 miriyoni madhigirii Celsius kwemasekonzi zana.
Chekutanga, tichaenda mberi totsanangura kuti nuclear fusion chii chaizvo. Mafekitari emagetsi enyukireya anoshanda nekuburitsa simba kubva mufission. Ndiko kuti, “kuputsa” atomu. Saka, uranium yakapfumiswa yakabhombwa nemanyutroni inoshandiswa kutanga kuita nyukireya cheni.
Mafekitari aya ave kushanda kweanopfuura hafu yezana remakore. Zvakananga, Yekutanga grid-yakabatana nuclear power plant yakapedzwa muSoviet Union muna 1954. Zvisinei, sezvinoratidzwa nenhevedzano yenjodzi dzenyukireya dzeChernobyl, dzine ngozi. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve mashandiro anoita zvirimwa izvi, unogona kubvunza chinyorwa chedu chii zuva uye kuti ine chekuita sei nekuvandudzwa kwesimba.
Kune rimwe divi, isu tine isingadzoreki cheni maitiro. Kunyange zvazvo migumisiro yacho yakanga ine ngwavaira, zviitiko zvakadaro hazvina kujairika zvikuru. Dambudziko chairo rekuparara kwenyukireya itsvina yainoburitsa, inogona kuramba ine mwaranzi ine ngozi kwemazana emakore.
Zvakasiyana, nyukireya fusion kana zuva rakagadzirwa ipa kugona kugadzira simba zvakachengeteka pasina kutambisa kushoma. Kutenda kune yakaderera kabhoni tsoka, inogona kuve chishandiso chine simba mukurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Ichi chikamu chakakosha, tichitarisa kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwemhinduro dzakasimba sedziya dzakaongororwa mukati tsvakurudzo pamusoro pemaitiro ezuva.
Kuti nyukireya fusion inowanikwa sei
Inowanikwa sei? Chaizvoizvo, inosanganisa nuclei mbiri dzakareruka kuita nucleus imwe inorema, ichizviisa pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru uye tembiricha yakanyanya. Mabatiro acho anoburitsawo simba nekuti manyuclei anokonzeresa haana kukura pane maviri ekutanga nuclei chete.
Kazhinji, mafuta anoshandiswa kugadzira zuva rekugadzira anobva pane deuterium uye tritium isotopes. Deuterium inogona kutorwa kubva mumvura yegungwa, nepo tritium inogona kubviswa mu lithium.. Zvinhu zvese zviri zviviri zvakawandisa mukuwanda kwakakwana, zvinenge zvisingaperi zvichienzaniswa neuranium. Semuenzaniso, deuterium mune imwe litre yemvura yegungwa inogona kuburitsa simba rakaenzana nemazana matatu emarita emafuta.
Kuti unzwisise simba rinoburitswa panguva yekusanganiswa, zvakakwana kufunga kuti mashoma magiramu emafuta anogona kugadzira terajoules: zvakakwana kuzadzisa zvinodikanwa zvesimba zvemunhu munyika yakabudirira kwemakore matanhatu. Izvi zvinogona inyaya yekudzidza mumapurojekiti akasiyana-siyana ekutsvagisa pamusoro pesimba rinodzokororwa uye mukugadzirwa kwe Makore ekugadzira uye maitiro awo pamamiriro ekunze.
Fusion reactions zvakare inoburitsa tsvina. Yakawanda yacho ihelium, gasi inert. Nekudaro, zvidiki zvemarara eradioactive zvakatorwa kubva kune tritium zvinogadzirwa zvakare. Sezvineiwo, ivo vanoora nekukurumidza kupfuura vamwe vavo vefission. Kunyanya, anogona kushandiswazve kana kushandiswazve mukati memakore asingasviki zana. Kune rimwe divi, iyo neutron flux inogadzirwa panguva yekusanganiswa inokanganisa zvinhu zvakatenderedza, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinova radioactive pasina dziviriro. Naizvozvo, kudzivirirwa kweiyo reactor chimiro chichava chimwe chinhu chakakosha.
Mashandiro anoita zuva rekuChina rekugadzira
Zvakanaka, ikozvino tine tritium yedu uye deuterium mafuta, uye nheyo dzekutanga dzekushanda. Asi nzira iyi inoshanda sei chaizvo? Pano, zvino, tanga misungo paunenge uchifamba kubva padzidziso kuenda kukudzidzira.
Sezvataitarisira, zvakanga zvakakodzera kushandisa dzvinyiriro dzakakwirira zvikuru uye tembiricha. Zvakakwana kushandura mafuta kuita plasma inopisa zvakanyanya. Maatomu anofanira kudhumhana pane tembiricha inosvika zana remamiriyoni madhigirii Celsius, nedzvinyiriro yakakwana yekuvaswededza pedyo pamwe chete zvekuti kukwezva kwenyukireya kunokunda kudzorwa kwemagetsi.
Kugadzira kuenzana kwakakasharara kwakafanana nekukunda kudzorwa kwemagineti maviri enzvimbo imwechete kusvika wagona kunama pamwe chete. Kuti uwane aya akanyanya mamiriro, magineti uye ane simba laser matanda anoshandiswa kutarisa mafuta. Kana iyo hyperhot plasma yasvika, mafuta anofanirwa kuramba achiwedzerwa uchiedza kudzora kupisa kwakanyanya kuburitsa pasina kuparadza reactor.
Ehe saizvozvo, hapana chinhu pasi pano chinogona kumira 100 miriyoni madhigirii Celsius pasina kunyungudika pakarepo. Apa ndipo panopinda plasma kuvharirwa, uye izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemareactor, senge yakadzidzwa mumamiriro esimba rezuva.
Kufambira mberi kwazvino mukusanganiswa kwenyukireya
Sezvataitarisira pakutanga, chimwe chezvichangobva kuitika munyukliya fusion chinoratidza China. Muna Chivabvu 2021, vaongorori kuSouthwest Institute of Physics (SWIP) muChengdu, China yakazivisa kuti yavo HL-2M reactor yakanga yatyora marekodhi ese ekuyedza nyukireya fusion.
Kunyangwe iri hurongwa hwakaoma, dambudziko guru harisi iro fusion pachayo, sezvakawanwa mumareactor mazhinji mumakore achangopfuura. Dambudziko chairo nderekuichengeta nekufamba kwenguva: vanhu vashoma vanokwanisa kuita zvinopfuura masekonzi mashoma.
Ndipo pakawana menduru yemasainzi eSWIP: vakasvika patembiricha inosvika 150 miriyoni madhigirii Celsius kwemasekonzi zana. Rekodhi yapfuura yakabatwa neSouth Korea nemasekonzi makumi maviri.
Iyi reactor yakaita se tokamak inoshambadzwa se "zuva rekugadzira," asi chaizvoizvo inopisa zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura pakati pezuva. Meso ese ave pakubheja kukuru kwepasirese kusvika parizvino: ITER. Ichi chirongwa chikuru icho kunosanganisira nyika 35 dzichangopedza chikamu chekutanga chekuvaka. Kana zvese zvikafamba zvakanaka, iyo yekupedzisira reactor ichakwanisa kugadzira 500 megawatts emagetsi kutenderera 2035.
Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu runokubatsira kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvezuva reChina rekugadzira uye maitiro aro.