El homo neanderthalensis inozivikanwawo seNeanderthal rudzi rwevanhu hwakavandudzwa kunyanya muEurope kubva makore mazana maviri nemazana maviri ezviuru apfuura kusvika makore makumi maviri nemasere apfuura. Iyo inozivikanwa nezita reNeanderthal uye, kusiyana nemamwe marudzi eiyo genus Homo, yakanyatso kukura uye inogara kuEuropean continent.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese hunhu, mavambo uye shanduko ye homo neanderthalensis.
Kwakatangira Homo neanderthalensis
Native kuEurope, humbowo hwakawanikwa kuti hunodzika kubva kuna Heidelbergs, uyo akauya kuEurope achibva kuAfrica panguva yepakati Pleistocene. Muchirevo chekushanduka kwevanhu, pane makumi emakore ehukama naHomo sapiens, kunyange zvisiri pachena. Kuongororwa kwakazara kwemari yakawanikwa kwakaitwa uye kune kusahadzika. Chinhu chakasarudzika ndechekuti iwo marudzi maviri akasiyana, kunyange hazvo ari enhengo imwe chete, vakagara pamwe chete.
Uyu mutsauko werudzii pakati pevanhu naHomo sapiens mune yakatomical chimiro. Iko kugona kwehuropi kwakakura, kutokura kupfuura kwevanhu vemazuva ano. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei nyanzvi dzakakahadzika chikonzero chekutsakatika kwayo. Iyo yakakurumbira dzidziso inoratidza kuti vanokurirwa nenhamba dzeHomo sapiens vanobva kuAfrica.
Isu tinoziva kuti kondinendi iyi ndiyo chivakwa chevanhu, nekuti imhando yedu inoonekwa mukondinendi ino. Kubva ipapo, madzitateguru ehupenyu akawedzera kusvika kune mamwe matunhu epasi uye akautonga zvakazara. Mukuita kwekushanduka, hausi wega.
Nenzira iyi, vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana erudzi rumwe chete vanogona kuoneka muEurope. Neanderthals vane hunyanzvi hwekugona kuve hwakanyanya rudzi. Munguva yechando zera, mhando kwayakabva yaifanira kuchinja nzvimbo yayo. Nekuda kwekutonhora kwakanyanya uye kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, izvi zvakavamanikidza kuti vatamire kumaodzanyemba. Kwemazana emakore, akasiyana mamiriro ekuzviparadzanisa akakonzera kudiwa kwekuchinja uye kutungamira mukushanduka kwehominids.
Mushure menguva yechando yapera, vakatanga kufanana nemaNeanderthal. Apa ndipo pavanoshanduka kubva kune imwe mhando dzakasiyana kuenda kune imwe. Aya ndiwo maitiro ayo Homo neanderthalensis.
Vagari veiyo homo neanderthalensis
Kunyangwe yanga iripo kwenguva yakareba, haina kumbobvira yakava nevanhu vakawanda. Inofungidzirwa kuti mukati memakore mazana maviri ezviuru yairarama pasi pano, huwandu hwayo haupfuure zviuru zvinomwe. Iyi inzvimbo diki kwazvo, nekuti chero guta diki nhasi rine vagari vazhinji. Nguva ine mbiri yerudzi urwu yakaitika makore zviuru zana nemazana apfuura. Zvishandiso zvakawanikwa zvinotendera vesaenzi kuti vasimbise kuti vane hunyanzvi hwakakura hwekuvandudza njere.
Kunyangwe hazvo huwandu hwavo huri hudiki, zvisaririra zvakapararira zvakawanikwa, izvo zvinoratidza kuti vanowanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzeEuropean kondinendi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti vangadai vakasvika kuCentral Asia. Hukama pakati peNeanderthals naHomo sapiens dzimwe nguva zvinopesana nepfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka. Mamiriro azvino ezvinhu akatosiyana.
Mhando dzinoverengeka dzerudzi urwu dzakagovana ivhu kumatunhu akasiyana uye dzinogara mune mamwe matunhu. MaNeanderthal aigara muEurope, Homo sapiens aigara muAfrica uye mamwe marudzi akaita saHomo erectus akauya kumabvazuva.
Maitiro ekutsvagisa anoshandiswa kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mhando iyi anoenda kure kure mukuburitsa chitarisiko chevanhu. Iyo DNA ongororo tekinoroji. Sezvo isu tese tichiziva, Homo sapiens paakasiya Africa, Homo sapiens neNeanderthals vakagara muEurope. Asi zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve kugara kwavo pamwe chete. Kutenda kuchidzidzo chakaburitswa paNeanderthal genome, tinoziva kuti vanhu vachiri ne3% yeNeanderthal DNA. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane pairing pakati pemhando mbiri idzi, zvisinei neimwe nzira.
Kutanga kwekusanganiswa pakati pezviviri izvi kwakatora nguva yakareba kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare. Makore anokwana kuita zviuru zana apfuura, vanhu vemhando mbiri idzi vaivapo panzvimbo imwechete. Mamwe madenderedzwa esainzi achiri kukakavara nezvekutsakatika kwevaNeanderthal. Kune dzimwe dzidziso, asi hapana inogona kusimbiswa seyakarurama. Iko kubuda kwe data nyowani kunoratidzika kunge kunopfuura kupfuura iyo chaiyo iyo nguva apo mhando dzakanyangarika.
Inofungidzirwa kuti apo Europe inotanga kutonhodza zvakanyanya, inotanga kutsakatika, izvo zvinoshandura mukuderera kwezviwanikwa. Kana chiri chikonzero chekushaikwa kwake, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaratidza kuti inogona kunge iri shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yatichangobva kutaura. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti chikonzero chekutsakatika kwevaNeanderthal kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuuya kweHomo sapiens. Iyi dzidziso haina kunyatsosimbiswa, nekuti isu takaona kuti pane muchinjikwa pakati pavo.
Naizvozvo, yekupedzisira inoshanda kwazvo fungidziro yakaedzwa kuratidza ndeyekuti nhamba yeHomo sapiens iri gumi kudarika nhamba yeNeanderthals. Izvi zvakakonzera makwikwi ezve zviwanikwa uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakakanganisa maNeanderthal kwete Homo sapiens. Kuti tiite izvi, tinowedzera muchinjikwa pakati pemhando mbiri idzi, zvinoreva kutsakatika kwerudzi rwekare.
Curiosities
Pakati pezvakawanikwa zveNeanderthal zvakawanikwa, takaona kuti mamwe acho anopa ruzivo rwakakwana kuti vanzwisise hunhu hwavo. Vakajairana nechando nekuti vaifanira kurarama munzvimbo yakatariswa nenguva yechando yekupedzisira. Izvi zvinovamanikidza kuchinjika kune inotonhora zvakanyanya mamiriro ekunze kuti vararame. Mukugadzirisa uku, tinoona kuti nguva iri kupfupika. Mhino zvakare yakafara kuti utore kunhuwirira kubva kure kure. Ivo havana kumira nekukwirira kwavo nekuti yaive neavhareji kureba kwemamita 1.65.
Kunyange hazvo pakutanga zvaifungirwa izvozvo Kudya kwevaNeanderthal kwainyanya kudyaOngororo dzichangobva kuitika dzakaratidza kuti kudya kwavo kwakasiyana uye kunoenderana nharaunda. Zvinosanganisira mollusks, hove, zvisimbiso, hove dzegungwa uye shiri, pamwe nezvibereko zvakapfuma nemiriwo (ingangoita 80% yekudya kwavo).
Vanoziva moto uye vanoushandisa mukicheni, uye pharmacology yechinyakare kwazvo, iyo inosanganisira poplar bark seyakasikwa pain reliever. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti madutu ayo anoratidza imwe tsika yekudya nyama, izvo zviri pachena kuti hazvinei neyakaonda nguva.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve iyo homo neanderthalensis.