Nhasi tichataura nezve isotope inoshandiswa kugadzira simba renyukireya. Zvayo ndezve deuterium. Iyo ndeimwe yemarudzi esotope ehydrogen uye inomiririrwa nechiratidzo D kana 2H. Yakapihwa zita rinowanzozivikanwa reheavy hydrogen nekuti huremu hwayo hwakapetwa kaviri kupfuura hweproton. Isotopu haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwemhando yemhando inobva kune imwechete kemikari element asi ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwehuwandu. Deuterium inoshandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinangwa, kusanganisira zvidzidzo pa exoplanets uye mukunzwisisa kwe hydrogen sulfide.
Neichi chikonzero, isu tiri kuzotsaurira ichi chinyorwa kukuudza iwe hwese hunhu, chimiro, zvivakwa uye mashandisiro e deuterium.
Mhando huru
Musiyano uripo pakati p deuterium nehydrogen wakonzerwa nemusiyano muhuwandu hwenetutoni hwauinazvo. Nechikonzero ichi, deuterium inoonekwa seyakagadzika isotopu uye inogona kuwanikwa mumakomponi akaumbwa nehydrogen yezvakabva zvachose. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa mupfungwa kuti, kunyangwe zviri zvechisikigo mavambo, zvinoitika mune diki chikamu. Tichifunga nezve zvivakwa zvine zvakafanana neyakajairwa hydrogen, inogona kutsiva iyo izere mukuita kwayinoita. Nenzira iyi, inogona kushandurwa kuita zvinhu zvakaenzana.
Nekuda kweizvi nezvimwe zvikonzero, deuterium ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi. Kwemakore, chave chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekutsvaga nekufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye ruzivo. Maererano neizvi, zviitiko zvakadai zvakadzidzwa mhepo yeVenus kuti unzwisise zviri nani kukanganisa kwemaisotopes akasiyana. Uyezve, kudzidza kwayo kune hukama ne lunar atmosphere uye hunhu hwavo.
Icho chimiro chikuru cheiyi isotopu chakaumbwa nenucleus ine proton uye neutron. Iyo ine uremu hweatomiki ingangoita 2,014 gramu. Isotope iyi yakawanikwa nekuda kwaHarold C. Urey, wemakemikari aibva kuUnited States, nevamwe vake Ferdinand Brickwedde naGeorge Murphy, muna 1931. Kugadzirira kusangana ne deuterium munzvimbo yayo yakachena kwakaitwa zvinobudirira kekutanga muna 1933. Iyo yatove muma50s apo chikamu chakasimba chakaratidza kugadzikana kukuru, kunozivikanwa se lithiamu deuteride, chakatanga kushandiswa. Chinhu ichi chinogona kutsiva deuterium uye tritium mune yakawanda makemikari maitiro.
Kufambira mberi kwesainzi kunoitika kana chinhu chawanikwa chinogona kufambisa maitiro emakemikari pakugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa. Mupfungwa iyi, kuwanda kweisotope iyi kwakadzidzwa kuitira kuona zvimwe zvinhu. Zvakaonekwa kuti chikamu che deuterium mumvura chinosiyana zvishoma zvichienderana nenzvimbo iyo sampu inotorwa. Kune zvimwe zvidzidzo zve spectroscopy izvo tatsunga kuvepo kweiyi isotopu pane mamwe mapuraneti mune yedu giraxy. Izvi zvinogona kuve zvakakosha pakudzidza kuumbwa kwemamwe mitumbi yedenga, sezvakamboitwa Mhepo yeJupiter wozvienzanisa nezvimwe zviitiko zvemuchadenga.
Maumbirwo uye mavambo e deuterium
Ngatidzidzei zvimwe nezve deuterium. Sezvatakambotaura, musiyano mukuru pakati pehydrogen isotopes uri muchimiro chavo. Hydrogen, deuterium, uye tritium zvine huwandu hwakasiyana hwemapurotoni nemanyutroni, saka zvine makemikari akasiyana. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti deuterium iripo mukati meimwe stellar miviri inobviswa nekukurumidza kupfuura iyo inogadzirwa. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei zvakaoma kudzidza kuvapo kwe deuterium mumitumbi yenyeredzi.
Zvimwe zvinoitika zvechisikirwo zvinoonekwa sekuti zvinogadzira diki deuterium, saka kugadzirwa kwayo kuri kuramba kuchiunza kufarira kwakanyanya nhasi. Kubva muzana iro ratakambotaura pamusoro pekuvapo kwedheuterium mune zvakasikwa, haina kusvika 0.02%. Nhevedzano yekuferefeta kwesainzi yakaratidza kuti ruzhinji rwemaatomu akaumbwa kubva ku deuterium zvakasikwa zvakatangira mukuputika uko kwakakonzera mavambo echisiko anozivikanwa se Big Bang. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei deuterium inofungidzirwa kuti iripo pamapuraneti makuru seJupiter, iyo yanga iri nyaya yekudzidza mumamiriro ezvinhu eprobes senge Voyager.
Nzira yakajairika yekuwana iyi isotopu zvakajairika ndeye kana yasanganiswa nehydrogen. Kana izvi zvikaitika, zvinosanganiswa nenzira yeprotium. Masayendisiti anofarira kuziva hukama hunosimbiswa pakati pechikamu che deuterium uye hydrogen munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi. Inodzidzwa zvakanyanya mumapazi esainzi akadai seyemuchadenga nemamiriro ekunze. Mumapazi aya mune mamwe mashandisiro anobatsira kuziva nekunzwisisa denga nemhepo yedu, pamusoro pekubatsira mukudzidza mhedzisiro yemwaranzi.
Deuterium zvivakwa
Tichazoziva kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvepamusoro zvine isotope iyi yehydrogen. Chinhu chekutanga chekuita kuziva kuti isotopu isina ma radioactive hunhu chii. Izvi zvinoreva kuti yakanyatsogadzikana mune zvakasikwa. Inogona kushandiswa kutsiva hydrogen mumakemikari akasiyana siyana. Nokuva nekugadzikana kukuru zvakasikwa, inoratidza hunhu hwakasiyana neyakajairwa hydrogen. Izvi zvinoitika mune zvese maitiro ane biochemical hunhu. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti uzive usati watsiviwa, kuti kunyangwe ichigona kusvikwa nekuchinjana hydrogen ye deuterium mukuita kwemakemikari, zvinodikanwa kuti uzive kuti vachazove nehunhu hwakasiyana.
Kana maatomu maviri ehydrogen ari mumvura akatsiviwa, chinhu chinozivikanwa semvura inorema chinogona kuwanikwa. Hydrogen irimo mugungwa uye iri muchimiro che deuterium inongova nechikamu che0,016% maererano neprotium. Muchadenga, iyi isotopu ine katsika kekusanganisa nekukurumidza kuita helium. Kana tikabatanidza deuterium neatomu yeokisijeni, tinoona kuti inova mhuka ine chepfu. Pasinei neizvi, deuterium ine zvinhu zvemakemikari zvakafanana neaya ehydrogen.
Imwe midziyo yei isotope ndeyekuti kana maatomu edeuterium akaiswa pasi pekuita kwenyukireya fusion pakupisa kwakanyanya, huwandu hwesimba hunogona kuburitswa, izvo zvinoita kuti deuterium ive chinhu chakakosha mukutsvagisa nezve. nyukireya fusion. Ndiko kubuda, iwe wakadzidza kuti ugone kuita nuclear fusion papasi redu. Zvimwe zvimiro zvemuviri senge poindi yekubirira, kupisa kwekupisa, katatu point uye density vane hukuru hwakakura kupfuura huya hwehydrogen.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve deuterium nehunhu hwayo.