Ukobvu hwe ozone layer: zviyero, kusiyanisa, uye kukosha kwayo

Iyo ozone layer ndeimwe yeanonyanya kunakidza uye akakodzera misoro mune yazvino sainzi yezvakatipoteredza. Kunyangwe pekutanga kuona ingaite sechinhu chakachengeterwa masayendisiti uye meteorologists, ukobvu hwayo, kusiyana kwayo uye kukosha kwekuchengetedza kwayo. zvine zvazvinoreva zvakananga paupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwedu tose. Kubva padziviriro kubva pamwaranzi yeultraviolet kusvika pakukanganisa kwayo hutano hwevanhu uye zvipenyu, kunzwisisa ozone layer kwakakosha pakuongorora njodzi kupasi uye mhinduro dzatingaite.

Mumitsetse inotevera, iwe uchanyura mune yakazara yakazara chimiro cheiyo ozone layer, kuyerwa nekutariswa kwairi kuitwa, kutyisidzira kukuru kwekuvimbika kwayo, shanduko yenhoroondo yenyika yayo, uye kubudirira - uye matambudziko asara - mukudzivirira kwayo. Pamusoro pekuongorora mabhesi esainzi, iwe uchaona kuti misiyano inoitika sei nekufamba kwenguva uye nzvimbo, ndeapi maturusi anoshandiswa kuayera uye, pamusoro pezvose, sei kuchengetedza iyi gasi layer. kwakakosha pakuenderera mberi kwehupenyu paPasi.

Chii chinonzi ozone layer uye nei ichikosha?

Iyo ozone layer inzvimbo yemhepo yePasi, inowanikwa zvakanyanya mu stratosphere, umo mumhepo yakawanda ozone yakanyura. Iri gasi, rine chimiro chemakemikari chinonzi O₃, inoumbwa nemaatomu matatu eokisijeni uye ine zvimiro zvakasiyana zvinoisiyanisa kubva kune yakajairika oxygen (O₂).

Inosvika pakati pemakiromita gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi mana kubva pamusoro pePasi penyika, ichisvika pakusangana kwayo kwakanyanya kutenderera makiromita makumi maviri nemashanu. Zvisinei, dai ozone yose iri mu stratosphere yakatsikirirwa kudzvinyiriro ye ambient, yaizoita danga rakatetepa zvikuru riri pakati pe 15 ne 40 millimeters gobvu, chokwadi chinoshamisa tichifunga nezvebasa rayo rinokosha rokudzivirira.

Basa guru reozone layer ndere kusefa uye kutora yakawanda yemwaranzi yeultraviolet (UV-B uye UV-C) inobva kuZuva. Pasina iyi mhinganidzo yechisikigo, mwaranzi inokuvadza yaizosvika pasi pePasi isingadzivisiki, ichikonzera migumisiro inoparadza: kuwedzera kwezvirwere zvakadai segomarara reganda uye cataract, kukuvadzwa kwechirimwa, kukuvadzwa kuupenyu hwemugungwa, uye kuvhiringika kwezvipenyu zvepanyika nomumvura.

Kuvapo chaiko kwehupenyu paPasi, sezvatinozviziva, zvinoenderana neichi chidziviriro chegasi chakapfava. Naizvozvo, chero shanduko yakakodzera mukukora kana kuumbwa kwayo ine simba rakananga pane zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu.

Kuumbwa uye kuparadzwa kwe stratospheric ozone

Kuumbwa uye kuparadzwa kweozone mu stratosphere inzira ine simba, mhedzisiro yemakemikari akaomarara uye emuviri zviyero zvinofambiswa zvakanyanya ne solar ultraviolet mwaranzi.

Ozone inogadzirwa kana UV mwaranzi ine wavelength ipfupi kupfuura 240 nm inorova mamorekuru eokisijeni (O.₂). Iri simba "rinopwanya" mamorekuru, kupatsanura maatomu, ayo anobva abatana nemamwe mamorekuru eokisijeni kuumba ozone (O.₃) Iyi nzira yakatsanangurwa naSydney Chapman muna 1930 uye inozivikanwa seChapman Cycle.

Kuita kwakakosha kunogona kupfupikiswa sezvizvi: chiedza chezuva chinopwanya molecular oxygen kuita maatomu ega ega, uye aya maatomu anozobatana zvakare neO.₂ kugadzira ozone (O₃). Ozone, zvakare, inogona kuparadzwa neyakadzika yakasarudzika UV mwaranzi, ichiburitsa molecular oxygen uye maatomu eokisijeni. Uku kuita seri neseri inochengetedza kuenzana kwechisikigo kwe ozone layer, chero pasina mhirizhonga yekunze.

Zvimwe zvikonzero, sekuvapo kwema halogenated compounds (semuenzaniso, chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, uye halons) kana kuwedzera nitrogen oxide (NOx) zvirimo, zvinogona kutyaira zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa kuparadzwa kweozone.

Munzvimbo dzepasi, kunyanya panguva yechirimo cheAntarctic, izvo zvatinoziva se "ozone hole" zvinoitika. Munzvimbo idzi, zvinhu zvakadai sekushisa kwakadzika, kuumbwa kwepolar stratospheric clouds, uye kuunganidza kwehalogenated compounds kunobatsira, zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kukuru, kwemwaka kwemwaka.

Ecological uye hutano kukosha

Basa re ozone layer mukuchengetedza hupenyu rakakosha uye haritsivike. Nekutora anopfuura 97% ye UV-B mwaranzi uye anenge ese UV-C, inodzivirira mwero unouraya wemwaranzi yezuva kuti usasvike pamusoro pePasi. Nenzira iyi, iyo layer inodzivirira zvisikwa zvipenyu kubva:

• Gomarara reganda: Kusangana nemwaranzi isina kusefa yeUV kunowedzera njodzi ye melanomas nemamwe mamota eganda.
• Cataract uye kukuvara kwemaziso: Mwaranzi yeUV inogona kukonzera kukomba kwemaziso, kunyange kutungamirira kuupofu.
• Immunosuppression: Pane humbowo hwekuti kuwedzera kuratidzwa kuUV-B kunoderedza kushanda kwemasoja ezvirwere muvanhu nemhuka.
• Kuchinja kune ecosystems: Kuderedzwa kweiyo layer kunogona kukanganisa photosynthesis uye kushandura cheni dzechikafu mumakungwa, madziva, nzizi nemasango.
• Agricultural impact: Kuwedzera mwaranzi kunokanganisa kubereka kwezvirimwa uye kunaka.

Iyo ozone layer inoitawo basa rakakodzera mukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kubvira nekutora UV mwaranzi, inobatsira mukudziya kwe stratosphere uye inogadzirisa tembiricha yepasi rose.

Ko ukobvu nekudzika kwe ozone layer kunoyerwa sei?

"Kukora" kweozone layer hakuratidzwi sehukobvu hwemuviri hwakananga, asi sechiyero chehuwandu hweozone iripo pamwe nembiru yakatwasuka yemhepo. Iyo yakajairwa fomu iDobson Unit (DU), inomiririra huwandu hweozone iyo, yakatsikirirwa pasi pemamiriro akajairwa ekumanikidza uye tembiricha, yaizogadzira layer 0,01 mm gobvu.

Avhareji yepasi rose kukosha kweozone mumhepo inoonekwa seyakatenderedza 300 DU, kunyangwe paine misiyano zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye mwaka wegore.. Semuenzaniso, pamatanda (kunyanya panguva yeAntarctic spring) maitiro anogona kudonha pasi pe150-220 DU panguva ye ozone hole episode.

Kuyera kunoitwa kuburikidza nemidziyo chaiyo:

• Dobson uye Brewer Spectrophotometers: Iwo maoptical midziyo inoyera ultraviolet mwaranzi kubva kuZuva isati yapfuura uye mushure mekupfuura nepakati pemhepo. Nokudaro, huwandu hwe ozone mumutsara hunoverengwa.
• Ozone probes: Iwo mabharumu emamiriro ekunze akashongedzerwa nemasensor ayo, sezvaanokwira, anorekodha data pane ozone concentrations zvichienderana nekukwirira.
• Satellite yemamiriro ekunze: Akashongedzerwa nema sensors epamberi, anogonesa mepu yepasi rose uye kuongorora kwenhoroondo yekugovera uye kushanduka kwe ozone layer.

Meteorological uye nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzakadai seState Meteorological Agency (AEMET) muSpain, kana Izaña Observatory muCanary Islands, mareferensi epasirese mukutarisisa kwemuchadenga ozone.. Aya masangano anoshanda munetiweki, achigovana data pasi rose uye kufambisa chaiyo-nguva ongororo yemamiriro eiyo layer.

Ukobvu kusiyana: zvakasikwa uye anthropogenic zvikonzero

Ukobvu uye kusungirirwa kweiyo ozone layer inosiyana zvakajairika mukati megore, pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye zvakare nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakakonzerwa nevanhu.

Zvikonzero zvakasikwa zvinosanganisira:

• Latitude uye mwaka: Matunhu ePolar anowanzo kurekodha akaderera kukosha muchirimo nekuda kweiyo chaiyo photochemical maitiro. Matunhu eEquatorial, anogamuchira yakakura UV mwaranzi, anoona yakakura kugadzirwa kweozone.
• Basa rezuva: Kuchinja kwemwaranzi yezuva, kutenderera kwezuva, uye kuputika kunokanganisa kugadzirwa uye kuparadzwa kwe ozone.
• Meteorological process: Mafungu epuraneti, polar vortices uye zvimwe zviitiko zvekutenderera kwemhepo zvinopesvedzera kugoverwa uye kutakura kwe stratospheric ozone.
• Kuputika kwemakomo: Iyo ejection yezvimedu uye magasi inogona kudzoreredza nguva ozone nenzira dzinoverengeka dzemakemikari.

Dambudziko guru rekuenzanisa kwe ozone layer inobva mumabasa evanhu.. Kuenderera mberi kwekushandisa uye kubuda kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 kwemakemikari ane halogenated, kunyanya maCFC nemahaloni, Ivo vane mhosva yekukurumidzira kurasikirwa kweozone munzvimbo huru dzepasi.

Zvinhu izvi, kana zvangoburitswa mumhepo, zvinogona kutora makore kuti zvisvike ku stratosphere, uko mwaranzi yeUV inoaparadza, ichiburitsa yakanyanya kuita chlorine nemaatomu ebromine. Aya maatomu Vanoparadza ozone kuburikidza necatalytic reactions umo molecule imwe inogona kubvisa kusvika ku100.000 O mamorekuru.₃ isati yave neutralized.

Maitiro ekuparadza ozone nema halogenated compounds

Catalytic ozone kuparadzwa neklorini uye brominated komisheni ndiyo inonyanya kukosha nzira yekuderera kweozone mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Mamorekuru anokonzeresa kunyanya chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, kabhoni tetrachloride uye methyl chloroform, pakati pevamwe.

Iyo huru nzira ndeyokuti, mushure mekusvika kune stratosphere, zvinhu izvi zvinopinda photolysis nekuda kwe UV mwaranzi, kuburitsa chlorine kana bromine maatomu. Zvadaro, ivo vanotora chikamu mukuita cyclic ne ozone:

• Atomu yeklorini inopindirana neozone molecule, ichiita chlorine monoxide (ClO) uye molecular oxygen.
• Chlorine monoxide inopindirana neatomu reokisijeni, yoburitsa chlorine zvakare nekuvhara kutenderera.

Saizvozvowo, mishonga yebrominated, yakadai sehaloni uye methyl bromide, inotevera nzira dzakafanana uye, chaizvoizvo, inotonyanya kushanda pakuparadza ozone. Atomu rimwe rebromine rinogona kushanda zvakapetwa ka45 pane imwe yechlorine.

Maitiro acho anowedzerwa munzvimbo dzepolar munguva yechando nechirimo, nekuda kwekuvapo kwepolar stratospheric makore. Makore aya anopa huso hwemakomboni asingashande kuti ashanduke kuva marudzi anoshanda zvikuru, akagadzirira kuparadza ozone kana mwaranzi yezuva yadzoka pakupera kwechando.

Iyo ozone hole phenomenon

Iyo "ozone hole" inoreva dunhu - kunyanya pamusoro peAntarctica - uko yakazara ozone yemukati inowira pasi pe220 DU panguva yechirimo cheaustral (Nyamavhuvhu kusvika Mbudzi).

Chiitiko ichi chakatanga kuonekwa mu70s uye 80s kuburikidza nemunda uye satellite yekutarisa. Kuonekwa kwayo nekushanduka-shanduka kwakabatana ne:

• Kuparadzaniswa kweAtmospheric kubva kune polar vortex: Munguva yechando chiri kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, jet stream inoparadzanisa mhepo yeAntarctic kubva kune imwe nyika yose, zvichiita kuti tembiricha yakaderera iungane uye makore anotenderera kumativi ose enyika kuti aumbe.
• Kuvapo kwehalogenated compounds: Izvi zvinoshandura, pamusoro pemakore epakati penyika, kuita zvimiro zvinokurumidza kuita zvinotanga kuparara kwakanyanya panongobuda chiedza chezuva.

Nzvimbo yegomba re ozone yasvika kupfuura 25-29 miriyoni mativi emakiromita mune mamwe makore, kanopfuura kaviri nzvimbo yepasi peAntarctic continent. Kunyange zvazvo chiitiko ichi chakanyanya kukwira pamusoro peAntarctica, zvikamu zvisinganyanyi kutaurwa zvakaonekwawo muArctic.

Kukanganisa kwechiitiko ichi kwave kunyanya kunetsa munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba seArgentina neChile, uko kwakawedzera mwaranzi yeultraviolet yakakonzera chenjedzo dzehutano, kukuvara kwezvirimwa, uye kukuvadza kumhuka dzesango.

Historical evolution, kuongorora uye kupora

Kubva zvakatanga zviratidzo zvekukurumidzira kuparadzwa muma70, nharaunda yesainzi yepasi rose, masangano ehurumende, uye masangano emarudzi akawanda vakawedzera kutarisisa kwavo nekudzidza mamiriro eozone layer.

Monitoring inoitwa kuburikidza ne:

• Networks ye spectrophotometers uye ozone probes: Kuparadzirwa pasirese, vanounganidza data munguva chaiyo uye vari chikamu chemubatanidzwa wepasi rose seWorld Ozone uye UV Data Center (WOUDC).
• Satellite yemamiriro ekunze: Ivo vanobvumira kutarisisa kwepasirese uye kwakadzama kweiyo layer, kuona mafambiro, mwaka anomalies, uye shanduko yemakomba ozone.
• Nzvimbo dzekutsvagira nzvimbo: Kufanana neIzaña Observatory (Spain), inotungamira macalibration mishandirapamwe uye yekucheka-kumucheto tekinoroji mukuyera ozone.

Spain inomira kunze muEurope nekuda kwetiweki yayo yezviridzwa uye maitirwo, senge kutungamira iyo EUBREWNET network, yakazvipira kupa inowirirana, yemhando yepamusoro data pane ozone uye UV mwaranzi. Pamusoro pezvo, ine zviteshi zvekuyeresa zvinopfuura makumi maviri neshanu uye ultraviolet index yekufungidzira system yemanisipala ese enyika.