Munyika yesainzi nekutsvagisa, kwakave nevakadzi vakafambira mberi zvakanyanya uye vakaita nhanho huru. Imwe yacho ndeye Margaret Salas. Pamwe chete nomurume wake, akatanga kugadzirwa kwemolecular biology muSpain. Zvidzidzo zvake zvakatarisa kuhutachiona hwePhi29 uye zvakatibvumira kunzwisisa kuti DNA inoshanda sei. Kutenda kune mirairo yavo, tinoziva kuti ivo vanoshandurwa kuita mapuroteni uye kuti mapuroteni anodyidzana sei kuti aite hutachiona hunoshanda.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe zvese zvehupenyu uye zvesainzi zvipo zvaMargarita Salas.
Nhoroondo yeMargarita Salas
Saizvozvo, mukadzi uyu anozvitsanangura semunhu ari nyore uye anoshanda nesimba. Iye anofarira zvemazuva ano kupenda uye zvivezwa. Pakati pezvakanaka zvake iye ane kudikanwa kwekutendeseka uye ake aanofarira nharaunda ndiyo murabhoritari iri kuseri kwenzvimbo yeAsturian. Anogara achitaura kuti murabhoritari ndipo paunogona kukanganwa nezve pasirese pasirese. Akazvarwa muna 1938 mutaundi riri kumahombekombe eAsturian anonzi Canero. Nezve kudzidziswa kwako, vabereki vavo vaive pachena kuti vana vavo vaifanira kuita degree rekuyunivhesiti.
Akange asina chero rudzi rwekusarura zvine chekuita nemukoma wake, nekuti vaive mukoma nemunin'ina. Margarita Salas akapinda koreji yemasisita aine makore matatu uye akaenderera kusvikira apedza chikoro chesekondari. Pakati pavakange vaine kudzidziswa kwakakwana mune zvese zvevanhu uye nesainzi. Kunyangwe aifarira zvese zviri zviviri, akatanga kuongorora zvakadzama mune zvesainzi fundo. Akasarudza kuenda kuMadrid kunodzidza kosi yakasarudzika yaisanganisira fizikisi, chemistry, masvomhu, biology uye geology. Zvese izvi zvidzidzo zvaifanira kupasa kuitira kuti vawane dhigirii mu chemistry.
Margarita aive asingafarire nezve geology uye aisada bazi iri kuti rikwanise kuita mushonga. Zvese zvaakadzidza zvakamutendera kuti aite zvese zvidzidzo uye akazopedzisira afunga nezve chemistry. Yakanga iri sarudzo yakanaka, nekuti akaona kunakidzwa kwekushandisa maawa mu organic chemistry lab. Imwe yemataurirwo ake anozivikanwa ndeayo «Iko kudana kwesainzi hakuna kuzvarwa, kunoitwa».
Margarita Salas akasangana naSevero Ochoa uye akamukurudzira kuti amuperekedze kumusangano wekuferefeta. Muhurukuro iyi nenyanzvi, chimwe chiito chezvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu Mugore rechina rechidimbu akasangana neiye angave ari rudo rwehupenyu hwake anonzi Eladio Viñuela. Iye akangwara, akanaka uye anonakidza murume ane zvakawanda zvido. Panguva iyoyo iyo degree raive rinotsanangudza uye murume wake Eladio aifarira genetics. Vaviri ava vakabva vadanana uye pavakapedza zvidzidzo zvavo vakava zvikomba.
Zvidzidzo uye kutsvagisa
Eladio akatanga kutsvaga doctorate muma genetics panzvimbo imwechete yekutsvagisa yehupenyu saiye. Nekudaro, akaona kuti mhando yemageneti iyo yaaidzidza ndiyo chaiyo yaaifarira zvakanyanya. Aifarira genetics zvakanyanya kuchinjika kune biochemistry, iyo kosi yechidzidzo ichi ichiwedzera mamorekuru. Nekudaro, akamukumbira kuti aite dzidziso pamwechete. Vakaroora muna 1963 uye ivo vakakwanisa kupedzisa thesis yekutenda kune gumi rakange riine gumi nemaviri ezve pesetas dzekare.
Mushure mekunge vapedza basa rese ravaiita murabhoritari yeSols, vakafunga kutevedzera zano ravaive vapihwa naSevero Ochoa. Vakatamira kurabhoritari yaaive nayo kuNew York uye vakakwanisa kuita kuti zviroto zvavo zvizadzike nekuda kwedzidzo nerutsigiro rwemari rwaakavapa. Murabhoritari umu haana kumbonzwa kusarurwa kuti aive mukadzi. Maparoti ese aive nerukudzo rwaaifanira kuita. Pashure pemakore akati kuti vari murabhoritari iyi, vakasarudza kudzokera kuSpain kunovandudza mamolecular biology kuno. Ivo vaiziva kuti vaigona kuzviwana vamene munzvimbo umo fariro yesayenzi yakanga iri yakaderera uye kuti kunzvera kwaizova kusingabviri. Muchiitiko ichi, vaizodzokera kuUnited States.
Mubvunzo wekutanga wakakosha wavakasimudza yaive sarudzo yemusoro webasa pane izvo zvavaida kuongorora nekufambira mberi. Ivo havana kungofunga kuenderera mberi nekuferefeta kwavakange vaita murabhoritari yaOchoa, nekuti kuSpain vaisakwanisa kukwikwidza nenzvimbo iyi Saka, ivo vakasarudza iyo Phi29 phage, iyo yaive yakaoma kunzwisisa morphologically. Iyi phage haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwehutachiona hunokonzera bhakitiriya. Chidzidzo ichi chaiita sechinonakidza kwaari, sezvo iri hutachiona hwakanga hwapa kupihwa kwekutanga mumolecular genetics muma1950s. Iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvevakadzi vesainzi vakabatsira munhoroondo mune yedu chinyorwa vakadzi vesayenzi.
Chinangwa chevaviri ava chaive chekuburitsa nzira dzese dzakashandiswa nemavhairasi kune yavo morphogenesis. Ndiko kuti, hutachiona hwehutachiona hwakagadzirwa sei kubva muzvikamu. Isu tinoziva kuti izvo zvakakosha zvinoumba mapuroteni uye genetic zvinhu. Mukuwedzera pakuzadzisa chinangwa chavo, vaida mari yokune dzimwe nyika. Sezvo Spain yakanga isina mari yekutsvakurudza, Severo Ochoa akavawanira mari yekuve ivo chete vaongorori murabhoritari yavaifanira kuishongedza zvishoma nezvishoma.
Mupiro waMargarita Salas kune sainzi
MuSpain, Margarita Salas akanzwa kusarurwa nekuda kwekuva mukadzi. Mu laboratori aive asina kana dambudziko nevadzidzi vezvechiremba, asi kubva kunze kwerabhoritari aive mudzimai waEladio Viñuela chete. Izvi zvaive zvisina kunaka zvakanyanya, sezvo naiye aive nekodzero yake. Kupedza rusaruro urwu, kuferefeta kwakatanga mumaXNUMX nezvehutachiona hwefin fever. Tsvagurudzo yePhi29 yaingoitwa chete pasi pekutungamira kwaMargarita. Aya ndiwo maitiro aakakwanisa kuratidza kuti aikwanisa kuita ongororo ari ega pasina kukosha kwaEladio uye akazove musayendisiti ane rake zita kwete kwete chete "mukadzi wa."
Yaizivikanwa kuti hutachiona uye haina kutamba kumurume asi kuti inobata hutachiona Bacillussubtilis. Chinhu chekutanga chinogona kuwanikwa nekutenda kuna Margarita Salas ndechekuti DNA ine protein yakakosha yakasungirirwa kumagumo ayo kuitira kuti itange kuitazve. Yakanga iri nguva yekutanga kuti puroteni yakadai iwanikwe yakasungirirwa kuDNA yemunhu mupenyu. Zvese izvi kwaive kuwanikwa mune nyowani mashandiro ekudzokorora kwemajini zvinhu. Kutenda kune izvi zvakawanikwa, zvave zvichikwanisika kushandisa modhi kuongorora mamwe mavairasi anewo mhando iyi yeprotein. Ese mavhidhiyo aya anowanzo ari ekuwedzera kubata, saka kufambira mberi uku kwave kuri kwakakodzera.