ari echando makristasi Vagara vari chinhu chinodzidzwa nemasayendisiti vakapihwa chimiro chavo chakasiyana uye chinoshamisa. Kana tikaatarisa pasi pemaikorosikopu tinoona kuti ane maumbirwo anoshamisa ejometri uye zvinoshamisa kuti sei aya maumbirwo ejometri achigadzirwa mune zvakasikwa.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti mhedziso dzezvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvine chekuita nemakristasi echando ndezvipi uye zvakawanikwa kusvika zvino.
kuumbwa kwemakristasi echando
Chimiro chakanyanya kuenzana chinokonzerwa nekukura kwedhamu, apo mvura inoiswa zvakananga pamakristasi echando uye inoputika. Zvichienderana neambient tembiricha uye humidity, makristasi echando anogona kukura kubva kune yekutanga hexagonal prisms munzira dzakawanda dzakaenzanirana. Iwo anokwanisika maumbirwo emakristasi echando ari columnar, akaumbwa netsono, akaumbwa neplate, uye dendritic. Kana iyo crystal ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo yezvakasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, iyo yekukura modhi inogona kuchinja uye yekupedzisira kristaro inogona kuratidza yakasanganiswa modes.
Makristasi echando anowanzo kudonha nematemo akareba akatenderedzwa akachinjika, uye nekudaro anoonekwa pane polarimetric weather radars ane inokwidziridzwa (yakanaka) mutsauko wekuratidzira kukosha. Ice crystal kurodha inogona kukonzera kurongeka kunze kwekuchinjika. Polarized weather radar inogonawo kuona yakachajwa makristasi echando zvakanaka. Tembiricha uye humidity inosarudza akawanda akasiyana makristasi mafomu. Makristasi echando ane mutoro kune akati wandei emuchadenga optical kuratidzwa.
Makore akaomeswa nechando anoumbwa nemakristasi echando, kunyanya makore ecirrus uye mhute inotonhora. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemhando idzi dzemakore, unogona kubvunza chinyorwa pa curious cirrus clouds. Zvakare, kana iwe uchifarira kuumbwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemakore, unogona kuziva nezvazvo makore anopera sei. Makristasi echando ari mutroposphere anoita kuti denga rebhuruu rishanduke kuchena zvishoma, izvo zvinogona kunge zviri chiratidzo chekuuya kumberi (uye kunaya) sezvo mhepo yakanyorova inosimuka uye inotonhora kuita makristasi echando.
At normal tembiricha uye pressure, mamorekuru emvura akaita seV uye maatomu maviri ehydrogen anosungirirwa kumaatomu eokisijeni pakona ye105°. Makristasi echando akajairwa ane symmetrical uye hexagonal.
Kana ikamanikidzwa pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvegraphene, masikweya echando makristasi anoumba pane tembiricha yekamuri. Izvo zvinyorwa ndeye itsva ice crystal phase inosanganiswa nemamwe 17 mamwe ice. Tsvagiridzo iyi inotevera kubva mukuwanikwa kwekutanga kuti mhute yemvura uye mvura yemvura inogona kupfuura nepamapepa elaminated graphene oxide, kusiyana nemamorekuru madiki sehelium. Izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinofambiswa nemauto evan der Waals, ayo anogona kusanganisira kumanikidza kunodarika 10.000 atmospheres.
zvidzidzo pamakristasi echando
Simulations dzakaitwa paMareNostrum supercomputer muBarcelona nevaongorori kubva kuCSIC neComplutense University yeMadrid vakasimbisa kuti kiyi yekukura kusingaite kweaizi makristasi ari muchimiro chavo chepamusoro.
Mazaya echando anogona kunge ari mumatunhu matatu akasiyana, aine madhigirii akasiyana ekusagadzikana. Ndima kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe inogadzira shanduko dzinongoerekana dzaitika mukati kukura kwemazinga sezvo tembiricha inokwira uye inotsanangura nzira dzakasiyana (yakafuratirwa, ine hexagonal, kana zvese) kubva muaizi kana makristasi echando ari mumhepo.
Kiyi yekuchinja kwekristaro uye kukura ndiko chimiro chavo chepamusoro. Chidzidzo chakaitwa nevatsvakurudzi Luis González MacDowell weComplutense University yeMadrid (UCM), Eva Noya weRocca Solano Institute of Physical Chemistry (IQFR) yeHigh Commission yeScientific Research, uye Pablo Llombart wemasangano maviri anoratidza izvi muchikamu. Chinyorwa chakaburitswa mujenari Science Advances.
Uyezve, zvinonakidza kuziva kuti muongorori wechiJapan Ukichiro Nakaya akawana diki makristasi echando, anonzi guruva remadhaimani, muma1930s, akaumbwa sehexagonal prism. Aya maprism anogona kuve akati sandarara, sepiritsi, kana kurebesa, sepenzura kana hexagonal prism, uye anogona kushandura kubva kune imwe chimiro kuenda kune imwe pane chaiyo tembiricha.
Simulations
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti pakudzika kwakadzika, nzvimbo yechando yakanga yakatsetseka uye yakarongeka. Kana mamorekuru emhute anodhumhana nepamusoro, havakwanise kuwana nzvimbo yekumhanyira mukati uye nekukurumidza kubuda, izvo zvinoita kuti kukura kwekristaro kunonoke. Mupfungwa iyi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti kudzidza kwe cumulonimbus makore zvinogona kubatsira kunzwisisa zvirinani zviitiko zvine chekuita nechando mumhepo.
Asi pakupisa kwepamusoro, nzvimbo yechando inowedzera kusagadzikana, nematanho akawanda. Vapor mamorekuru anogona kuwana nyore nzvimbo yavo pamatanho uye makristasi anokura nekukurumidza.
"Takaona kuti shanduko iyi haina kuitika zvishoma nezvishoma, asi yakaitika nekuda kweshanduko chaiyo inonzi "topological transition". Asi chakaita kuti chando chinyanye kusajairika ndechekuti kamwe kamwe, kana goko rekunze rekristaro ranyunguduka, nzvimbo yacho inotsvedzerera uye yakasviba zvakare, "Noah akadaro.
Kana ikava yakatsetseka zvakare, kukura kwekristaro kunowedzera kunonoka kune iro divi rekristaro, asi kwete kune rumwe rutivi. Pakarepo dzimwe dzinokura nokukurumidza, dzimwe dzinokura zvishoma nezvishoma, uye chimiro chekristaro chinoshanduka. sezvakaonekwa naNakatani mukuedzwa makore anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe apfuura.
Simulation muMareNostrum
Tichifunga kuti aizi chinhu chakaoma chinoda kudzidzwa pachishandiswa hunyanzvi hwekuyedza nekuda kwekukurumidza kubuda kwayo, kuenzanisa kwakaitwa kwemwedzi misere pamakombuta hombe muSpain, MareNostrum (BSC-CNS).
“Basa rekuverenga rakatibvumira kuona nzira yemorekuru rimwe nerimwe remvura rinoumba kristaro; asi chokwadi, kuumba kristaro diki, tinoda mazana ezviuru zvemamorekuru, saka huwandu hwekuverenga hunodiwa kuita chidzidzo ichi hwakakura. anodaro Llombart Say.
González MacDowell akagumisa kuti mhedzisiro iyi "inonakidza kwazvo, asi tsvakiridzo yesainzi inogara ichida kusimbiswa nekuverenga kutsva uye kusimbiswa. Zvisinei nechenjedzo iyi, tinofara kuti kuedza kwedu kwakabereka zvibereko nenzira yemigumisiro inofadza, nokuti zvakatora kuedza kwakawanda kusina kubudirira kuwana mari. "
Pamusoro pezvo, nyanzvi yekemesitiri inoyeuka kuti makristasi echando emuchadenga anoita basa rinokosha mukudziya kwepasi: “Kuti tinzwisise kukanganisa kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, tinofanira kunzwisisa chimiro chayo uye mwero wekukura. Saka kunzwisisa kwedu kurinani kunotitendera kuisa chimwe chidimbu mumamiriyoni emadhora puzzle. "
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve ice crystals uye maitiro avo.
Iwo madingindira anonakidza uye anoshamisa ayo amai vedu vanotipa isu vanofanirwa kukosheswa, sezvo vachitipa ruzivo rwunonakidzwa nekufungidzira ... Zvinofadza kwazvo kuona makristasi echando akafanana nebasa rehunyanzvi ... Kwaziwai