Sezvatakaona muchinyorwa pamusoro zvidimbu zvemukati mePasi, kune mana epasi epasi masisitimu: Denga, iyo biosphere, iyo hydrosphere uye geosphere. Mukati meiyo geosphere isu tinowana akasiyana matete ayo nyika yedu inoumbwa. Mwana wevanhu akaedza kudzamisa nenzira dzekushandisa kuti akwanise kudzidza izvo zviri pasi petsoka dzedu. Zvisinei, isu takangokwanisa kupinda makiromita mashoma. Yeapuro, isu takangobvarura ganda rayo rakaonda.
Kuti tikwanise kudzidza zvimwe zvese zvemukati mePasi tinofanira kushandisa nzira dzisiri pachena. Nenzira iyi, zvave zvichikwanisika kusvika pamhando mbiri dzinotsanangura kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvePasi zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwezvinhu uye nemasimba anotevera. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine static modhi umo matanda ePasi anoumbwa ne: Goko, jasi uye musimboti. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine iyo inesimba modhi iyo matanda ePasi ari: Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere uye endosphere.
Static modhi
Tichiongorora iyo static modhi zvishoma, tinoona kuti pasi kukamurwa kwakakamurwa kuita kondinendi yakakura uye kugungwa kwegungwa. Iyo Continental crust ine zvinhu zveyakasiyana kuumbwa uye zera, nepo oceanic crust yakati wandei uye idiki. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvekuti makomo akaumbwa sei, unogona kubvunza kuumbwa kwemakomo.
Isu zvakare tine yepasi mantle iyo yakawanda yakawanda yunifomu mavari convection mazaya. Uye pakupedzisira, musimboti wePasi, wakaumbwa nesimbi uye nickel uye unoratidzwa nekuwanda kwayo uye tembiricha.
Dynamic modhi
Isu tichatarisa pane iyo dynamic modhi. Sezvatakambotaura kare, maererano neiyo ine simba modhi mativi ePasi ari lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere uye endosphere. Nhasi tichataura zvakadzama nezve lithosphere.
Kwayaka: https://tectonicadeplacasprimeroc.wikispaces.com/02.+MODEL+EST%C3%81TICO+DEL+INTERIOR+DEL+INTERIOR+DE+LA+TERRA
Lithosphere
Iyo lithosphere inoumbwa neicho chingave chiri mune iyo static modhi kutenderera kwePasi uye jasi rekunze rePasi. Chimiro chayo chakanyanya kuoma uye chine ukobvu hunosvika 100 km. Kuoma kwayo pakadzika kwakadaro kunozivikanwa nekuti kumhanya kwemafungu ekudengenyeka kunogara kuchiwedzera nekudzika. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuumbwa kwayo, unogona kubvunza isostasy uye kuderera.
Mu lithosphere, tembiricha uye kudzvanywa zvinosvika kukosha izvo zvinobvumira matombo kunyungudika pane dzimwe nzvimbo. Uyezve, iwe unogona kudzidza nezve zvikamu zvekudengenyeka kwepasi mukati zvikamu zvekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekukura kune iyo lithosphere, tinoisiyanisa mumhando mbiri:
- Continental lithosphere: Ndiyo lithosphere iyo inoumbwa necontinent crust uye nechokunze chikamu chejasi repasi. Mariri makondinendi, masisitimu emakomo, nezvimwe. Ukobvu hwacho hunongoita makiromita zana nemakumi maviri uye ndewezera rekare rejogirauri sezvo kuine matombo ayo anopfuura makore mazana matatu nemazana masere.
- Oceanic lithosphere: Iyo inoumbwa neyegungwa gungwa uye jasi rekunze repasi. Ivo vanogadzira pasi pegungwa uye vakaonda kupfuura iyo kondinendi lithosphere. Ukobvu hwayo i65 km. Iyo inoumbwa kazhinji yemabasalts uye mairi mune mahombekombe egungwa. Aya ndiwo mitsara yemakomo pazasi pegungwa umo ukobvu hunongova makiromita manomwe chete.
Kwayaka: http://www.aula2005.com/html/cn1eso/04lalitosfera/04lalitosferaes.htm
Iyo lithosphere inogara pane asthenosphere iyo ine yakasara yePasi yekunze mantle. Iyo lithosphere yakakamurwa kuita akasiyana lithospheric kana tectonic mahwendefa anofamba achienderera. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve mahwendefa, unogona kuverenga nezvazvo tectonic plate kumativi.
Dzidziso ye Continental Drift
Kusvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, zviitiko zvepanyika zvakaita semakomo anoputika, kudengenyeka kwenyika uye zvakapetwa zvaive chokwadi chakange chisina tsananguro. Pakanga pasina nzira yekutsanangura chimiro chemakondinendi, kuumbwa kwematanho nemakomo, nezvimwe. Kubva muna 1910 nekuda kweGeologist yeGerman Alfred wegener, iyo yakakurudzira iyo dzidziso ye Continental Drift, zvaive zvichikwanisika kupa tsananguro uye nekugona kurondedzera zvese izvi pfungwa nemifungo.
Dzidziso iyi yakakurudzirwa muna 1912 ikatambirwa muna 1915. Wegener akafungidzira kuti makondinendi ari kufamba achitevedzera bvunzo dzakasiyana.
- Geological bvunzo. Dzaive dzakavakirwa pakubatana pakati pezvimiro zve geological kumativi ese eAtlantic Ocean. Kureva kuti chimiro chemakondinendi chinoita sechinopindirana sezvo vaimbove pamwe chete. Kondinendi yepasi rose iyo yaimbove yakabatana uye yaigara marudzi ese emaruva nemhuka papasi yakanzi Pangea. Iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve chiitiko ichi nekubvunza.
Makondinendi anokwana pamwe chete. Kwayaka: http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/4ESO/MedioNatural1I/contente2.htm
- Paleontological humbowo. Miedzo iyi yakaongorora kuvepo kwezvakanyanya kufanana zvisaririra nemhuka munzvimbo dzekondinendi idzo parizvino dzakaparadzaniswa nemakungwa. Mukuwedzera, pane misiyano pakati pezvitsuwa zvinoputika uye zvitsuwa zvezvitsuwa zvinogona kubvunzwa. pano.
Kunobva :: http://www.geologia.unam.mx:8080/igl/index.php/difusion-y-divulgacion/temas-selectos/568-la-teoria-de-la-tectonica-de-placas-y -iyo-kondinendi-kutsauka
- Paleoclimatic humbowo. Aya maedzo akaongorora nzvimbo yematombo aiburitsa mamiriro ekunze akasiyana nenzvimbo yavanogara parizvino.
Pakutanga, iyi nzira yekukwira makondinendi yakarambwa nenzanga yesainzi sezvo yakashaya nzira iyo kufamba kwemakondinendi kwakatsanangurwa. Isimba ripi rakatamisa makondinendi? Wegener akaedza kutsanangura izvi nekutaura kuti makondinendi aifamba nemusiyano muhuwandu uye kuti makondinendi, asina kunyanyisa, akatsvedza kunge kapeti pasi peimwe kamuri. Izvi zvakarambwa nehombe kukakavara simba zviripo.
Plate tectonics dzidziso
Dzidziso yePlate Tectonics yakarongedzwa pamwe chete neese data mu1968 nenzanga yesainzi. Mariri iyo lithosphere ndiyo yepamusoro yakaoma chikamu chePasi (kutakura uye jasi rekunze) uye rakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvinodaidzwa mahwendefa izvo zviri kufamba. Zvidimbu zvinoshanduka muhukuru uye chimiro uye zvinogona kutonyangarika. Makondinendi ari pamahwendefa aya uye anofambiswa ne convection mafungu ehembe dzePasi. Kuti unzwisise kuti makomo akaumbwa sei, unogona kushanyira chinyorwa pa.
Plate miganhu ndiko kunoitika seismic mafambiro uye geological process. Muganho wakaderera weplate ndiyo inopisa. Kudhumhana kweplate ndiko kunogadzira kupeta, kukanganisa uye kudengenyeka. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kudengenyeka kwenyika, unogona kutarisa chinyorwa pamusoro kudengenyeka kwenyika kuNaples. Kufamba kwakasiyana kwakarongwa kutsanangura mafambiro emahwendefa. Kana mahwendefa achifamba, marudzi matatu ekumanikidzika anogona kuitika pamiganhu iri pakati pawo, izvo zvinopa mhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzemipendero.
- Kuparadzanisa micheto kana miganho yekuvaka: Idzo ndidzo nzvimbo mune kusagadzikana kwekutemerwa kunowanzo kupatsanura mahwendefa. Iyo nharaunda yemiganhu yekuvaka ndiwo makomo egungwa. Pasi pegungwa panowedzera pakati pe5 kusvika 20 cm pagore uye pane kupisa kwemukati mukati. Seismic chiitiko chinoitika pakadzika kwema 70 km.
- Kutendeuka mativi kana miganho inokuvadza: Izvo zvinoitika pakati pemahwendefa akatarisana neanomanikidza masimba. Iyo yakatetepa uye denser ndiro inonyudza pasi peimwe uye inopinda jasi. Idzo dzinodaidzwa dzinonzi dzinotora nzvimbo. Somugumisiro weizvi, orogens uye arches echitsuwa anoumbwa. Kune akatiwandei marudzi eanotendeuka macheto zvichienderana nebasa remahwendefa:
- Kukwikwidzana pakati penyanza uye kondinendi lithosphere: Ndiro ye Oceanic ndiyo inokurira pasi pekondinendi. Kana izvi zvikaitika, kuumbwa kwegoronga remugungwa kunoitika, chiitiko chakakura chekuzunguzika, chiitiko chakakisa chekupisa uye kuumbwa kwemaketani matsva orogenic.
- Kukwikwidzana pakati penyanza uye yegungwa lithosphere: Kana izvi zvikaitika, goronga regungwa uye pasi pemvura chiitiko chemakomo chinogadzirwa.
- Kurangana pakati penyika uye kondinendi lithosphere: Izvi zvinokonzera kuvharwa kwegungwa rakavaparadzanisa uye kuumbwa kwegomo guru reorogenic. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo akaitwa Himalaya. Kuti uwane zvimwe nezve maitiro aya, shanya kuti Himalaya yakatanga sei.
- Asina kwazvakarerekera micheto kana shear kushungurudzika: Idzo inzvimbo umo hukama huripo pakati pemahwendefa maviri hunoitika nekuda kwekushushikana kwesheya nekuda kwekutama kwekufamba pakati pavo. Naizvozvo kana lithosphere haina kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa. Kushandura zvikanganiso zvinoenderana neshear kushungurudzika uko mahwendefa anofamba achienda kwakapesana uye kugadzira makuru akateedzana ekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Kwayaka: http://www.slideshare.net/aimorales/lmites-12537872?smtNoRedir=1
Pane simba rekufambisa rinokonzerwa nekupisa kwakachengetwa mukati meNyika. Simba rekupisa rekupisa uku rakachengetwa rinoshandurwa kuita mechanical simba ne convection currents mujasi. Iyo mantle ine simba rekuyerera nekumhanya zvishoma (1 cm / gore). Ichi ndicho chikonzero kufamba kwemakondinendi kusinganyanyi kuoneka pachiyero chemunhu.
Mahwendefa eLithospheric paPasi
Ndiro yeEurasia
Dunhu kumabvazuva kweAtlantic Ridge. Iyo inovhara peafloor yekumabvazuva kweAtlantic Ridge, Europe uye mazhinji eAsia kusvika kuzvitsuwa zveJapan. Munharaunda yayo yegungwa ine dhiraidhi inosangana neplate yeNorth America, uku kumaodzanyemba inowirirana neplate yeAfrica (semhedzisiro, Alps yakaumbwa), uye kumabvazuva nePacific nePhilippines mahwendefa. Iyi nharaunda, nekuda kwekuita kwayo kukuru, iri chikamu chePacific mhete yemoto.
Makokonati uye maCaribbean Plates
Aya maviri madiki mahwendefa egungwa ari pakati peNorth America neSouth America.
Runyararo ndiro
Iyo ndiro hombe yemakungwa inosangana nevamwe vasere. Miganhu inoparadza iri pamahombekombe ayo anogadzira ringi rePacific remoto.
Indica ndiro
Inosanganisira India, New Zealand, Australia, uye inoenderana chikamu chegungwa. Kubondana kwayo neplate yeEurasia kwakaburitsa kusimuka kweHimalaya.
Antarctic ndiro
Hwendefa hombe inoumba miganhu yakatsaukana yainosangana nayo.
South American ndiro
Hwendefa hombe ine muganhu wekushandura mudunhu rayo rekumadokero, zvakanyanya kudengenyeka uye nekuputika.
Nazca ndiro
Oceanic. Kubondana kwayo neplate yeSouth America kwakatangira maAndes.
Philippine Plate
Inyika yegungwa uye imwe yediki padiki. Yakakomberedzwa nemiganhu inotenderera, inosanganiswa nemafungu ekudzikisa, ane migero yegungwa uye chitsuwa arcs.
North America ndiro
Munharaunda yaro yekumadokero inosangana nePacific plate. Iyo inowirirana neyakakurumbira San Andrés mhosva (California), mhosva inoshandura iyo inoonekwawo sechikamu chebhandi remoto.
African ndiro
Yakavhenganiswa ndiro. Mumuganhu wayo wekumadokero kuwedzera kwegungwa kunoitika. In kuchamhembe yakaumba iyo Mediterranean neAlps nekurovera neplasia ndiro. Mariri mune kuvhurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwekupaza kunogovanisa Africa muzvikamu zviviri.
Arabhu ndiro
Ndiro diki kumucheto wekumadokero kweiyo nyowani nyanza, iyo Gungwa Dzvuku, iri kuvhura.
Kwayaka: https://biogeo-entretodos.wikispaces.com/Tect%C3%B3nica+de+placas
