Mapazi efizikisi

Fizikisi chirango chesainzi chiri cheinonzi sainzi yechisikigo kana "yakachena" sainzi, ine maantecedents anotangira kunguva dzekare. Pamwe chete nekemesitiri uye biology, yakashandura zvakanyanya nzira iyo isu vanhu tinonzwisisa uye kugadzirisa nyika yakatitenderedza. Kune akasiyana mapazi efizikisi izvo zvinogona kudzidzwa pamwechete nesainzi iyi.

Muchikamu chino tichakuudza nezvemapazi akasiyana efizikisi, maitiro avo uye zvavanodzidza.

Fizikisi uye kemisitiri

Chemistry inodzidza kuumbwa kwezvinhu uye zvinhu zvipenyu, biology uye fizikisi yakatsaurirwa pakudzidza uye kutsanangura kwesayenzi kwemasimba anokosha anodzora zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa. Kubva pakudzidza kwemasimba aya uye mapoinzi ekubatana pakati pechidzidzo ichocho nedzimwe nzvimbo dzesainzi uye dzechirango, fizikisi yakakamurwa kuita matavi mazhinji kana minda, imwe neimwe ine zita rayo uye zvinangwa. Somuenzaniso, unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro atomic models izvo zvinokosha pakunzwisisa nyaya yacho.

Zvisinei, sezvo fizikisi iri imwe yesayenzi yekare zvikuru, uye sezvo mamwe mafundo aripo nhasi asina kugara aripo, zvakajairika kusiyanisa nhambo huru nhatu, kana kuti mirangariro mikuru mitatu, iyo fundo yefizikisi ina.

Mapazi efizikisi

classical fizikisi. Mabviro ayo anobva mukare-kare, kunyanya Girisi yekare, uye inotarisa pane zvinoitika muchadenga umo kumhanya kuri kushoma pane kumhanya kwechiedza uye chiyero chepakati chakakura kupfuura icho cheatomu nemamorekuru. Misimboti yaro yakavakirwa pamakanika echinyakare kana Newtonian mechanics, sezvo Isaac Newton (1642-1727) aive mumwe wevakuru vanofunga. Iyi nzira yakabatana zvakanyanya neiyo geology mupfungwa yekunzwisisa mafambiro ezvinhu paNyika.
Fizikisi yemazuva ano. Mabviro ayo anodzokera kumashure kwekupedzisira kwe1858th uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1947, uye nekuda kwetsvakiridzo yaMax Planck (1879-1955) naAlbert Einstein (XNUMX-XNUMX), pfungwa dzakasiyana dzefizikisi yechinyakare dzakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya: hukama hwakakosha . uye general relativity.
Yemazuva ano fizikisi. Nzira dzakanyanya kuvandudzwa, dzakatangira mukupera kwe20th uye kutanga kwe21st mazana emakore, inotarisa pane tsanangudzo yekushanda yeasina mutsara masisitimu, maitiro kunze kweiyo thermodynamic equilibrium, uye, kazhinji, yakanyanya-avant-garde uye yakaoma maitiro akatenderedza chisikwa chisingaonekwi. Izvi zvinogona kazhinji kutungamira kune zvidzidzo pa kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.

Kusiyana kwematavi efizikisi

Munguva idzi nhatu, fizikisi yanga ichiunganidza minda yekufunda, imwe neimwe inotanga kana kutenderedza imwe yeanonzi matavi efizikisi:

Classic mechanics. Inotarisa pane pfungwa yekufamba nekumhanya pasi pekukurumidza kwechiedza uye maitiro e-macroscopic ezvinhu, uye inoratidzirwa nekubata nguva semafungiro asingashanduki uye zvakasikwa sechinhu chinotsanangurwa. Kazhinji, ine vector mechanics, mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwaIsaac Newton uye mitemo yake yekufamba, uye analytical mechanics yeabstract uye masvomhu chimiro, ane muvambi anoonekwa seGottfried Leibniz (1646-1716). The geomorphology Zvekare zvine chekuita nekunzwisisa mafambiro uye shanduko pamusoro pePasi.
Thermodynamics. Yakatsaurirwa pakudzidza kwesimba rekuenzanisa kwemacroscopic masisitimu, kupisa kwavo uye maitiro ekufambisa simba, chimiro chesimba uye kuti rinoshandiswa sei kuita basa.
Electromagnetism. Iro bazi refizikisi rinodzidza magetsi uye magineti uye rinozviita nenzira yakabatana, ndiko kuti, kushandisa dzidziso imwechete. Izvi zvaireva kuti akatanga kufarira zviitiko zvemagetsi uye magineti uye kunyorerana kwavo nekudyidzana, achifunga nezvechiedza. Mabviro ayo anodzokera kuzvidzidzo zvaMichel Faraday (1791-1867) naJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879). Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, unogona kubvunza musoro we spectroscopy.
Acoustics. Iri ndiro zita refizikisi yeruzha, yakatsaurirwa kuongororo yezvivakwa uye kupararira kwemafungu eruzha, maitiro avo mune akasiyana midhiya uye mukana wavo wekushandisa. Zvishandiso zvaro zvakakosha munyika yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, asi zvinoenda mberi muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.
Optics. Ndiyo fizikisi yechiedza, yakatsaurirwa kunzwisisa hunhu hwakaoma hwezvinooneka (uye zvisingaonekwe) electromagnetic spectrum uye nzira dzazvinodyidzana nadzo nenyaya: midhiya yakasiyana, zvinhu zvinoratidzira, uye maprisms. Chirango ichi chakamuka kare asi chakachinjwa mazuva ano, zvichibvumira kugadzirwa kwemichina iyo vanhu vakanga vasati vambofungira, yakaita semaikorosikopu, makamera nemaziso ekugadzirisa (ezvokurapa).
Fluid mechanics. Inotarisa pakudzidza kwekufamba kwemvura uye kushamwaridzana kwavo nenharaunda yavo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inonyanya kudzidza zvinwiwa nemagasi, asiwo mamwe maitiro akaomarara enyaya anogona kuyerera, kureva, kuenderera mberi.
Quantum mechanics. Yakatsaurirwa kuongororo yezvisikwa pazviyero zvidiki zvepamhepo, senge maatomu uye subatomic particles. Inoongorora mafambisirwo ayo nekudyidzana uye mhedzisiro yekufambira mberi kwefizikisi pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, iro rakatanga kubva pafungidziro dzechinyakare mechanics uye yakavhura ndima nyowani yekudzidza: iyo subatomic world uye inogona kuita manipulation. Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kuziva zvakawanda nezve chii chinonzi quantum physics kunzwisisa nheyo dzaro.
Chaos dzidziso. Inotarisa pakudzidza kweakaomesesa uye ane simba masisitimu emuviri, achishandisa Newton's mutsauko equations uye mipiro yefizikisi yakadai saLenz (1917-2008), nezvimwe.

mamwe mapazi

Uye zvakare, nekuda kwekudyidzana nedzimwe sainzi uye kuraira, mamwe matavi efizikisi akazvarwa:

Geophysics. Ndiyo mugumisiro wekubatana pakati pefizikiki uye geology, yakatsaurirwa kukudzidza kwezvikamu zvemukati zvepasi redu: chimiro chayo, simba uye nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka, tichifunga nezvemitemo inozivikanwa inokosha yezvinhu: giravhiti, electromagnetism, mwaranzi, etc. Kubatana uku kunokosha kuti tinzwisise maitiro epasi redu. munda we hydrogeology.
Astrophysics. Iyi ifizikisi yenyeredzi, ndiko kuti, fizikisi inoshandiswa pakudzidza zvinhu zvinooneka kana zvinoonekwa zviri muchadenga, zvakaita senyeredzi, nebulae, kana maburi matema. Ichi chirango chinofambidzana nekuongorora nyeredzi uye chinopa hupfumi hweruzivo rwekuti nzvimbo yekunze inoshanda sei uye kuti ndedzipi mhedziso dzinogona kutorwa kubva mukuona kwayo. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, unogona kuongorora zvekuongorora nyeredzi.
Physical chemistry. Ndiko mharadzano yesainzi yemasimba (fizikisi) nesainzi yezvinhu (chemistry). Zvinosanganisira kudzidza nyaya uchishandisa pfungwa dzemuviri.
Biophysics. Yakatsaurirwa pakudzidza kwezvisikwa zvipenyu kubva pamaonero efizikisi, kunyanya padanho remamolecular dynamics, ndiko kuti, kuchinjana uye kupindirana kwezvikamu zvesubatomic uye simba pakati uye mukati mezvisikwa zvipenyu.