Google Earth uye Mhepo Kusvibiswa: A Detailed Report
Kusvibiswa nderimwe rematambudziko akakomba atinosangana nawo nhasi, kunyanya mune dzinonzi "nyika dzakabudirira." Nepo zvakajairika kurava pamusoro pokushatisa kwose kwose, vanhu vashomanene vanomira kuti vafungisise pamusoro poukuru hweichi chinetso mumaguta nepesvedzero yacho muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Zvino, Google Earth inotipa dhata nezve kusvibiswa kwemhepo nekuda kwechibvumirano chakaitwa nekambani yeAclima, ichibvumira vagari kuti vawane ruzivo rwakanyanya nezvemhando yemhepo yavanofema. Chibvumirano ichi chakakosha, sezvo Mepu inoratidza mweya wakasviba watinofema.
Kubva payakavambwa, Google yakagadzira maapplication akagadzirirwa kupfumisa ruzivo rwemushandisi. Mienzaniso yeizvi iGoogle Mepu, iyo inoita kuti kufamba kuve nyore, uye Google browser, inozivikanwa nekureruka kwekushandisa. Google Earth inokunda munzvimbo ino, ichibvumira vashandisi kuwana chero dhorobha kana guta pasi rose. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Yakave zvakare yakanangana nekusimudzira ruzivo nezvetsvina yatinoburitsa zuva nezuva..
Sezvo tekinoroji nematanho kubva kumakambani akaita seGoogle achifambira mberi, kuziva nezvemhando yemhepo uye zvazvinoita zvinotarisirwa kuramba zvichikura, zvichikurudzira vanhu vazhinji kuti vatore matanho kunzvimbo yakachena, ine hutano kumunhu wese. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha zvichipiwa izvozvo Vanopfuura 90% yevagari vepasi vanosangana nemhepo yakasviba.
Kunyangwe kuwana iyo data kusati kwavhurika kune veruzhinji, vaongorori vanoshanda pakusvibiswa kwemhepo vanogona kukumbira kuwana kuburikidza nefomu. Kure kure, Iyo kambani yakaunganidza anopfuura bhiriyoni data mapoinzi pamhando yemhepo, iyo inovimbisa kuita kuti chirongwa ichi chive chakavimbika che data chaiyo-nguva pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwemhepo mune ramangwana.
Heino vhidhiyo:
Unoona here chirongwa chitsva ichi cheGoogle chichibatsira? Zvinofadza kufunga kuti ruzivo urwu rungashandura sei maonero nemaitiro edu maererano nekusvibiswa kwemaguta.
Mhepo yakachena yakakosha kune hupenyu hwePasi, zvisinei, Vanopfuura 90% yevagari vepasi vanosangana nemhepo yakasviba. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, Google yakashongedza mota zhinji dzeStreet View nemasensa ekusvibisa mamiriro emhepo mumigwagwa yemuguta redu. Mukubatana nevadyidzani pasi rese, vakatora zvinopfuura 500 miriyoni zviyero zvemhando yemhepo. Chinangwa ndechekuti maguta akwanise kushandisa ruzivo urwu kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo uye nekukurumidzira zvirongwa zvavo kuti ave maguta ane hutano uye akasimba. Muchokwadi, mhando yemhepo inoyerwa kuburikidza neakasiyana emhando yemhepo indices, senge iyo yakaongororwa mukati Mhepo yakachena inogona kuwedzera migumisiro yekudziya kwepasi.
Zviyero izvi zvinovavarira kuita kuti zvisingaoneki zvionekwe, kuti tigone kufema mweya wakachena uye kurarama hupenyu hune hutano.
Muenzaniso ndeyekubatana neDublin City Council, mukati mehurongwa hweSmart Dublin chirongwa, kugadzira ruzivo hyperlocal pamhando yemhepo izvo zvichabatsira guta reIrish kuwedzera ruzivo rwayo uye kutsigira zviito zvaro kuvandudza mamiriro ekunze uye hutano hweguta. Chirongwa ichi chinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemotokari yemagetsi yeGoogle Street View, Jaguar I-PACE, iyo ichaunganidza data yemhando yemhepo kwegore, ichishandisa Aclima's specialized mobile air sensing platform, inokwanisa kuyera nekuongorora zvinosvibisa zvakaita senitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO2.5), iyo carbon monoxide (CO3) inokuvadza (PMXNUMX) inokuvadza (PM) yemamiriro ekunze eXNUMX utano.
Muna Gumiguru 2019, Google yakaburitsa ruzivo rutsva rwakakosha nezvemhando yemhepo mumigwagwa muCopenhagen neLondon. Ichi chirongwa chikamu chechikamu chitsva chinodaidzwa kuti EIE Labs, uko kuchaitwa ongororo yemamiriro ekunze data seti ichashanda se zviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuisa pamberi pezviito zvemamiriro ekunze uye uzvichengete. Mepu itsva yemhando yemhepo iri kugadzirwa muCopenhagen mukubatana nehurumende yeguta nemasayendisiti kubva kuUtrecht University. Kuita izvi, data yemotokari yeGoogle Street View uye zviridzwa zvesainzi zviri kushandiswa kuyera kusvibiswa kwemhepo yemumugwagwa, zvichiratidza kuwanda kwekabhoni nhema uye zvimedu zvemhando yepamusoro pabhuroko rega rega. Copenhagen yave kutoshandisa iyi data kushandira pamwe nevagadziri vezvivakwa nevagadziri kuti vagadzirise guta remangwana.
Ultrafine particles, inozivikanwawo sePM0.1, inoyerwa pananoscale uye ine dhayamita isingasviki 0.1 micrometer. Zvinonyanya kubudiswa nemotokari uye zvinogona kupinda zvakadzika mumapapu uye muropa, zvichiita kuti kuongorora kutarisa kwavo kuve kwakanyanya kukosha mumaguta makuru.
Mamepu matsva emhando yemhepo eLondon akaburitswawo nguva pfupi yadarika, mukubatana neProjekti yeBreath London, yakatarisana ne zvimedu zvakanaka (PM2.5) uye nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inoumbwa kunyanya panguva yekushandiswa kwemafuta mumotokari, marori, uye zvidyarwa zvemagetsi, uye inobatanidza nezvinetso zvekufema, zvakadai sekuwedzera kwechirwere chechirwere uye kuderera kwemapapu. Dambudziko iri rinoenderana nezviri mukati me Iyo huruva kubva kuGobi Desert iyo inosarudza kunaka kwemhepo yeChina.
Muna Chivabvu 2019, Google yakazivisa kushandira pamwe nehurumende yeAmsterdam kuti idzidze mhando yemhepo mumigwagwa yeguta, ichishongedza mota mbiri dzeStreet View dzine masensa anoyera nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5 uye PM10), uye dema kabhoni. Masayendisiti epaUtrecht University ane chekuita nekuisa masensa aya mumotokari uye vari kushanda nehurumende yeguta neGoogle kuronga nzira dzekutyaira uye kuita ongororo yedata. Kana chikamu ichi chapera, chinangwa ndechekugovana pachena ruzivo runobatsira rwakawanikwa kuitira kuti munhu wese, kusanganisira vagari, masayendisiti, uye zviremera, vakwanise kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo.
Muna 2018, mubatanidzwa wakaziviswa nehurumende yeCopenhagen neGoogle kuti vadzidze mamiriro emhepo eguta, mugwagwa nemugwagwa. Nekushandira pamwe kwehurumende yeguta uye masayendisiti kubva kuUtrecht University, mota dzakashongedzerwa nemhepo yekuyeresa zviridzwa, neAarhus University ichitorawo chikamu muchirongwa ichi.
Pamusoro pezvo, mubatanidzwa wakaumbwa muna 2018 neEnvironment Defense Fund, iyo Greater London Authority, C40, Air Monitors, National Physical Laboratory, uye vamwe vanobatana kuendesa Breathe London Project. Mota mbiri dzeGoogle Street View dzakashongedzerwa kutyaira nemuLondon uye kuyera kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kuunganidza nekuongorora mamirioni ezviyero muna 2019.
Mugore rimwe chetero, kambani yakabatana neEnvironmental Defense Fund nevatsvakurudzi kubva kuRice University neSonoma Technology kutarisa kunaka kwemhepo munzvimbo dzeHouston. Iyi purojekiti yaisanganisira mota mbiri dzeGoogle Street View dzaitenderera muguta, dzichiona musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana wetsvina inokonzerwa nekubuda kwehutsi hunobva kumaindasitiri nekutengesa zviitiko zvakasanganiswa neizvo zvinobva kunzvimbo dzinogara vanhu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti hutano hwemhepo hunogona kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu, sezvataurwa mu Germany inosangana nemhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Muna 2017, mhedzisiro yekutanga yeprojekiti, iyo yakatanga muna 2015, yekuyera kunaka kwemhepo uchishandisa mota dzeGoogle Street View yakagovaniswa nevadyidzani. Mamepu eOakland, California, akaburitswa neEnvironmental Defense Fund, achiratidza mazinga e nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), uye black carbon, iyo inobudiswa nemotokari nezvimwe zvinhu, inokanganisa utano hwedu nenharaunda.
Black carbon particles inotorwa kubva mukushandiswa kwemafuta, kunyanya dhiziri, huni, uye marasha. Kunyanya kuratidzwa kune inosvibisa iyi kune chekuita nekurwadziwa kwemoyo, sitiroko, uye mamwe marudzi egomarara. Kuunganidzwa kwe data yemhando yemhepo neGoogle uye Aclima yakaongororwa nemasayendisiti akadai saApte et al, pamwe neEnvironmental Defense Fund. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mavara ari pamepu haafanire kuratidza ma indices emhando yemhepo. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ndapota shanya edf.org/airqualitymaps.
Vatsvakurudzi zvino vanogona kukumbira kuwana iyi data yakasimbiswa. Magazini inonzi Environmental Science & Technology inopawo mamwe mashoko pamusoro pezvinhu zvesainzi zvemepu idzi, dzakagadzirwa nechikwata chemasayendisiti chinotungamirirwa naDr. Joshua Apte weYunivhesiti yeTexas-Austin.
Google yanga ichiyedza midziyo yekuyeresa mhando yemhepo nemumwe wayo Aclima, ichitsvaga kunatsa masensa ayo kuti iwane humbowo hunoenderana nehwezviridzwa zvemurabhoritari. Mushure memakore ekutsvagisa, zvakaziviswa munaGunyana 2018 kuti chinangwa ichi chakazadzikiswa, uye sarudzo yakaitwa yekuwedzera mota dzeStreet View kugadzira mepu yemhando yemhepo pasi rose.
Pakati pechikamu chekutanga chekutsvagisa, Google neAclima vakaedza akasiyana emhando yemhando yemhepo mumotokari idzi. Mota yega yega yaive nemaseti maviri ezviridzwa: imwe ine mareferensi murabhoritari zvishandiso zvinowanzoshandiswa nehurumende kutarisa mhepo, uye imwe ine maAclima sensors. Iyi yazvino seti yakagadzirirwa kuve diki uye yakagadziridzwa yekufamba, ichibvumira kuti iiswe mumotokari zhinji. Nekushanda ese maviri seti panguva imwe chete, kuita kweAclima sensors kwakasimbiswa. Parizvino, tinokwanisa kuvimbisa kuti masensa madiki aya anogona kuiswa mumotokari makumi mashanu eStreet View.
Project Air View yakatanga muna 2014, pakaziviswa kushandira pamwe neEnvironmental Defense Fund kuti iratidze zviuru zvemapombi egasi echisikigo mumaguta eU.S. Iri zano rakaderedza kuburitswa kwemethane ne83% munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Hunhu hwemhepo hunoyerwa kuburikidza neakasiyana siyana emhando yemhando yemhepo (AQIs) yakagadzirwa nenyika kana matunhu, nenyika yega yega ine basa rekuisa data mumapoka zvichienderana nezviyero zvemuno. Izvi zvinobvumira chiyero chekusvibiswa kuti chizivikanwe zvakajeka. uye njodzi dzinobatanidzwa. Semuyenzaniso, European ICA inoona nhanhatu huru zvinosvibisa: particulate matter (PM2.5 uye PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) uye carbon monoxide (CO). Imwe neimwe indekisi inoverengwa uye inoratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana, ichipa veruzhinji kunzwisisa kuri nani kwemhando yemhepo munzvimbo dzavanogara.
Hunhu hwemhepo hunoenderana kwete chete nekubuda kwemotokari, asiwo kune mamiriro emamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro emuviri nemakemikari anosiyana kubva mudunhu nedunhu. Mafungiro emhando yemhepo akakosha kuhutano hweveruzhinji, kunyanya panguva dzekushaikwa kwemhepo, kana kumisa zviitiko zvekunze kunokurudzirwa, kunyanya kumapoka ari panjodzi. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve diurnal mutsauko mukupisa kwemhepo, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mhepo, unogona kubvunza kuchinja kwe diurnal mukupisa kwemhepo.
Idzi data dzakakosha pakugadzira mitemo yeruzhinji uye kuti maguta aite sarudzo dzine ruzivo kuvandudza hupenyu hwevagari vawo. Sezvo tekinoroji nematanho kubva kumakambani akaita seGoogle achifambira mberi, kuziva nezvemhando yemhepo uye zvazvinoita zvinotarisirwa kuramba zvichikura, zvichikurudzira vanhu vazhinji kuti vatore matanho kunzvimbo yakachena, ine hutano kumunhu wese.
