Rimwe rematambudziko makuru nhasi kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Asi, pasina kurerutsa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze atiri kusangana nawo, chokwadi ndechekuti kwavepo kuchinja kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yePasi izvo zvave nemavambo akasiyana pane aya. Zvisinei, inogona kupa ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pezvino.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti shanduko huru yemamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yepasi ndeyei uye kuti yakakosha sei.
Mhando dzekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze
Tisati tatanga kugadzira mabhuku, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze chii. Kunyatso, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunotsanangurwa sechinjo huru mukuumbwa kwemamiriro ekunze anopfuurira kwenguva yakareba (kubva pamakumi emakore kusvika kumazana emakore).
Kune chikamu chayo, kwakave nekushanduka kwakawanda mumamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yePasi, uye ivo vakadzidzwa mupaleoclimatology, sainzi inotarisira kudzidza maitiro emamiriro ekunze ePasi nekufamba kwenguva. Zvichakadaro, kutaura zvakanyanya, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri:
- Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwakapfuura: Kutevedzana kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoratidzwa nekutonhora nekudziya kwemafungu.
- Ikozvino shanduko yemamiriro ekunze: inoratidzirwa nekukwira kweavhareji yetembiricha pasi rose.
Pamavambo eNyika, Makore mabhiriyoni 4600 apfuura, zuva raibudisa mwaranzi shoma pane nhasi uye tembiricha yekuenzanisa yaive -41 °C. Naizvozvo tinogona kufungidzira kutonhora kukuru kweichi nhanho, uye naizvozvo, upenyu hwakamuka gare gare hwakanga husingabviri panguva iyoyo.
Kuchinja kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yePasi
Nekuda kwezvidzidzo zve glaciers uye sediments yegungwa, zvakagumiswa kuti pane imwe nguva munhoroondo yemamiriro ekunze apo huwandu hwakanyanya hwemagasi egreenhouse akanyorwa, kusanganisira. carbon dioxide uye methane mumhepo, iyo inoratidza nguva ye hypermodern.
Pakati pemigumisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uku, tinogona kuratidza kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekushisa, kuwedzera kwemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa akadai sekusanaya kwemvura nemafashama, zvichienderana nekukura kwenyika, kukwira kwemvura yegungwa, kudzikira kweaizi nemafashamu. kuwedzera kwekushisa kwemvura uye kuchinja kwebiogeochemical cycles. Zvese izvi zvinokanganisa zvipenyu nemhando dzezvipenyu dzine huwandu hwevanhu vashoma kana kubudirira zvakanyanya, zvichienderana nehunhu hwadzo, asi mhando dzakawanda dzakakanganiswa dzakatotsakatika.
oksijeni mumhepo
Nekuuya kwecyanobacteria kwakauya aerobic photosynthesis, iyo nzira iyo zvipenyu zvinogadzirisa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi uye kuburitsa okisijeni. Pasati pave necyanobacteria, pakanga pasina okisijeni yemahara mumhepo. Nekuda kweichi chokwadi, kuwanda kwekabhoni dioxide mumhepo kunoderera uye zvipenyu zveaerobic zvinoonekwa.
Jurassic Maximum
Nyika yese yaive munguva yekupisa kwemamiriro ekunze, uye ipapo madhinosaurs akaonekwa. Kukwira kwetembiricha yepasi rose kunofungidzirwa kuti kunokonzerwa nekuwanda kwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi inobuditswa mumhepo nekukurumidzisa kukukurwa kwematombo.
Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare se Early Eocene Thermal Maximum kana Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Uku kuwedzera kwekushisa kwakamwe kamwe, kunyanya kuwedzera kamwe kamwe kweavhareji yetembiricha yePasi ne6°C (anenge makore 20.000 XNUMX, inova nguva pfupi zvikuru yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose). Izvi zvakakonzera shanduko mukutenderera kwegungwa nemhepo, uye zvakakonzera kutsakatika kwemarudzi mazhinji. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, yakaratidza kupera kwePaleocene uye kutanga kweEocene.
Pleistocene Ice Age
Imwe shanduko yakakosha yemamiriro ekunze munhoroondo ndeye glaciation, nguva iyo avhareji tembiricha yepasi rose inodonha nekudaro aizi yekondinendi, mazaya echando uye mazaya echando anowedzera. Inofungidzirwa kuti kwave kune 4 Great Ice Ages munguva yakapfuura, yekupedzisira iyo yaiva Pleistocene Ice Age. Zvinotendwa kuti vakatanga panguva yeQuaternary, kureva kuti, kubva 2,58 miriyoni makore apfuura kusvika nhasi.
Maunder mashoma
Inopindirana nenguva yakavharwa pakati pa1645 na1715 apo mavara ezuva pamusoro pezuva akapotsa anyangarika zvachose. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zuva rinoburitsa mwaranzi shoma uye nekudaro inguva yekutonhora.
Zvinotendwa kuti kune nhanhatu solar minima yakafanana neiyi, kutanga nehushoma hweEgypt muna 1300 BC. C., kusvika kwekupedzisira, hushoma hweMaunder. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, mhedzisiro inonyanya kukosha ndeyekudonha kwakanyanya kwekushisa kwepasirese, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvipenyu hazvienderane nekutonhora nekufamba kwenguva, kuderera kwakanyanya kwehuwandu hwevanhu, izvo zvinokanganisa zvisikwa zvese, uye kunyangwe kutsakatika kwemamwe marudzi.
kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ikozvino
Ikozvino kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kune chekuita nekuwedzera kweavhareji tembiricha yepasirese, inowanzonzi kudziya kwepasirese. Nepo izwi rekuti kudziya kwepasi richifunga nezvekuwedzera kwekushisa uye fungidziro yavo yeramangwana, Pfungwa yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze inosanganisira kudziya kwepasi uye kukanganisa kwayo kune mamwe mamiriro ekunze.
Kusiyana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze apfuura, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwemazuva ano kunongokonzerwa nevanhu, ndiko kuti, kunokonzerwa nemabasa evanhu. Kubva paChimurenga cheMaindasitiri, vanhu vakashandisa mafuta efossil kumabasa avo, izvo zvakonzera kuwedzera kwekusangana kwemagasi egreenhouse mumhepo. Kunyanya, magasi aya anoita semagreenhouses uye anochengeta kupisa muPasi, kutaura zvazviri, pasina huvepo hwayo mumhepo, tembiricha yePanyika ingangoita -20°C.
Nokudaro, kunyanya kuwanda kwemagasi egreenhouse mumhepo kunowedzera, kunowedzera tembiricha yePanyika, ndosaka tichiti kudziya kwepasirese. Avhareji yetembiricha yepasi rose inofungidzirwa kuti yakawedzera ne 1,1°C zvichienzaniswa neavhareji yekushisa kwepasirese pre-industrial.
Kuve munhu uye shanduko huru yemamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yePasi
Makore 15.000 apfuura, Homo sapiens yakanga yapararira pasi rose. Zvirinani, kune idzo nzvimbo dzisina kufukidzwa nechando chisingaperi. Zvisinei, kupera kweGreat Ice Age yekupedzisira, Ice Age, kwakaunza shanduko huru kumarudzi edu. Mumireniyamu yaiperekedza kuchinja kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze, vanhu vakarega kuva vatama-tama, vavhimi-vavhimi, uye vakatanga kugara.
Muchidzidzo chakaburitswa mukupera kwegore rapfuura nemaYunivhesiti eAlicante neAlgarve, akaongorora kuti shanduko iyi yakaitika sei muAtlantic façade yeIberian Peninsula. Kutsvaga kwekudya kwakatanga kuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu venzvimbo yakayambuka Duero, Guadiana negungwa. Kune zvakawanda uye zvakawanda zvekudya zvekusarudza kubva.
Panewo kuchinja-chinja kumashure kwekukwira kwekushisa. Panguva inonzi chiitiko chemamiriro ekunze 8200, tembiricha yePasi yakadzika pakati pe2 ne4 degrees Celsius. Sezvinoratidzwa neYunivhesiti yeAlicante, pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic, kutonhora uku kunoperekedzwa nekushanduka kwemafungu egungwa. Kamwe kamwe, muromo weRwizi rweTagus, urwo rwunosvika nhasi kuLisbon neruwa rwayo, uzere nezvinovaka muviri uye nemhando dzemhuka dzinodyiwa, izvo zvakonzera kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwezviwanikwa zvemumvura. kuputika kwevanhu uye kubuda kwekutanga kwekugara kwakagadzikana.
MaRepublic nehumambo hazvina kudzivirirwa kushanduka
Tsvaga zvisaririra, decipher zvinosara, unganidza zvisaririra zvemamiriro ekunze ekare... Rkuronda maronda ekare kwakaoma. Zvisinei, nokugadzirwa kwokunyora, kunyanya papyrus nematehwe, zvinhu zvose zvakachinja. Ipapo ndipo pakatanga kutaura nhoroondo nezveramangwana. Kana tichida kuziva zvakaitika kuGirisi yekare kana kuti Umambo hweRoma hwakanyangarika sei, tinofanira kungoiverenga.
Makumi emakore ekupedzisira eRepublic yeRoma akaratidzirwa nekusagadzikana kwevanhu. Kurwisana kwezvematongerwe enyika kwakatevera kuurayiwa kwaJulius Caesar kwakapa nzvimbo kuHumambo, kwakabatana nenguva yechando, goho risina kunaka uye nzara mune dzinenge nharaunda dzose dzaidzorwa neRoma. Aya data anongozivikanwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakachengetwa kubva ipapo. Pakati pemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, nzara uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu zvakaisa chipikiri chekupedzisira mubhokisi republic.
Ikozvino tava kuzivawo 43 na 42. C. ndiyo inotonhora zvikuru mumakore 2500 apfuura. Chidzidzo chakaburitswa muna Chikunguru 2020 chakabatanidza kutonhora uku nekuputika kukuru kuviri pane yave kunzi Alaska's Okmok volcano. Madota ayo aivhara zuva kwemakore anoverengeka, zvichiita kuti kutonhora kwakawanda muNorthern Hemisphere; mafambiro emvura akachinjawo.
Humambo hwakamuka pashure pokuwa kweRoma hahuna kukwanisa kunzvenga kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Muzana ramakore rechitatu renguva yedu, nharaunda yeFayoum yeEgypt yakanga iri dura reRoma, uye Rwizi rwaNire rwakadiridza nzvimbo huru yekurima yeumambo hwacho. Zvisinei, mugore ra260 d. C., zvirimwa zvakatanga kukundikana uye kugadzirwa kwezviyo kwakachinjwa kuva kupfuwa kwembudzi, idzo dzakanga dzisingamiri zvikuru. Kunetsana pakuwanikwa kwemvura kwave kuitika, uye kuderera kwegoho kwakakonzerawo kuderedzwa kwemitero uye kutamira kukuru kuchamhembe. Mumakore akawanda, nzvimbo yacho inenge isina vanhu.
Zvakare, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ndiwo mavambo ezvose. Mukati memakore iwayo, chimwe chiitiko (chisati chazivikanwa, kunyange zvazvo chingave chave chiri kumwe kuputika kwegomo) chakachinja chimiro chemonsoon dzinopa mvura kumvura inotangira Nairi gore negore. Shanduko yacho yakangoerekana yavapo (maererano neongororo yakabudiswa muna Mbudzi), zvichikonzera kusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya.
Kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze hakusi kunguva yedu chete, kunyange zvazvo kukurumidza kwekuchinja kuri kuitika uye zvikonzero zvacho. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaumba nhoroondo yedu. Zvidzidzo zvakaunganidzwa kwezviuru zvemakore nezvemhedzisiro yedambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Hungu, zvinhu zvasiyana zvikuru nhasi. Kekutanga, takatarisana nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze, tinoona richiuya uye tinogona kuzvimisa. Haigadziriswi nekuchinja kwekuputika kwemakomo kana mafungu egungwa. Ivo ndiHomo sapiens ivo pachavo vanoyedza kugona kwavo kujairana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve shanduko huru yemamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yePasi.
