Tese tajaira kutevera kalendari yezuva asi havasi vazhinji vanoziva kwazvinobva kana zvazvinoreva. Pamusoro pekuva karenda mukati matinogona kuwana marudzi akasiyana, zviri pachena kuti yakasiyana ne Karenda yemwedzi. Iine maitiro akasiyana uye inofanirwa kutaurwa pano.
Naizvozvo, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti chii kalendari yezuva, kuti yakabva kupi uye neayo makuru maitiro.
Chii chinonzi kalendari yezuva
Karenda yezuva ndiro karenda rinotonga hupenyu hwedu. Ihurongwa hwekufambidzana hwakavakirwa pagore remwaka remazuva angangoita 365 1/4, iyo inguva inotora kuti pasi ritenderere zuva. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuti unzwisise kuti fungidziro yenguva yezuva inoenderana sei nezviitiko zvemuchadenga senge eclipses, chimwe chinhu chaunogona kuona muchinyorwa chedu pa kuora kwezuva.
VaIjipita vakaita sevakatanga kugadzira karenda rezuva. Kuonekwazve kwembwa-Sirius (Sothis) mudenga rekumabvazuva kwaiva nzvimbo yakatarwa gore negore, inopindirana nemafashamo egore negore eNairi. Vakaita karenda kwemazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu. Inosanganisira mwedzi gumi nemiviri, mazuva makumi matatu pamwedzi uye mazuva mashanu akawedzerwa pakupera kwegore, izvo zvakaita kuti karenda yaro iende zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyi calculation process yakakosha kuti unzwisise kalendari yezuva uye hukama hwayo nezviitiko zvechisikigo.
Ptolemy III Euergetes wekuEgipita akawedzera zuva pakarenda inokosha yemazuva 365 makore mana ega ega mumutemo weCanopus (237 BC) (muitiro uyu wakapinzwawo mukarenda yeSeleucid yakagamuchirwa muna 312 BC).
MuRoma Republic, Emperor Caesar muna 45 BC. Yakatsiviwa nekarenda yerepublic yeRoma ine mhirizhonga nekarenda yaJulius, iyo inogona kunge yakavakirwa pakarenda yemwedzi wechiGiriki. Karenda yaJulius inogovera mazuva 30 kana kuti mazuva 31 kumwedzi 11 kusvikira kuna February; gore rekusvetuka rinobvumirwa makore mana oga oga. Zvisinei, gare gare, karenda yaJulius yakaita kuti gore rezuva rirebe zvikuru nokuwedzera chikamu chimwe muzvina chezuva kugore; gore rezuva chairo mazuva 365.2422.
Pakazosvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi 10, nguva yokuwedzera yakanga yakonzera kukanganisa kwemazuva angangoita gumi. Kugadzirisa kukanganisa uku, Pope Gregory XIII vakagadzira karenda yaGregory muna 1582, kubva muna Gumiguru 5 kusvika 14 wegore iroro, uye vakasiya makore ekusvetuka nekuti ndeemakore zana asingagone kugovaniswa ne400, semuenzaniso, 1700, 1800 na 1900. Kubva pane zvese tsananguro dzekarenda dzakaonekwa, saka tinoona zvakare kuti pane mamwe marudzi ekarenda akaonekwa. Karenda yedu yemazuva ano yaGregory ikarenda yaGregory, asi hazvizokuvadzi kuziva kuti mamwe acho chii.
Mhando dzekarenda yezuva
Tropical solar karenda
Iyo yetropical solar karenda ikarenda inotongwa nemakore ekupisa, uye nguva yaro ingangoita mazuva 365, maawa mashanu, 5 maminetsi uye 48 masekonzi (45 mazuva). Gore rinopisa rinogona kubva muchirimo kana matsutso equinox kuenda kune rinotevera, kana kubva muzhizha kana munguva yechando kusvika kune inotevera.
Kunyange zvazvo karenda raGregorian ranhasi riine mazuva 365 mugore ramazuva ose, tinowedzera zuva rokusvetuka makore mana oga oga kuti rifambirane negore rinopisa. Pasina iyo nhamba chaiyo yemakore anosvetuka, karenda yedu inokurumidza kubuda mukuwiriranisa. Izvi zvinoitika mukarenda yaJulius nemakore akawanda akawandisa. Pakupedzisira, yakatsiviwa nekarenda yaGregory.
Izvi zvinotevera makarenda ezuva rinopisa:
- Gregorian calendar
- Calendar yaJulian
- karenda yechiHindu
- Coptic karenda
- Kalenda yeIran (Jal_li Calendar)
- Vadivelu Comedy Tamil calendar
- Thai solar karenda
Rimwe nerimwe remakarenda aya rine gore remazuva 365 uye dzimwe nguva rinowedzerwa nekuwedzera rimwe zuva kuti riite gore rinosvetuka. Iyi nzira inodaidzwa kuti "collation", apo mazuva akaiswa "anodzika". Zvakare, kune karenda yeZoroastrian, iyo ikarenda rechitendero revanozvipira veZoroaster uye fungidziro yekarenda yezuva rinopisa.
Sidereal solar makarenda
Iyo kalendari yechiBengali ndiyo yakanakisa muenzaniso weiyo stellar solar karenda. Izvi zvinowanzoita mazuva 365, pamwe nezuva rimwechete rekuita gore rekusvetuka. Mwedzi gumi nemiviri yezuva rinozivikanwa seimwe yemwaka mitanhatu (mwedzi miviri mumwaka wega wega). Mwedzi wega wega unomiririra boka renyeredzi chairo.
Rudzi urwu rwekarenda Anoshandiswa kuuka uye ane zvaanoreva zvakakosha muzvitendero zvakasiyana. Iyi karenda inogonawo kushandisa mwedzi wemwedzi. Nekudaro, iyo karenda yeBengali inonziwo kalendari yemwedzi-zuva.
Aya anotevera ari sidereal solar makarenda:
- Vadivelu Comedy Bengali calendar
- Sanskrit karenda
- Malaysian calendar
Misiyano kubva pakarenda yemwedzi
Takaona kuti karenda rezuva rinobva pakufamba kwezuva uye rinonyanya kuzivikanwa nevanhu. Asi haisiriyo chete karenda, kunyange isu tinofanirawo kutaura nezvekarenda yemwedzi, iyo inodzorwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemwedzi. Nenzira iyi, karenda rezuva rakasiyana zvakanyanya nekarenda yemwedzi, iyo inoshandisa mwedzi kuverenga mwedzi. Kunyangwe makarenda maviri aya achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuyera mwedzi, ese anogona kutibatsira kurodha nguva nemazvo uye kutonga hupenyu hwedu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, musiyano unonyanya kuoneka pakati pekarenda yemwedzi nekarenda yezuva ndiyo mitumbi yemudenga inoshandiswa kuyera kufamba kwenguva. Karenda yemwedzi inoshandisa chikamu chemwedzi kuyera nguva. Kazhinji, mwedzi ndiyo nguva iri pakati pemwedzi mutsva nemwedzi mutsva. Nguva inodiwa kuti pasi ritenderere zuva igore rimwe chete rinotenderera zuva.
Karenda rezuva rinowanzoyera nguva iri pakati pe vernal equinoxes. Nokuti zvinotora mwedzi panguva imwe chete kuti utenderere pasi, mwedzi unogara uchiratidza chiso chimwe chete panyika. Ndosaka kumwe kunyanyisa kwayo kusati kwamboonekwa. Mwedzi mutsva unooneka mazuva ese 29,5. Vazivi venyeredzi vanodana nguva iri pakati pemwedzi mutsva kuti mwedzi unowirirana.
Makarenda ese emwedzi anogadzirwa nevanhu anobva pamwedzi inopindirana, kwete mwedzi yatinogona kuwana mukarenda yezuva. Kutaura zvazviri, karenda yezuva yakasimbiswa semwedzi watinowanzoshandisa nguva dzose, kusiyana nekarenda yemwedzi, iyo Inonyanya kushandiswa kune zvirimwa uye esoteric zvidzidzo.
Sezvauri kuona, kune misiyano yakawanda pakati pemwedzi nemazuva makarenda. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvazvo kalendari yezuva, maitiro ayo uye kwaakabva.
