ari general properties of matter Iwo ndiwo ayo ane nyaya pachayo ane mukati uye ari seti yehunhu kana zvimiro zvemuviri. Zvese zviripo papasi uye isu tinogona kubata kana kuona kuti ine huru 4 nyika dzekuunganidza, idzi nyika dzakasimba, mvura, gasi uye plasma. Vesainzi vakadzidza uye vanoenderera mberi nekudzidza hunhu hwezvinhu kuitira kuti vanzwisise zvirinani pasi uye kuwana zvakanyanya kubva mairi.
Nechikonzero ichi, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze pamusoro pehukuru hukuru hwezvinhu zvezvinhu uye kukosha kwechimwe nechimwe chazvo.
Zvakajairika zvivakwa zvezvinhu
Kunyangwe ichiwanzo kugadzirwa neakasiyana makemikari zvinhu muzvikamu zvakasiyana, nyaya iripo senge ine homogeneous (zvinhu zvayo hazvigone kusiyaniswa neziso rakashama) kana heterogeneous (zvinhu zvayo zvinoonekwa zviri nyore). Uye zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwayo, maitiro ayo emuviri nemakemikari achasiyanawo.
Nenzira iyi, tinogona kutaura pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvezvinhu:
- Zvekunze kana zvakajairika. Iwo hunhu hwakagovaniswa nenyaya yese, zvisinei nekuumbwa kwayo, chimiro, kuratidzwa kana zvinoumba zvinhu. General properties haibvumiri chimwe chinhu kuti chisiyaniswe kubva kune chimwe. Zvimwe zvinhu zvekunze hukuru, vhoriyamu, huremu, uye tembiricha.
- intrinsic kana chaiyo zvimiro. Aya ndiwo anoratidza chinhu chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zvimiro zvinogona kuve zvenyama (zvimiro zvine chinhu pasina kushandura zvimiro zvayo, senge pabiring point kana density) kana kemikari (zvimiro zvinoshanduka kuumbwa kwechinhu, senge oxidation).
Hunhu hwezvakajairwa zvematter
Saka, iyo general properties yenyaya ndeiyi:
Kuwedzeredza
Maatomu maviri haambokwanisi kutora nzvimbo imwechete panguva imwe chete, saka zvinhu zvinotora imwe nzvimbo, ine mavambo nemagumo anozivikanwa. Ichi chivakwa chinonzi kuwedzera: ukuru hwechinhu, huwandu hwenzvimbo yahunotora. Iyi nzvimbo kana vhoriyamu inomiririrwa nehurefu, upamhi kana hudzamu nekukwirira kwayo.
Kuwedzerwa kunopimwa mumayuniti echinhambwe, chepamusoro kana vhoriyamu, zvichienderana nechinhu chadzidzwa. MuInternational System, zvikamu izvi mita (m), sikweya mita (m2) uye cubic mita (m3).
Masa
Kuwanda kwezvinhu ndiko kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakaunganidzwa mazviri, kureva kuti, huwandu hwezvinhu zvinovaumba. Misa inotarwa nekusaziva kwavanotaridza kana kukurumidza kunoratidzwa nemauto ari kushanda pavari, uye inoyerwa muhurongwa hwepasi rose uchishandisa mayunitsi ehuremu senge magiramu (g) kana makirogiramu (kg).
Misa haifanirwe kuvhiringwa nehuremu (vector size, yakayerwa muNewtons) kana huwandu hwenyaya (inoyerwa mumamoles).
Weight
Huremu chipimo chesimba rinoitwa negiravhiti pachinhu. Inopimwa neNewtons (N) muInternational System nekuti isimba rinoitwa nenyika pachinhu, uye ihombe yekukura ine chirevo negwara. Huremu hwechinhu hunoenderana chete nehuremu hwacho uye kusimba kwesimba regiravhiti rachinosangana nacho.
Elasticity
Ichi chivakwa chinobvumira zvinhu kuti zvidzokere kuchimiro chazvo chepakutanga (shape memory) mushure mekuiswa pasi pesimba rekunze rinovamanikidza kurasikirwa nechimiro chavo (elastic deformation). Icho chinhu chinosiyanisa elastic element kubva kune brittle elements., ndiko kuti, idzo dzinowanazve chimiro chadzo mushure mokubvisa simba rekunze kubva kune dzinopaza kuita zvidimbu zvidiki.
Inertia
Inertia (Inertia) ndiko kupikisa kwenyaya kushandura mafambiro ezvikamu zvaro pamberi pemasimba ekunze. Kana pasina simba rekunze rinoshanda pachinhu chacho. chinhu chacho chine pfuma yekuramba yakamira kana kuchengetedza kufamba kwehama.
Kune marudzi maviri einertia: mechanical inertia, iyo inoenderana nehuwandu, uye inertia yekupisa, iyo inoenderana nekupisa simba uye kupisa kwekushisa.
Vhoriyamu
Vhoriyamu ihuwandu hwe scalar hunoratidza huwandu hwenzvimbo ine mativi matatu ane chinhu chinogara. Inoyerwa mumacubic metres (m3) muhurongwa hwepasi rose uye Inoverengwa nekuwanza urefu, upamhi, uye urefu hwechinhu.
Kuoma
Kuomarara ndiko kuramba kunoitwa nechinhu kushanduko dzemuviri se kukwenya, kukwenya kana kupinda. Izvi zvinoenderana nesimba rekusunga rezvikamu zvayo. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvakaoma zvinowanzove zvisingapindiki uye zvisingashanduki, asi zvinhu zvakapfava zviri nyore kuremara.
Kuwandisa
Density zvinoreva kuhuwandu hwezvinhu zviripo muchinhu uyewo kusvika pakati pezvikamu zvacho. Naizvozvo, inotsanangurwa sehuremu hwakapatsanurwa nehuwandu hwakatorwa nehuremu. Dense zvinhu hazvipindike uye hazvina kunyanya kupinza, nepo zvitete zvinokwanisa kupfuura nekuti pane nzvimbo dzakavhurika pakati pemamorekuru awo.
Chiyero chechiyero chechiyero che density huremu pavhoriyamu kana kilogram pa cubic mita (kg/m3).
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakajairika zvematter
Ndivo vanokanganisa zvinhu, havashandure bumbiro ravo. Ndiko kuti, nyaya inoramba ichichengeta zvinhu zvayo zvepakutanga.
Solubility
Iko kugona kwechinhu kunyungudika kana yasanganiswa nemvura pane imwe tembiricha. Muenzaniso wakajeka uye wakajeka ndewe patinowedzera uye kusveta chokoreti poda mugirazi remukaka kuti tiwane chinwiwa chakapfava. Uyezve, zvinonakidza kutaura nezve zvinhu zvealuminium, sezvo izvi zvichikanganisawo kunyungudika kwayo.
Kuvira uye kutonhora
Shanduko pakati pemvura uye gaseous nyika inoitika kana mhute yekumanikidza tembiricha yemvura yakaenzana nemhepo yemhepo panzvimbo iyoyo. Ichi chiitiko chakakosha pakudzidza kwe zvinhu zveokisijeni, sezvo oxygen ichichinja mamiriro mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Kana mvura yaoma nekuda kwekuderera kwesimba. Ndiko tembiricha apo matsimba emhute emvura uye akasimba akaenzana kana mukuenzana kune simba.
magetsi uye thermal conductivity
Inodaidzwa kuti resistive capacity of matter kubvumira magetsi kupfuura. Iwo akanakisa emagetsi conductor masimbi nekuti anopa kushomeka kwekupokana nekufamba kwechaji. The conductivity yesimbi Inokanganisawo maitiro ayo conductive.
Thermal conductivity yakafanana nechekare, asi ine chekuita nekupisa. Kunonzi kugona kwechinhu kuramba kupisa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinopisa nekukurumidza uye zvinoendesa kupisa kune zvimwe zvinhu. Zvishandiso zvinofambisa magetsi zvakanaka kazhinji zvinopisa kupisa, asi isu tinogona zvakare kutaura huni, bepa, makoki, nezvimwe.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve hunhu hwezvinhu uye maitiro ayo.